ʻO Chamois He holoholona momona ʻo ia no ke kauoha o artiodactyls. No ka ʻohana bovids nā chamois. ʻO kēia kahi lunamakaʻāinana liʻiliʻi loa. He laʻana nui loa ia o ka ʻohana subfamily. ʻO ka inoa Lākina o ka holoholona ma ka ʻōlelo maoli "kao kao". No laila, noho ka chamois i nā wahi pōhaku, ua hoʻololi maikaʻi ʻia i ka neʻe ʻana me lākou.
Ke kumu o ka laha a me ka wehewehe
Kiʻi: Serna
Manaʻo ʻia ma ke ʻano he chamois i ala aʻe mai 250 tausani a i 400,000 mau makahiki i hala. ʻAʻohe pane paʻa e pili ana i ke kumu o chamois. Aia kekahi mau manaʻo e pili ana nā pae chamois i hoʻopuehu ʻia i kēia manawa i nā koena o kahi mau o ka hāʻawi ʻana o kēia mau holoholona i ka wā i hala. Loaʻa nā ʻike āpau o ke koena i ka wā Pleistocene.
Nui nā ʻāpana o chamois, ʻokoʻa ko lākou ʻano a me ka anatomy. Manaʻo kekahi ʻepekema he ʻokoʻa ke kumu o kēia mau ʻaoʻao. Noho nā subspecies i nā ʻāina ʻokoʻa a no kēia kumu ʻaʻole lākou i pili. I ka hōʻuluʻulu, ʻike ʻia nā ʻāpana ʻehiku o chamois. ʻElua o lākou, Anatolian a me Carpathian chamois, e like me kekahi ʻano hoʻohālikelike, he ʻokoʻa ʻokoʻa paha. Pili nā inoa o nā mea kōkua i ko lākou wahi noho koke, koe wale nō nā chamois maʻamau.
Video: ʻO Serna
ʻO ka pili pili loa ka Pyrenean chamois, ʻoiai he inoa like kona, akā no ka ʻano hōkele. He holoholona liʻiliʻi ka chamois. He kino paʻa a lahilahi kona me nā lālā wīwī, ʻoi aku ka lōʻihi o nā wāwae hope ma mua o ka mua. Hiki i kahi kiʻekiʻe o ʻaneʻane 80 keneta i ka maloʻo, ʻo ka lōʻihi o nā lālā he hapalua kēia waiwai, ʻo ka lōʻihi o ke kino i ʻoi aku ma mua o ka mika, hoʻopau me kahi huelo pōkole, he mau kenimika wale nō, ma ka ʻaoʻao haʻahaʻa ʻaʻohe lauoho. ʻO ke kaumaha o ke kino o ka chamois i nā wahine ma ka awelika mai 30 a 35 mau kilokika, ʻoiai i nā kāne hiki ke hiki i kanaono kilokika. Lahilahi ka ʻāʻī, ma ka maʻamau he 15 a 20 cm ka lōʻihi.
ʻO ka helehelena a me nā hiʻohiʻona
Kiʻi: Chamois kuahiwi
ʻO ka muamo chamois ka liʻiliʻi, pōkole, hoʻopili. Nui nā maka, ʻākiki nā puka ihu, like me ka ʻāpana. Ulu pono nā kukuna ma luna pono o nā maka, mai ka superciliary ʻāpana o nā kāne a me nā wahine. Pāleʻa lākou i ka hoʻopā, puni i ka ʻāpana keʻa, hāliu hope i nā wēlau. I nā wahine, ʻo ka pepeiaohao he hapahā ka ʻoi aku o ka pōkole ma mua o nā kāne a ʻoi iki ka piʻo. Ma ka ʻaoʻao ma hope he mau puka i piha me nā aʻa kūwaha; i ka wā o ka rutting hoʻomaka lākou e hana, ke hoʻopuka nei i kahi ʻala kikoʻī. Lōʻihi nā pepeiao, kū pololei, kiko, ma kahi o 20 cm. Hoʻomohala maikaʻi ʻia nā mākia, e waiho ana i kahi alahele ma kahi o 6 cm ka laulā.
