Honu manu pepeiao ʻulaʻula ʻo ka amphibian home i makemake nui ʻia ma ka honua, no laila ua lilo ia i mea kūʻai aku maikaʻi loa i ka hopena o ke kenekulia 20. He ʻōiwi kēia ʻano i ka hema o ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa a me ka ʻākau o Mekiko. Eia nō naʻe, ua hoʻomaka iki ia e hoʻolaha i nā wahi ʻē aʻe, ma muli o ka hōʻole ʻana o ka poʻe e mālama iā ia he holoholona a hoʻolei ʻia i loko o nā kino wai kūloko.
ʻO ka hoʻouka kaua a me ka hopu ʻana o nā panalāʻau i hoʻokumu ʻia e ka hana kanaka kūpono ʻole i alakaʻi ʻia i nā pilikia me ka holoholona o nā ʻāina he nui, ʻoiai ka honu ʻulaʻula e hoʻoneʻe i ka lāhui maoli. Hoʻokomo ʻia ʻo Redfly liʻiliʻi i ka papa inoa, i paʻi ʻia e ka IUCN, o ka 100 o nā ʻano lōkō invasive.
Ke kumu o ka laha a me ka wehewehe
Kiʻi: honu ʻulaʻula
Hōʻike nā mōʻalihaku i hōʻike mua ʻia nā manu kuhukukū ma ka honua ma kahi o 200 miliona mau makahiki i hala aku nei, i ka wā o ka Triassic Lā. ʻO ka honu mua i ʻike ʻia ʻo ka Proganochelys quenstedli. He pūpū i hoʻomohala piha ʻia, iwi poʻo e like me ka iwi poʻo a me ka nuku. Akā, he mau hiʻohiʻona mua ko Proganochelys i loaʻa ʻole i nā kuhukukū o kēia au.
I ka wā waena-Jurassic, ua hoʻokaʻawale nā kuhukukū i ʻelua mau hui nui: ka ʻāpana-ʻāpana (pleurodire) a me ka ʻaoʻao ʻaoʻao (cryptodires). Loaʻa nā honu ʻāpana ʻāʻī o kēia ao ma ka hemisphere hema a hoʻoneʻe i ko lākou mau poʻo i ka ʻaoʻao ma lalo o ka pūpū. Hoʻokomo ʻia nā kuhukukū i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i ko lākou mau poʻo i ke ʻano o ka huapalapala S. Scutemy kekahi o nā kuhukukū i ʻāʻī mua.
Video: Honu manu pepeiao ʻulaʻula
ʻO ka honu pepeiao pepeiao ʻulaʻula a melemele paha (Trachemys scripta) kahi honu wai hou na ka ʻohana Emydidae. Loaʻa iā ia kona inoa mai ke kaola ʻulaʻula liʻiliʻi a puni nā pepeiao a me ka hiki ke heʻe wikiwiki i nā pōhaku a me nā lāʻau i loko o ka wai. ʻO kēia ʻano i kapa ʻia ka honu Trosta ma hope o ka herpetologist ʻAmelika ʻo Gerard Trosta. ʻO Trachemys scripta troostii i kēia manawa ka inoa ʻepekema no nā ʻāpana ʻē aʻe, ʻo ka honu Cumberland.
ʻO ka ʻulaʻula ʻulaʻula no ke kauoha ʻo Testudines, i loaʻa ma kahi o 250 mau ʻano.
Loaʻa i nā Trachemys scripta ponoʻī i ʻekolu mau lula:
- ʻO T.s. hanohano (pepeiao ʻulaʻula);
- ʻO T.c. Scripta (melemele-bellied);
- ʻO T.s. troostii (Cumberland).
ʻO ka haʻi moʻolelo moʻokalaleo mua loa i ʻike ʻia i nā mea ʻai ʻulaʻula mai ka makahiki 1553. I ka manawa a P. Cieza de Leone i wehewehe ai iā lākou i loko o ka puke "Chronicles of Peru".
ʻO ka helehelena a me nā hiʻohiʻona
Kiʻi: manu kuhukukū pepeiao ʻulaʻula
Hiki i ka lōʻihi o ka pūpū o kēia ʻano honu ke hōʻea i 40 knm, akā ʻo ka awelika o ka lōʻihi mai 12.5 a 28 cm. ʻOi aku ka nui o nā wahine ma mua o nā kāne. Hoʻokaʻawale ʻia kā lākou iwi i ʻelua mau ʻāpana: luna a i ʻole dorsal carapace (carapace) + lalo, ʻōpū (plastron).
