Uila Stingray ʻike nui ʻia no kāna ʻano kikoʻī kikoʻī, ʻaʻole hiki ke huikau me kekahi. Eia hou, he ʻelua mau hiʻohiʻona make kona: kahi huelo ʻoi e hiki ke maʻalahi i ka ʻenemi (a ma kekahi ʻano he ʻona pū kekahi), a me ka hiki ke hana i ka uila i 220 volts.
Ke kumu o ka laha a me ka wehewehe
Kiʻi: uila stingray
ʻO ke kumu o nā kukuna he hihia kontroversial nō ia. I ka lauwili maʻamau loa, iho mai nā stingray mai nā manō, ua loli kekahi o lākou i ko lākou ʻano nohona lawe lima maʻamau i kahi nohona haʻahaʻa o lalo. Ma muli o kēia mau hoʻololi, ua loli ke ʻano o ke kino o nā holoholona a me ka hana ʻana o nā ʻōnaehana.
Inā mākou e noʻonoʻo i ke kikoʻī i ke kumu o ka iʻa filogenous o ka iʻa cartilaginous, a laila e like me kekahi o nā mana, ʻo ko lākou kūpuna maʻamau kahi hui o nā iʻa i kahiko ʻia. Mai ka hope, ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā cartilaginous i ka wā Devonian. Ua kūleʻa lākou a hiki i ka manawa Permian, noho i lalo a me ke kolamu wai, a hui pū me nā hui iʻa ʻehā.
Ma ka liʻuliʻu, ua hoʻomaka nā iʻa iwi mua e holomua ma ko lākou wahi. Ma hope o kekahi mau manawa o ka hoʻokūkū, ua hōʻemi nui ka nui o nā iʻa cartilaginous, 2 wale nō o nā hui 4. I manaʻo ʻia, i ka waenakonu o ka wā Jurassic, ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā kūpuna o nā stingray mai kekahi o nā hui i koe - nā manō maoli.
Hōʻike nā puke i ka inoa o ka lunamakaʻāinana kahiko o nā kukuna - xyphotrigon, i noho ma kahi o 58 miliona mau makahiki i hala. Hōʻike nā fossil i loaʻa i ka like o waho o nā kūpuna a me nā kānaka o kēia au. He ʻano like kona kino a he huelo loihi, humuhumu like me ka holoholona i ku i kāna mea pio, a pale aku paha iā ia iho mai nā ʻenemi mai.
ʻAʻole wale ka kontroversial ka pilikia o ke kumu, akā ʻo ka hoʻohālikelike o kēia au. Hoʻonohonoho nā ʻepekema ʻokoʻa i nā stingray i kahi superorder, ʻoihana, a i ʻole subdivision. Wahi a ka hoʻohālikelike i ʻae nui ʻia, ʻike ʻia nā stingrays ma ke ʻano he superorder, e hoʻopili ana i nā ʻehā kauoha: uila, rhombic, sawnose a me nā ʻano huelo. ʻO ka helu nui o nā laha ma kahi o 330.
Hiki i nā lunamaka o nā kukuna uila ke hōʻea i ʻelua mau mika i ke ola, me ka hōʻailona maʻamau he 0.5-1.5 mau mika. ʻO ke kaupaona kiʻekiʻe he ʻaneʻane 100 kg, ʻo ke kaupaona kaulike 10-20 kg.
ʻO ka helehelena a me nā hiʻohiʻona
Kiʻi: Marble Electric Stingray
He kino poepoe ko ke kino, he pālahalaha, kahi huelo liʻiliʻi me kahi caudal fin a me 1-2 o luna. Ua ulu pū nā fins pectoral, e hāʻawi ana i ka iʻa i kahi hiʻohiʻona ākea a hana i nā ʻēheu i kapa ʻia. Ma ke poʻo, ʻike maka ʻia ka maka maka a me ka ʻehu - puka i hoʻolālā ʻia no ka hanu ʻana. I ka hapanui o nā hihia, hoʻomohala maikaʻi ʻia ka hihi, akā naʻe, i kekahi ʻano laha ʻaʻole kokoke ia, a komo ka maka i lalo o ka ʻili, no ka laʻana, nā lunamakaʻā o nā genus o nā kukuna uila hohonu. No kēlā mau kānaka, ua hoʻololi ʻia ka hihi e ka uila - ka hiki ke ʻike i nā impulses uila liʻiliʻi e puka mai ana mai nā meaola ola, a me nā ʻano manaʻo ʻē aʻe.