ʻOkoʻa ke kala o ka hulu chamois me ke kau. I ka hoʻoilo, loaʻa iā ia nā aka ʻokoʻa, nā ʻaoʻao i waho o nā lālā, ʻāʻī uliuli ka ʻāʻī a me ke kua, a ʻoluʻolu nā ʻaoʻao o loko a me ka ʻōpū. I ke kauwela, hoʻololi ke kala i ka ocher, brown, a ʻoi aku ka māmā o nā ʻaoʻao o loko a me hope o nā lālā ma mua o nā ʻaoʻao i waho a me ke kua. Ma ka waha, ma nā ʻaoʻao mai ka pepeiao a i ka ihu, aia nā kaha ʻeleʻele, i kekahi manawa ʻeleʻele. ʻO ke koena o ka lauoho ma ka maka, ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē, ʻoi aku ka māmā ma mua o ke kino holoʻokoʻa, hoʻohui kēia i ka ʻokoʻa. Me kēia kala, nani a nani hoʻi ke nānā aku o nā chamois.
ʻO ke ola o nā kāne ma ka awelika mai 10 a ʻumikūmālua mau makahiki. Noho nā wahine mai ka ʻumikūmālima a iwakālua mau makahiki. Hiki ke noʻonoʻo lōʻihi i kēia ola, ʻoiai ʻaʻole ia he ʻano maʻamau no nā holoholona o kahi liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi.
Ma hea e noho ai nā chamois?
Kiʻi: Chamois mauna holoholona
Noho ʻo Chamois i nā wahi mauna i ka hui o nā wahi pōhaku a me nā ululāʻau. Pono nā mea ʻelua i ko lākou ola, no laila hiki iā mākou ke ʻōlelo he chamois kahi holoholona nahele mauna mauna. Hoʻolahalaha ʻia ʻo Chamois ma luna o kahi ʻāina nui mai ka hikina a i ke komohana, mai Sepania a i Georgia, a mai Turkey a me Helene ma ka hema a hiki iā Lūkia ma ka ʻākau, noho nā chamois i nā ʻōnaehana mauna āpau. Kūleʻa ka heluna kanaka i nā wahi i makemake nui ʻia o nā Alps a me ka Caucasus.
He mea nui ia ʻeono o nā ʻāpana ʻehiku o nā chamois i kiʻi i ko lākou inoa mai ko lākou wahi noho.
- ʻO chamois maʻamau;
- Anatolian;
- Balkan;
- Carpathian;
- Nā Chartres;
- Caucasian;
- Tatranskaya.
ʻO kahi laʻana, ke ola nei nā chamanao Anatolian (a i ʻole Tureke) ma ka hikina o Turkey a me ka ʻaoʻao ʻākau hikina o ka ʻāina, loaʻa nā Balkan chamois ma ka Penehana Balkan, a loaʻa nā chamois Carpathian i nā Carpathians. He mea maʻamau ʻo Chartres chamois ma ke komohana o nā Alps Palani (ʻo ka inoa mai ka pae mauna ʻo Chartreuse). Noho ka Caucasian chamois, ma Caucasus, a me Tatranskaya - ma Tatras. ʻO nā chamois maʻamau ka nui o nā mea lawelawe, a no laila nominative. ʻO nā chamois e like me ka maʻamau ma nā Alps.
I ke kauwela, piʻi kiʻekiʻe nā chamois i nā ʻāina pōhaku ma kahi kiʻekiʻe ma kahi o 3600 mau mika ma luna o ka ʻilikai. I ka hoʻoilo, iho lākou i kahi kiʻekiʻe he 800 mau mika a hoʻāʻo e noho kokoke i nā ululāʻau, ka hapanui i nā conifers, no ka ʻimi maʻalahi no ka meaʻai. Akā ʻaʻole nā chamois i haʻi i nā neʻe kau o ke kau, ʻokoʻa ka nui o nā ungulate. ʻO nā wahine i hānau hānau hou makemake lākou e noho me kā lākou ʻōpio i nā ululāʻau ma lalo o nā kuahiwi a pale i nā wahi ākea. Akā ke hele a ikaika ka cub, hele pū lākou i ke kuahiwi.
I nā makahiki mua o ka makahiki 1900, ua hoʻolauna ʻia nā chamois i Nūhōlani ma ke ʻano he makana, a ma kahi o hoʻokahi haneli mau makahiki ua hiki iā lākou ke pālahalaha nui ma ka ʻĀkau Hema. I kēia mau lā, paipai ʻia ka ʻimi chamois i kēia ʻāina. ʻAʻole ʻokoʻa ke ʻano o nā kānaka e noho ana ma Nūhōlani mai nā ʻohana ʻEulopa, akā i ka manawa like, ke kaupaona nei kēlā me kēia kanaka ma ka awelika 20% ma lalo o ʻEulopa. He mea nui ia aia ʻelua mau hoʻāʻo e hoʻonā i nā chamois ma nā kuahiwi o Nolewai, akā ua pau nā mea ʻelua i ka ʻole - make nā holoholona no nā kumu ʻike ʻole ʻia.