ʻO ka carapace luna o:
- nā pale vertebral e hana i ka ʻāpana kiʻekiʻe o ke kikowaena;
- nā pale pleura aia a puni nā pale vertebral;
- pale pale lihi.
ʻO nā scutes nā mea keratin iwi. Kūpuni ka carapace a pālahalaha (ʻoi loa i nā kāne). Hoʻololi ke kala o ka leho i ka makahiki o ka honu. He ʻōmaʻomaʻo ʻōmaʻomaʻo kā Carapace me nā māka a i ʻole nā māka pouli. I nā hiʻohiʻona ʻōpio a i ʻole hou ʻia, ʻo kēia ke kala o nā lau ʻōmaʻomaʻo e ʻeleʻele iki i nā hiʻohiʻona mākua. Ā hiki i kona ʻōmaʻomaʻo ʻana a laila hoʻololi i ka hue ma waena o nā ʻōmaʻomaʻo a me nā ʻōmaʻomaʻo ʻoliva.
He melemele mau ka plastron me ka pouli, pālua ʻia, māka māka ʻole i waenakonu o nā pale. ʻO ke poʻo, nā wāwae a me ka huelo he ʻōmaʻomaʻo me nā lahilahi lahilahi, ʻano kaulike ʻole. Uhi ʻia ka pūpū holoʻokoʻa i nā kaha a me nā māka e kōkua ai i ka camouflage.
He mea hoihoi! He poikilotherm ka holoholona, ʻo ia hoʻi, ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻoponopono kūʻokoʻa i kona mahana o ke kino a pili loa i ka mahana wela. No kēia kumu, pono lākou e sunbathe pinepine e mahana a mālama i ka mahana o ko lākou kino.
He ʻōnaehana iwi kiko kā nā honu me nā kapuwaʻi pūnaewele i kōkua hapa 'ia e' au. ʻO ke ʻulaʻula ma kēlā me kēia ʻaoʻao o ke poʻo i kū ai ka honu pepeiao pepeiao mai nā ʻano ʻē aʻe a lilo i ʻāpana o ka inoa, ʻoiai ke ʻāpana aia ma hope o nā maka, kahi o kā lākou mau pepeiao (waho).
Hiki i kēia mau kaha ke nalo i ko lākou kala i ka hala o ka manawa. Loaʻa paha i kekahi mau kānaka kahi māka liʻiliʻi o ke kala like ma ke kalaunu o ke poʻo. ʻAʻohe o lākou pepeiao i waho e ʻike ʻia a i ʻole auwai hoʻolohe kūwaho. Ma kahi o, aia kahi pepeiao waena i uhi paʻa ʻia me kahi disik tympanic cartilaginous.
Ma hea e noho ai ka kuhukukū pepeiao ʻulaʻula?
Kiʻi: Honu manu pepeiao ʻulaʻula
Aia nā wahi noho ma ka muliwai ʻo Misisipi a me ke Kai Kūʻono ʻo Mekiko, a me nā anilā mehana ma ka hikina hema o ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa. Aia ko lākou mau ʻāina kūloko mai ka hema hikina o Colorado a Virginia a me Florida. I ke kūlohelohe, noho nā honu pepeiao pepeiao ʻulaʻula i nā wahi me nā kumuwaiwai o ka mālie, ka wai mehana: nā loko, nā loko, nā wahi wai, nā kahawai a me nā kahawai lohi.
Noho lākou i kahi e hiki ai iā lākou ke maʻalahi mai ka wai, piʻi i nā pōhaku a i ʻole nā kumu lāʻau e iho i ka lā. Lulu pinepine lākou i kahi hui a i ʻole ma luna o kekahi. Noho mau kēia mau kuhukukū ma ka nāhelehele kokoke i ka wai ke ʻole lākou e ʻimi i kahi nohona hou a i ʻole ke kau ʻana i nā hua manu.
Ma muli o ko lākou kaulana e like me nā holoholona, ua hoʻokuʻu ʻia a ua pakele paha nā mea ʻai ʻulaʻula i loko o ka nāhelehele i nā wahi he nui o ka honua. Loaʻa nā heluna hihiu i kēia manawa ma Australia, ʻEulopa, Pelekane Nui, ʻApelika Hema, Caribbean, Israel, Bahrain, nā Mokupuni ʻo Mariana, Guam, a me Hikina Hema a me ʻAkau Hikina ʻo ʻAsia.