Aia ka waha e hāmama ai a me nā ʻūwaha gill ma kahi o ka lalo o ke kino. I ke kaʻina o ka hanu ʻana, komo ka wai i loko o nā gills ma o ka squirt a puka ma waena o nā ʻāpana. ʻO kēia ala o ka hanu ʻana i lilo i hiʻohiʻona hiʻohiona o nā stingray āpau a pili pono i ka nohona o lalo. Inā, i ka hanu ʻana, moni lākou i ka wai me ko lākou waha, e like me ka manō, a laila hele mai ke one a me nā mea ʻē aʻe o ka lepo me ka wai, i nā kaila, ʻeha nā ʻalalā kino. No laila, lawe ʻia ka mea lawe ma ka ʻaoʻao luna o ke kino, akā ʻo ka wai i hemo ʻia mai nā māwae e kōkua i ka hoʻoulu ʻana i ke one i ka ʻimi ʻana i kahi pio.
Ma ke ala, ma muli o ka wahi like o nā maka a me ka waha, ʻaʻole hiki i nā stingray ke ʻike kino i kā lākou mea e ʻai nei.
ʻO ka ʻaoʻao luna o ke kino he ʻano ʻokoʻa loa, kahi e pili ana i ka waihoʻoluʻu o ka nohona. Kōkua ia i nā iʻa e camouflage a hūnā mai nā mea ʻaihue. ʻO ke ʻano o ka waihoʻoluʻu mai ka pouli, ʻaneʻane ʻeleʻele, e like me ke kukuna uila ʻeleʻele, i kahi kukui, waihoʻoluʻu beige, e like me kekahi ʻano o ka genus daffodils.
ʻO nā lauana o ke kino o luna he ʻokoʻa loa.
- mālamalama a mālamalama nā kiko nui, e like me ke kukuna uila i lele ʻia;
- nā pōʻai ʻeleʻele liʻiliʻi e like me ka daffodil i ʻike ʻia;
- nā kiko blurry variegated, e like me ka stingray marble;
- maopopo ʻole, nunui nā wahi pouli a me nā kukui, e like me ka Cape narcosa;
- nā lau nahele e hoʻonaninani ʻia, e like me nā lāpuna Diplobatis;
- ʻeleʻele, aneane ʻeleʻele e kuhikuhi ana, e like me daffodil;
- ka waihoʻoluʻu monotonous, e like me ka gnus huelo pōkole a i ʻole stingray ʻeleʻele;
- ʻo ka ʻaoʻao haʻahaʻa o ke kino i ka hapanui o nā laha ka māmā ma mua o ka luna.
Ma hea e noho ai ke kukuna uila?
Kiʻi: Iʻa stingray uila
Mahalo i ka waihoʻoluʻu pale, ua hoʻokele pono kēlā me kēia kanaka i ka palena o ka ʻāina ma aneane o nā kai a me nā moana āpau. ʻO Geograpically, he hui lehulehu kēia. Hoʻololi i kahi mahana wela mai + 2 a + 30 kekelē Celsius, ʻae ʻia nā kukuna uila e noho i nā kino wai paʻakai o ka honua, ʻoi aku ka makemake i nā wahi mehana a me nā wahi pāhona. Noho lākou i nā ʻano ʻoluʻolu like ʻole, a ʻaneʻane ʻike ʻia kēlā me kēia kanaka e ka neʻe haʻahaʻa.
Paʻa kekahi i ka one a lepo paha o nā kahakai kahakai, kahi, i ka wā o ka hiamoe a i ʻole ke kali nei no ka mea pio, komo lākou i loko o ke one, waiho wale i ka maka a me ka squirrel wale nō i luna o ko lākou poʻo. Ua hoʻokumu kekahi i nā ʻākoʻakoʻa pōhaku a me nā wahi e pili ana iā ia, camouflaged e ko lākou kala. ʻOkoʻa ka laulā o ka hohonu o ka nohona. Hiki i nā kānaka ke noho i ka wai pāpaʻu a ma ka hohonu o 1000 mau mika. ʻO kahi hiʻohiʻona o nā ʻelele hohonu kai ka hoʻemi ʻana o nā ʻokana o ka hihi, e laʻa me ka stingray Morsby a i ʻole ke kai hohonu mae.