He aha ka chamois e ʻai ai?
Kiʻi: holoholona Chamois
He maluhia ʻo Chamois, holoholona holoholona. ʻAi lākou i ka ʻai, ka mauʻu nui.
ʻAi lākou i ke kauwela:
- palaʻai;
- lau o nā kumu lāʻau;
- pua;
- nā ʻōpiopio o nā laʻalāʻau a me kekahi mau lāʻau.
I ke kauwela, ʻaʻole pilikia nā chamois me ka meaʻai, no ka mea ʻike lākou i nā mea kanu he nui i ko lākou wahi noho. Eia nō naʻe, hiki iā lākou ke hana maʻalahi me ka ʻole o ka wai. Ua lawa ka hau no ke kakahiaka a me ka ua nui hiki ʻole iā lākou. I ka hoʻoilo, hoʻohana ʻia nā mea kanu like, nā lau, nā cereal, akā i kahi ʻano maloʻo a me nā mea liʻiliʻi. Pono e ʻeli ʻia nā meaʻai mai lalo o ka hau.
Ma muli o ka nele o ka ʻai ʻōmaʻomaʻo, ʻai nā chamois i nā limu a me nā laikini lāʻau, nā lālā liʻiliʻi o nā laʻalāʻau, ka ʻili o kekahi mau kumulāʻau e hiki ke nau, nā wilowalu a lehu mauna paha, no ka laʻana. Loaʻa nā evergreens i ka hoʻoilo; ka spruce ʻai a me nā nila kui, nā lālā liʻiliʻi o ka fir. I ka hanana o ka nele nui o ka meaʻai, make nā chamois he nui. Hana mau kēia i kēlā me kēia hoʻoilo.
Nā hiʻohiʻona o ke ʻano a me ka nohona
Kiʻi: Chamois ma kuahiwi
E like me ka nui o nā ungulate, chamois herd. ʻAno wiwo ʻole lākou a wikiwiki hoʻi, ma kahi ʻano makaʻu iki o lākou e holo i ka nahele a peʻe paha i nā kuahiwi. Lele maikaʻi a kiʻekiʻe ʻo Chamois, kūpono loa kēia ʻāina no lākou - e holo nui ʻoe mai nā ʻenemi a me nā wā maikaʻi ʻole. I ka wā o ka makani ikaika, ka ua a me nā cataclysms ʻē aʻe, peʻe ka chamois i nā kuahiwi mauna a me nā kahawai.
Manaʻo ʻo Chamois i ka hilinaʻi nui, ka ʻohi ʻana, ma ka liʻiliʻi i nā hui liʻiliʻi o ʻelua a ʻekolu paha mau kānaka. ʻO ka nui o ka nui o nā kānaka i kahi pipi i hiki i nā haneli, i nā wahi o kā lākou hāʻawi nui ʻana a i ʻole i nā hoʻāʻo e hoʻokaʻawale iā lākou iho mai nā holoholona ʻē aʻe i ka teritori. I ka hoʻoilo a me ka puna, ʻohiʻohi nui nā chamois i nā hui liʻiliʻi, no laila maʻalahi ka loaʻa ʻana o ka meaʻai a ola i ke anuanu. I ke kauwela, hoʻonui ka nui o kā lākou nui i nā keiki, a hoʻomaha nā chamois a hānai i hoʻokahi pua nui.
Hiki i nā Chamois ke kamaʻilio me kekahi. E launa pū kekahi me kekahi, hoʻohana lākou i nā growl, nā kūlana o ka noho aliʻi ʻana a me ka waiho ʻana, a me nā manaʻo kuʻuna like ʻole. ʻAʻohe hoʻokaʻawale nā poʻe ʻelemakule mai nā ʻōpio, nā bipi i kāwili pū ʻia. I ke kakahiaka aia kahi pāʻina lōʻihi, ma hope o ka ʻaina awakea hoʻomaha ka chamois. A hana lākou i kēlā me kēia, pono i kekahi e nānā i ke kaiapuni a, inā kū kekahi mea, e hoʻāla i ka pū waikaua. I ka hoʻoilo, koi ʻia nā holoholona e neʻe mau i ka ʻimi ʻana i ka meaʻai a me kahi hoʻomaha. E iho maʻamau lākou i kahi kokoke i nā ululāʻau, kahi e emi ai ka makani a aia nā ʻōpala meaʻai maloʻo.