Loaʻa ka hopena maikaʻi ʻole o kahi laha invasive i nā kaiaolaola e noho ai ma muli o ka loaʻa ʻana o kekahi mau mea maikaʻi ma mua o nā kamaʻāina kūloko, e like me ka makahiki haʻahaʻa i ke oʻo ʻana, nā helu momona kiʻekiʻe. Lawe lākou i ka maʻi a hōʻuluʻulu i nā ʻano honu ʻē aʻe a lākou e hoʻokūkū ai no ka meaʻai a me nā wahi hānau.
He aha ka ʻai a kahi kuhukū pepeiao ʻulaʻula?
Kiʻi: Keiki honu ʻulaʻula
ʻO ka honu ʻulaʻula pepeiao kahi papaʻai omnivorous. Pono lākou i nā mea kanu wai nui, ʻoiai kēia ka meaʻai nui a nā mākua. ʻAʻohe niho o nā honu, akā ua serrated a kuʻikuʻi nā ʻāpana horny ma nā ā luna a me lalo.
Aia ka papa kuhikuhi o ka holoholona:
- nā mea kolo wai;
- ilo:
- ʻalekiki;
- nahenahe;
- iʻa liʻiliʻi,
- hua rana,
- keiki hānai,
- nahesa wai,
- ʻano limu.
ʻOi aku ka nui o nā herbivores o nā mākua ma mua o nā ʻōpio. I ka wā ʻōpio, he kuhukuku ka honu maka ʻulaʻula, e hānai ana i nā mea kolo, nā ʻenuhe, nā ʻenuhe, nā iʻa liʻiliʻi a me ke kino make hoʻi. ʻOi aku ka makemake o nā mākua i ka papaʻai mea ʻai, akā ʻaʻole hāʻawi i kaʻiʻo inā hiki ke kiʻi iā ia.
He mea hoihoi! Hoʻoholo ʻia ka moekolohe i nā kuhukukū i ka manawa o ka embryogenesis a kaukaʻi ʻia i ka mahana incubation. ʻAʻohe o kēia mau mea kolo i nā chromosome wahine e hoʻoholo ai i ka moekolohe. ʻO nā hua i hoʻouluulu ʻia ma 22 - 27 ° C lilo i kāne kāne wale nō, ʻo nā hua i hoʻoulu ʻia i nā mahana kiʻekiʻe aʻe i wahine.
Maʻalahi kēia mau mea kolo e hoʻopili i ko lākou kaiapuni a hiki ke hoʻopili i nā mea āpau mai nā wai brackish a hiki i nā ʻauwai i hana ʻia e ke kanaka a me nā loko wai o ke kūlanakauhale. Hiki i ke kuhukukū pepeiao ʻulaʻula ke ʻauwana mai ka wai a ola i nā hoʻoilo anuanu. I ka manawa e loaʻa ai kahi nohona hiki ke kiʻi ʻia, e noho koke ka lāhui i ka wahi hou.
Nā hiʻohiʻona o ke ʻano a me ka nohona
Kiʻi: manu kuhukukū pepeiao ʻulaʻula nui
Noho nā honu pepeiao ʻulaʻula mai 20 a 30 mau makahiki, akā hiki iā lākou ke ola ma mua o 40 mau makahiki. ʻO ka maikaʻi o ko lākou wahi noho ka hopena ikaika i ka lana o ke ola a me ke olakino. Noho ka honu i ka hapa nui o ko lākou manawa i ka wai, akā no ka mea he holoholona kolo kipi lākou, waiho lākou i ka wai no ka sunbating e hoʻoponopono i ko lākou kino wela. ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi o kā lākou lawe ʻana i ka wela ke hoʻonui ʻia nā lālā i waho.
ʻAʻole hibernate nā ʻulaʻula liʻiliʻi, akā lele i loko o kahi ʻano o ka hoʻoneʻe i hoʻohuli ʻia. Ke emi ka hana a nā honu, piʻi lākou i kekahi manawa i ka papa no ka meaʻai a me ka ea. I ka nahele hihiu, e hū nā honu ma lalo o nā kino wai a i ʻole nā kai pāpaʻu. Lilo pinepine lākou i hana ʻole i ʻOkakopa ke hāʻule nā mahana ma lalo o 10 ° C.