Pēlā nō, he mau aniani kilohi kekahi o ka poʻe ma ka ʻili o ke kino e ʻumeʻume ai i nā mea pio i ka pōʻeleʻele. Hiki i nā ʻano wai pāpaʻu e noho ana i nā kahakai kahakai ke hālāwai me ka poʻe e ʻimi nei i ka meaʻai a i ʻole ka neʻe ʻana a hōʻike i ko lākou hiki uila no nā mea pale.
He aha ka mea e ʻai ai ka stingray uila?
Kiʻi: Skat
ʻO ka papaʻai o nā kukuna uila e komo pū me plankton, annelids, cephalopods a me bivalve molluscs, crustacean, iʻa, a me nā ʻano carrion like ʻole. No ka hopu ʻana i nā pio lawe lima, hoʻohana nā stingray i nā hoʻokuʻu o ka uila i hana ʻia i loko o nā mea i hoʻopili ʻia ma ke kumu o nā fector pectoral. Ke kau nei ka stingray ma luna o ka mea i hoʻomake ʻia a me he mea lā e ʻapo iā ia me kona mau ʻeheu, i kēia manawa ke hoʻokuʻu ʻia kahi hoʻokuʻu o ke au uila, e hoʻokūʻiwa nei i ka mea pio.
I kekahi mau hihia, ʻaʻole lawa ka hoʻokuʻu hoʻokahi ʻana, no laila hiki i nā pali ke hana a hiki i nā ʻumi o ia mau hoʻokuʻu ʻana, ka mea e emi mālie ai. Hoʻonohonoho ʻia ka hiki ke hana, mālama a hoʻokuʻu i ka uila e ka ʻōnaehana makaʻu, no laila kaohi ʻana o nā stingray i ke kaʻina hana a me ka hōʻoia ʻole e hoʻolilo i ka ikehu āpau, me ka waiho ʻole ʻana i ka palekana.
Ke kāomi nei kekahi ala o ka ʻimi holoholona i ka mea pio i lalo a ʻai hou ʻia. Pēlā e hana ai ka iʻa me nā poʻe kauā hiki ʻole ke ʻau koke a kolo aku paha. I ka waha o ka hapanui o nā laha, paʻa paʻa nā niho ʻoi a hana lākou i kahi ʻano grater. Pēlā lākou e ʻokoʻa ai mai ka hapanui o ko lākou pili pili loa - manō. ʻIndlau lākou i ka mea pio ikaika me ko lākou niho.
Hiki i kahi ʻano e like me ka gnus huelo pōkole ke hoʻolōʻihi i ka waha e hāmama ana, no ka mea e ʻimi a ʻai ʻo ia i nā mea pio nui a hiki i ka hapalua o ka lōʻihi o kona kino, a i kekahi mau hihia ʻoi aku ka nui. ʻOiai ko lākou nohona inert, makemake nui nā stingrays.
Nā hiʻohiʻona o ke ʻano a me ka nohona
Kiʻi: He aha ke ʻano o ka stingray
Hoʻohālikelike ʻia nā stingray āpau e kahi noho kaʻawale. E like me ka mea i ʻōlelo ʻia ma luna, makemake lākou e noho mālie i ke ao, e moe ana i lalo a i ʻole ke kanu ʻana iā lākou iho i ke one. I nā manawa hoʻomaha, nānā lākou i ka wahi a puni e hoʻohana ana i ka uila, e ʻike ana i ka waiwai pio a i ʻole ka ʻenemi. Ma ke ala like, hiki iā lākou ke kamaʻilio me kekahi i kekahi, lawe a kiʻi ʻana i nā hōʻailona uila e like me nā ʻōpeʻapeʻa.
Hoʻolālā maikaʻi ʻia kēia mākaukau i nā kukuna a pau. ʻIke ka iʻa a ʻauʻau i ka pō, ʻo ia ka manawa o ka hapanui o nā mea a pau e hilinaʻi i ka ʻike o nā hōʻailona uila, ʻoiai i ka poʻe i hoʻoliʻiliʻi ʻole ka ʻike, ʻaʻole lawa ka maopopo, a ʻaʻole hiki ke hōʻike piha i ke kiʻi o ke kaiapuni, keu hoʻi i ka pouli ...