ʻO ke kūkulu kaiāulu a me ka hana hou
Kiʻi: Chamois a me cub
I ka hāʻule, mai ka waena o ʻOkakopa, he kau moʻo kā ka chamois. Hūnā nā wahine i kahi huna huna pilikino a nā kāne e pane ai, ʻo ia hoʻi ua mākaukau lākou e male. He wā hānau kā lākou ma Nowemapa a me Kekemapa. Ma hope o 23 a 24 mau pule paha (i kekahi mau mea kōkua, he 21 mau pule ka lōʻihi o ka hāpai ʻana), hānau ka pēpē. Hāʻule ka wā hānau ma waena o Mei a me ka hapa mua o Iune.
ʻO ka maʻamau hānau hoʻokahi wahine i hoʻokahi keiki, akā i kekahi manawa aia ʻelua. He mau hola ma hope o ka hānau ʻana, hiki i ka cub ke neʻe kūʻokoʻa. Hānai nā makuahine iā lākou me ka waiū no ʻekolu mau mahina. Hiki ke noʻonoʻo ʻia nā chamois i nā holoholona kaiaulu: ʻo nā pēpē, i kēlā manawa, hiki i nā wahine wahine ʻē aʻe ke mālama.
No nā mahina ʻelua mua, pono ka pipi e noho kokoke i ka nahele. ʻOi aku ka maʻalahi o ka neʻe ʻana o nā keiki ma laila a ma laila kahi e peʻe ai. Ma nā wahi ākea, loaʻa iā lākou nā mea nui aʻe. Hoʻolālā koke nā keiki. I ka piha ʻana o ʻelua mau mahina, ua lele ʻele lākou i ke akamai a mākaukau e ukali i ko lākou mau mākua i ke kuahiwi. I ka makahiki iwakālua o ka makahiki, hiki i ka chamois ke oʻo i ka moekolohe, a ʻekolu mau makahiki i loaʻa iā lākou nā keiki mua.
Hoʻopili pū nā chamois ʻōpio, nā keiki a me nā wahine. ʻO kahi wahine ʻelemakule ke alakaʻi o ka pūʻā. ʻAʻole maʻamau nā kāne i nā hui, makemake e hui pū me lākou i ka wā o ka moʻa e hoʻokō i kā lākou hana ola. ʻAʻole ia he mea maʻamau no ka holoholo ʻana o nā kāne kāne i nā kuahiwi iā lākou iho.
ʻO nā ʻenemi kūlohelohe o nā chamois
Kiʻi: Serna
No nā chamois, weliweli nā holoholona predatory, keu hoʻi inā ʻoi aku ka nui ma mua o lākou. Hiki i nā Wolves a me nā bea ke kali iā lākou i nā ulu lāʻau. ʻO ka mea weliweli loa ʻo ka chamois wale nō ia; ʻo nā mea ʻiʻo liʻiliʻi e like me ka ʻalopeke a i ʻole ka lynx hiki ke ʻūlū iā ia. ʻOiai ke kū ʻana o nā pepeiaohao i hiki ke lawelawe no ka pale ʻana iā ia iho, makemake ʻole ʻo chamois e pale aku iā lākou iho mai nā hoʻouka kaua ʻana, akā e heʻe lākou.
Hānai pinepine nā Predators i nā mākua, akā i kā lākou mau keiki, ʻoiai nāwaliwali a palupalu lākou. I ka hakakā ʻana i ka pūʻā, make paha ke keiki: ke holo nei ʻo ia me ka mālie a ʻaʻohe ona mākau e hoʻokele i nā pōhaku, ʻaʻole maopopo piha i ka pilikia. Hiki iā ia ke hopu i kahi kahawai a i ʻole avalanche, hāʻule i kahi pali. Ma muli o ka liʻiliʻi loa a kaupaona iki ia, me ka hoʻohui o nā holoholona, manu pū nā manu me ka weliweli iā ia. ʻO kahi laʻana, he ʻaeto gula, i hiki ke lālau i kahi keiki ma ka lele, a i ʻole he ʻaeto gula e noho ana ma Palani.
He mea weliweli pū nā avalanc a me nā hāʻule pōhaku no nā mākua. Aia kekahi mau hihia i ka wā e ʻimi ai i kahi pale chamois e holo ai i ke kuahiwi, akā i ka manawa like i make i ka ʻōpala. ʻO ka pōloli kekahi pilikia kūlohelohe, keu hoʻi i ka wā hoʻoilo. Ma muli o ka chamois he mau holoholona holoholona, maʻalahi lākou i nā maʻi lehulehu. Hiki i kekahi mau maʻi, e like me ka scabies, ke luku i ka hapa nui o nā holoholona.