I loko o kēia manawa, hele nā honu i kahi kūlana stupor, kahi ʻaʻole lākou e ʻai a ʻai ʻole hoʻi, noho mau me ka ʻoniʻoni ʻole, a hoʻemi ʻia kā lākou hanu. ʻIke pinepine ʻia nā poʻe i lalo o ka wai, akā ua ʻike ʻia ma lalo o nā pōhaku, i nā ʻōpuʻu hakahaka a me nā pali kahawai. I nā anuanu mahana, hiki iā lākou ke lilo i ka hoʻoilo a hele mai i ka papa no kaʻauʻau. Ke hoʻomaka ke kulu o ka mahana, hoʻi koke lākou i ke kūlana stupor.
Ma kahi leka! Hopu ʻia nā honu pepeiao pepeiao no ka ʻai mai ka mua o Malaki a i ka hopena o ʻApelila.
Me ka brumation, hiki i ka laha ke ola anaerobically (me ka ʻole o ka lawe ʻana o ka ea) no kekahi mau pule. ʻO ka helu metabolic o nā kuhukukū i kēia manawa e hāʻule nui ana, a hoʻemi ʻia ka helu o ka naʻau a me ka hopena o ka naʻau e 80% e hoʻoliʻiliʻi i ka pono o ka ikehu.
ʻO ke kūkulu kaiāulu a me ka hana hou
Kiʻi: manu kuhukū wai ʻuli
Hiki i nā honu kāne ke oʻo makua i ka manawa he 10 cm ke anawa o ko lākou pūpū, a oʻo nā wahine i ka wā he 15 cm ko lākou pūpū. Mākaukau nā kāne a me nā wahine e hānau ma ka ʻelima a ʻeono makahiki. ʻOi aku ka liʻiliʻi o ke kāne ma mua o ka wahine, ʻoiai paʻakikī kēia parameta i kekahi manawa i ka noi ʻana, ʻoiai he mau makahiki ʻokoʻa ka poʻe i hoʻohālikelike ʻia.
Hana ʻia ka male a me ka male ʻana ma lalo o ka wai mai Malaki a Iulai. I ka wā o ka pachip, ʻauʻau ke kāne a puni ka wahine, e kuhikuhi ana i kāna pheromones iā ia. Hoʻomaka ka wahine e ʻauʻau i ke kāne a, inā ʻoluʻolu ʻo ia, e poho i lalo e male. Noho ka noho aloha ma kahi o 45 mau minuke, akā he 10 mau minuke wale nō ka male ʻana.
Ke waiho nei ka wahine ma waena o ʻelua a me 30 mau hua, e pili ana i ka nui o ke kino a me nā kumu ʻē aʻe. Eia kekahi, hiki i kekahi kanaka ke kau i ʻelima mau paʻa i hoʻokahi makahiki, me nā manawa manawa o 12-36 mau lā.
He mea hoihoi! Hoʻomaʻu ka hua o ka hua manu i ka wā o ka oviposition. Hiki i kēia hana ke hoʻomoe i nā hua momona i ke kau aʻe, no ka mea, hiki ke ola a loaʻa ka sperm i ke kino o ka wahine a i ka nele o ka male ʻana.
I nā pule hope loa o ka hānau ʻana, hoʻolōʻihi ka wahine i ka manawa i ka wai a nānā i kahi kūpono e hoʻomoe ai i nā hua. ʻEli ʻo ia i lua lua ma ka hoʻohana ʻana i kāna mau wāwae hope.
Hoʻokomo ʻia ka hoʻouluulu ʻana he 59 a 112 mau lā. Noho ka hua i loko o ka hua moa ma hope o ka hatch no nā lā ʻelua. I nā lā mua, hānai mau nā keiki mai ka ʻeke yolk, ke waiho mau nei ka lako i ka hua manu. ʻO ka wahi e komo ai ka yolk pono e hoʻōla iā ia iho ma mua o ka hiki i nā kuhukukū ke ʻauʻau. ʻO ka manawa ma waena o ka hatching a me ke komo ʻana i ka wai he 21 mau lā.
ʻEnemi kūlohelohe o ka honu ʻulaʻula pepeiao
Kiʻi: manu kuhukukū pepeiao ʻulaʻula makua
Ma muli o ka nui, nahu a me ka mānoanoa o ka iwi, ʻaʻole makaʻu kahi honu makua ʻulaʻula me ka makaʻu i nā mea ʻaihue, ʻoiaʻiʻo, inā ʻaʻohe alligators a i ʻole nā crocodile kokoke. Hiki iā ia ke huki i kona poʻo a me nā lālā i loko o ka carapace ke hoʻoweliweli ʻia. Eia hou, kiaʻi nā ʻohana wahine ʻulaʻula no nā mea hōkai a ʻimi i ka puʻuhonua i ka wai i ka hōʻailona mua o ka weliweli.