I ke kolamu wai, neʻe mālie nā stingrays, me he mea lā ke piʻi nei i ka wai, ʻaʻole pono lākou, ʻokoʻa ka manō, e wikiwiki e mālama i ka hanu. Kūpono ka neʻe ma muli o nā pale like o nā peʻa pectoral, a i ʻole nā ʻēheu i kapa ʻia. Ma muli o ko lākou ʻano pālahalaha, ʻaʻole pono lākou e hoʻolilo i ka hana nui e ʻike iā lākou iho i ka kolamu wai. ʻOiai ʻo ka palaualelo, hiki i nā stingray ke ʻauʻau wikiwiki, ʻoiai i nā manawa o ka neʻe ʻana mai kahi mea ʻino.
I kekahi mau ʻano, liʻiliʻi nā peʻa pectoral a neʻe ka iʻa ma muli o nā ʻūlū o kahi huelo mana. ʻO kekahi ʻano hana o ka neʻe ka hoʻokuʻu mua ʻana o kahi kahawai mai nā pihi ihu ma ka ʻaoʻao o ka ʻōpū, kahi e ʻae ai i ka pali e neʻe i ka kolamu wai. Me ia ʻano maneuver, hoʻoweliweli ʻo ia i nā predators hiki, akā inā i ke hoʻokokoke ʻana iā ia, lilo ka palekana hou i kahi hoʻokuʻu uila.
ʻO ke kūkulu kaiāulu a me ka hana hou
Kiʻi: iʻa Stingray
ʻO nā stingray he iʻa cartilaginous dioecious. He paʻakikī ka ʻōnaehana hānau.
ʻEkolu ala e ulu ai ka embryo:
- No kekahi, he ola ka hānau maoli, ke hana ʻia nā pae āpau o ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ke kino o ka makuahine a hānau ʻia nā kānaka piha. Me kēia hana, ulu a hoʻomoe ʻia nā kukuna liʻiliʻi i wili ʻia i loko o ka paipu, ʻo ke ala wale nō e hiki ai ke komo i loko o ka kōpū, ʻoiai ke nui kekahi o lākou. No nā kukuna uila, ke ʻano o ka embryonic uterine nutrition of embryos kahi ʻano ma muli o nā ulu kūikawā, e like me villi, kahi e hāʻawi ʻia ai nā meaola mai ke kino o ka makuahine i nā embryos.
- Hoʻohana nā ʻano ʻē aʻe i ka hana ʻana o ka hua manu, ke embryos i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i loko o nā pūpū paʻakikī i loko o ka kōpū. Loaʻa i kēia mau hua manu nā mea pono e pono ai ka ulu ʻana o ka embryo. Hana ʻia ka māke i loko o nā hua, a hānai ʻia e ka wahine stingray, a hiki i ka manawa e pā ai ka keiki.
- ʻO kahi koho ʻē aʻe ka hana ʻana o ka hua manu, ke waiho ka wahine i mau hua kū hoʻokahi i piha i kahi lako nui o nā meaola, hoʻopaʻa iā lākou ma nā mea substrate me ke kōkua o nā kaula kūikawā.
Hiki i nā iʻa ʻōpio, i hānau hou a i pāpī ʻia hoʻi ke hana i kahi au uila. Ma muli o ka hānau maikaʻi ʻana o nā keiki no ke ola, ʻokoʻa ka helu o nā embryo i nā ʻano ʻokoʻa, akā ma ka awelika ʻaʻole i ʻoi aku ma mua o 10 mau kānaka. He dimorphic moekolohe nā stingray. Hana ʻia ke oʻo makua ke hiki i nā kukuna i kekahi nui, no ka laʻana, i nā narcotics Iapana, hiki i nā wahine ke hana hou ma ka lōʻihi o ke kino ma kahi o 35 cm, a me nā kāne, ma ka lōʻihi o 20 a 40 cm.
ʻEnemi kūlohelohe o nā kukuna uila
Kiʻi: uila stingray
ʻAi ʻia nā stingray āpau, e like me nā uila, e nā iʻa manamana nui. I ka hapanui o nā hihia, he manō kēia o nā lāhui like ʻole. Ma muli o ke kū ʻana o ka nui o nā ʻenemi kūlohelohe, ka pena ʻana i nā camouflage, ka nohona o lalo, ka hana o ka pō a me ka pale ʻana e ka uila uila e ʻae iā lākou e mālama i kā lākou helu.