Heluna a me ke kūlana o kēia ʻano
Kiʻi: Chamois kuahiwi
Nui a lehulehu nā heluna o Chamois. ʻO ka helu nui o nā laha ma kahi o 400 tausani kānaka. Me ka ʻokoʻa o nā chamois Caucasian, aia i ke kūlana "palupalu" a he ʻoi aku wale nō ma mua o ʻehā tausani mau kānaka. Mahalo i ka pale i nā makahiki i hala iho nei, aia kahi ulu ulu i kāna helu. Hoʻoweliweli ʻia ka Chartres chamois, akā kānalua nā ʻepekema i ka maʻemaʻe o kona koko. ʻO nā koena ʻelima o nā ʻano ʻehiku i hoʻonohonoho ʻia ma ke ʻano he Least Concern.
Eia nō naʻe, pono e hoʻomaopopo ʻia no ka hoʻomau mau ʻana o ka genus a me ke ola o chamois, he ʻano hihiu maoli nō ia e pono ai. Hoʻopilikia ka hānai pipi ma nā kula mauna i nā chamois, a ua hoʻokau ʻia lākou e neʻe e ʻimi i nā wahi mehameha. Hiki paha me ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ka hānau holoholona, ua emi mālie ka helu o nā chamois. Pili kēia i ka hoʻolaha lehulehu ʻana o ka mākaʻikaʻi, nā mauna mauna, nā wahi hoʻokipa ma ko lākou wahi noho.
Ma nā wahi ʻākau o ka hoʻoilo hiki ʻole ke ʻai a, e like me ka ʻike hou loa, ʻo ka lehulehu o nā Tamo chamois e noho ana ma ka ʻākau o ʻEulopa, hoʻoweliweli paha kēia i ka emi ʻana o ka heluna kanaka. ʻO ka heluna kanaka o ka Balkan chamois ma kahi o 29,000 mau kānaka. ʻAe ʻia ke ʻimi holoholona ʻana iā lākou e ke kānāwai, ʻaʻole naʻe ma Helene a me Albania. Ma laila, ua alualu nui ʻia nā mea kōkua a i kēia manawa aia ia ma lalo o ka pale. ʻAe ʻia ka ʻimi ʻana i ka chamois Carpathian. Hiki i kāna mau pepeiaohao i 30 cm a manaʻo ʻia he trophy. Noho ka hapa nui o ka lehulehu ma ka hema o ka poʻe Carpathians, ma nā wahi anuanu ka laha o kā lākou kiʻiona.
Ua heleleʻi ka heluna kanaka o Chartres chamois i 200 kanaka, ua helu ʻia i ka IUCN Red List, akā ʻaʻole pale ʻia kēia ʻano chamois. Manaʻo kekahi poʻe ʻepekema ua makehewa ka wae ʻia ʻana o nā subspecies. Wahi a nā ʻano moʻokalaleo, he heluna kaiāulu wale nō ia o nā chamois maʻamau a i ʻole ua nalowale kona maʻemaʻe.
Kiaʻi Chamois
Kiʻi: holoholona Chamois
ʻO nā subspecies wale nō o nā chamois Caucasian kahi kūlana palekana. Ua helu ʻia lākou i loko o nā puke ʻikepili ʻulaʻula ma nā wahi a me nā republics o ka Caucasus a me ka Apana Pekelala Hema. ʻO nā kumu nui o ka emi ʻana o ka heluna kanaka i ka manawa hoʻokahi nā mea anthropogenic, no ka laʻana, ka hōʻemi ʻana o nā ululāʻau. I ka manawa like, ʻaʻohe o nā kōkua kūpono i kēia kaʻina hana.
Noho ka hapa nui o nā kānaka i nā mālama, kahi e mālama ai i ko lākou nohona. Loaʻa ka hiki ʻana o ka poʻe mākaʻikaʻi iā lākou, a hoʻemi ʻia ka hopena o nā mea weliweli. Pāpā ʻia ka hoʻoneoneo ʻana i ka waihona, pale maoli ʻia ka kūlohelohe. Mālama ʻia kēlā me kēia kanaka i ka mālama. Mahalo i kēia, ke Caucasian Kamalei ua hiki ke hoʻonui i kona heluna kanaka i hoʻokahi a me ka hapalua manawa i loko o 15 mau makahiki i hala.
Lā paʻi: 03.02.2019
Lā hou: 16.09.2019 ma 17:11