Eia naʻe, ʻaʻole pili kēia i nā ʻōpio, i ʻimi ʻia e nā mea ʻino like ʻole, e like me:
- raccoons;
- skunks;
- ʻalopeke;
- manu lele;
- ʻūhini.
ʻAihue ʻia ʻo Raccoon, skunk a me ka ʻalopeke i nā hua manu mai kēia ʻano o nā kuhukukū. He pale kūʻokoʻa ko nā ʻōpio i nā iʻa iʻa. Inā e ale holoʻokoʻa, paʻa lākou i ka hanu a nau i ka membrane mucous i loko o ka iʻa a hiki i ka luaʻi ʻana o ka iʻa. Hoʻomaopopo ka waihoʻoluʻu ʻōlinolino o nā mea ʻino liʻiliʻi i nā iʻa nui e hōʻalo iā lākou.
I ko lākou home laulā, noho nā honu maka ʻulaʻula i kahi niche kaiaola koʻikoʻi ma ke ʻano he huahana meaʻai a me kahi mea ʻaihue. Ma waho o ko lākou wahi noho, hoʻopihapiha lākou i nā ʻano like o nā niches a lilo i kumu meaʻai nui na nā mea ʻino ma nā kūlanakauhale a me nā kaona.
Ma muli o ko lākou hiki ke hoʻoliʻiliʻi, ʻo nā pepeiao ʻulaʻula ka honu i ʻike nui ʻia i nā wahi kaiāulu. ʻO ka hapa nui o nā pāka i nā kūlanakauhale he nui ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa i nā kolone ulu o nā kuhukukū pepeiao ʻulaʻula no ka poʻe e leʻaleʻa ai.
Heluna a me ke kūlana o kēia ʻano
Kiʻi: honu ʻulaʻula
Ua helu ʻia ka honu pepeiao pepeiao e ka International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) ma ke ʻano "kekahi o nā ʻano malihini kipi weliweli loa o ka honua." Ua manaʻo ʻia he kinoolaola ia ma waho o kāna kūlohelohe no ka mea hoʻokūkū ʻo ia i nā honu ʻōiwi no ka meaʻai, pūnana a me nā wahi ʻauʻau.
Ma kahi leka! Hoʻomaopopo ʻia nā kuhukukū ʻulaʻula ma ke ʻano he waihona wai kahi e hiki ai ke mālama ʻia nā koʻohune Salmonella no ka manawa lōʻihi. Hoʻokumu ʻia ka infestation kanaka e ka mishandling o nā kuhukukū i ka palena o ke kūʻai aku.
Ua hoʻohana ʻia ka honu pepeiao pepeiao e ka ʻoihana holoholona mai nā makahiki 1970. Ua hana ʻia nā helu nui loa ma nā mahi manu kuhukukū ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa no ke kālepa holoholona hihiu. Ua lilo nā manu kuhukukū ʻūlū ʻulaʻula i mau holoholona aloha no ko lākou liʻiliʻi, ʻai ʻole a me ke kumu kūʻai haʻahaʻa.
Lawe pinepine ʻia lākou ma ke ʻano he makana e like me nā holoholona inā liʻiliʻi a nani hoʻi lākou. Eia nō naʻe, ulu koke nā holoholona i loko o nā mākua nunui a hiki ke nahu i nā mea nāna lākou, no ka hopena ua haʻalele ʻia lākou a hoʻokuʻu ʻia i ka nāhelehele. No laila, loaʻa lākou i kēia manawa i nā kaiaolaola wai hou i nā ʻāina kūkulu he nui.
Ua hoʻopulapula ʻia nā kuhukukū pepeiao pepeiao pepeiao a hoʻokuʻu kū kānāwai ʻole ʻia i ʻAukekulia. I kēia manawa, i nā ʻāpana o ka ʻāina, loaʻa nā lehulehu hihiu ma nā kaona a me ka hapa kaiāulu. ʻIʻike kūlana ʻia ma Nūhōlani ma ke ʻano he pest e hoʻopau ai i nā holoholona endto kūloko.
Ua pāpā ʻia kā lākou lawe ʻia e ka European Union, a me nā mokuʻāina ʻo EU. Honu manu pepeiao ʻulaʻula e pāpā ʻia mai ka lawe ʻia mai i Iāpana a mai Iapana mai, e mana ana kēia kānāwai ma 2020.
Lā paʻi: 03/26/2019
Lā hou: 18.09.2019 ma 22:30