ʻO kekahi ʻenemi no ka iʻa pālahalaha nā ʻano palahalaha parasitic. Hoʻopili ʻia nā stingray me lākou i ka wā o ka hānai ʻana, a lilo i mau mea hoʻokipa kūmau a kūmau paha. ʻAʻole kēia he mea kupanaha, no ka mea ʻai nā stingray i nā mea a lākou e ʻike ai, ʻaʻole e hoʻokaʻawale i nā meaola make i hiki i nā mea lawe aʻe a i ʻole nā ʻenuhe o nā ʻenuhe.
Ma waho aʻe o nā iʻa predatory a me nā parasites, no nā kukuna uila aia kahi makaʻu o ka lawaiʻa ʻana no nā ʻano iʻa ʻē aʻe, kahi e hoʻopili ai i ka nui o ka lehulehu.
Heluna a me ke kūlana o kēia ʻano
Kiʻi: Marble Electric Stingray
Ua palahalaha aku nā kukuna uila ma ka hona honua, ʻoi aku hoʻi ma nā wahi kai o nā kai a me nā moana.
Hōʻike ʻia lākou e nā ʻano 69, hui pū ʻia i nā ʻohana aʻe:
- daffodil;
- gnus;
- narcotics.
Hiki i nā laha āpau ke hana a hoʻokuʻu i kēia i kekahi kekelē a i ʻole. ʻO ka hapa nui o nā laha i hāʻawi ʻia i ke kūlana o "me ka makaʻu iki"; ʻaʻohe ʻiʻo Red Data Book i waena o nā kukuna uila. ʻAʻohe lawaiʻa pinepine ʻia nā kukuna uila no ka mea he waiwai liʻiliʻi lākou.
Hōʻike ʻia ka makaʻu no kēia mau holoholona e nā lawaiʻa lehulehu iʻa i hopu ʻia, kahi a lākou e pau ai i ka hopena. Eia kekahi, hoʻonohonoho ʻia nā gillnets no nā ʻano iʻa ʻē aʻe a me nā paheʻe heʻe e hei i nā stingrays. I ka manawa i hopu ʻia i kahi iʻa iʻa i hopu ʻia, make ka hapa nui o nā stingray, he mea koʻikoʻi loa kēia no nā ʻano kai hohonu i loaʻa ʻole nā papa pale ikaika ma ka ʻili o ke kino. Ma ka laulaha, hoʻemi ʻia ka hiki ke ola no ia mau stingray. ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi o ke ola ʻana o nā stingray me nā pūpū paʻakikī.
Hoʻopili ʻia i nā ʻupena a i ʻole nā paheʻe heʻe, lilo lākou i mea maʻalahi no nā iʻa predatory nui a liʻiliʻi hoʻi, ʻoiai ʻaʻole hiki iā lākou ke ʻauʻau, a ua kaupalena ʻia ka nui o ke au o ka pale. No nā kānaka, pilikia lākou i ka hihia me lākou. ʻAʻole make ka hopena hopena, akā weliweli i hiki ke alakaʻi i ka immobilization a, i nā hihia koʻikoʻi, nalo ka ʻike. Hiki i kēlā hālāwai ke kū ma nā kahakai kahi e noho ai nā stingray. He paʻakikī lākou e ʻike i ke ao, a no laila pono e mālama i nā lula o ka ʻauʻau palekana ʻana i ia mau wahi.
Ua aʻo ʻia nā mea kūlohelohe o ke kūlohelohe e kaulike ma ka ʻaoʻao o ke ola, i hoʻomohala i nā mea pilikino a me nā pono o ka hoʻoliʻiliʻi i loko o nā makahiki miliona o ka hoʻomohala, ma ka physiology o ke kino a me ka lawena. Koho ʻia uila uila ua kūleʻa nā hana, e like me ka mea i hōʻike ʻia e ka likelika like loa me nā kūpuna, kahi i hoʻololi ʻole ʻia i loko o nā makahiki miliona o ka evolution.
Lā paʻi: 01/29/2019
Lā hou: 18.09.2019 ma 21:26
