Ua honi - He iʻa liʻiliʻi kēia he wai hou a he wai paʻakai. ʻO kona nui i nā wahi noho he kiʻekiʻe loa. Hopu mau ʻia ʻo Smelt no nā ʻoihana kalepa, akā ʻoiai ʻo kēia, kūpaʻa mau kāna helu. Makemake nui kēia iʻa liʻiliʻi i nā lawaiʻa amateur; nui lākou i ke kai anuanu.
ʻO nā ʻano āpau o ka ʻohana smelt, ma ke ʻano, like. Akā smelt ka Hikina Hikina, ʻaʻole like me ke koena, he waha liʻiliʻi kona me ka iwi ā lalo i hoʻokuke ʻia i mua, a ʻoi aku ka pōkole o kona ʻaoʻao ma mua o ko nā ʻelele ʻē aʻe o kēia ʻohana. Ma ka Hikina Hikina a me Sakhalin, makemake nui ʻia ka hulu hau i waena o nā poʻe pā o ka lawaiʻa hoʻoilo, a ua kapa ʻia ʻo "Voroshenka". Hoʻopaʻa ʻia ia i loko o kahi lua-hau, a kū paʻa loa ia ma laila, i ka hau. No ka honi hou i hopu ʻia, ʻokoʻa ke ʻala o nā kukama, no laila he inoa hou kā ka smelt - borage.
Noho ʻo Smelt i nā kula nui i ke kai (i kēlā mau wahi he one ka lalo) a i ʻole nā loko. Ke hoʻomaka ka wā spawning, neʻe ia i ka waha o nā kahawai - kahi ʻole kahi kahe wikiwiki.
Ke kumu o ka laha a me ka wehewehe
Kiʻi: Smelt
Aia ka huikau me ka hoʻohālikelike no ka smelt. Hiki iā ʻoe ke ʻike pinepine i nā hoʻopaʻapaʻa e pili ana inā pili kēia iʻa liʻiliʻi i ka herring a i ʻole ka salemona. Hiki iā mākou ke ʻōlelo me ka hilinaʻi he pololei nā ʻelua. Kū aʻe ka huikau mai ka ʻoiaʻiʻo o ka manaʻo o nā hoʻopaʻapaʻa he mau pūʻulu hoʻoliʻiliʻi like ʻole. E like me kāu e ʻike ai, i ka wehewehe ʻana i kahi ʻano laha, hele pinepine lākou mai kahi ʻauhau nui (ka hui i ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana) a i kahi mea haʻahaʻa: superorder - ʻoka - ʻohana - genus - species a subspecies paha. E nānā mākou i ʻelua hoʻokaʻina.
I ka atlas-determinant o ka iʻa N.A. Ua hāʻawi ʻo Myagkov (M. "Hoʻolālā", 1994) i ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana aʻe. Hoʻomaopopo ka mea kākau o ka atlas i kahi superorder o Klupeoid, i hoʻopili ʻia me ke ʻano o ka herring a me ke kauoha o nā salmonid. ʻO kaʻohana honi i ke kauoha o nā salmonid. Hāhai ʻia kēia ma ka hoʻokaʻina ʻana ma ke ʻano.
Pākuʻi ʻia ʻo ʻEulopa. ʻO ia, e like me nā smelts āpau, he mau niho ma kona mau ā. ʻO ka laina ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻikea wale ʻia a 4 - 16 unahi. He kālā nā barela, ʻeleʻele-ʻōmaʻomaʻo ke kua. ʻO ka ʻala o kēia ʻano ma kahi o 20 kenimika ka lōʻihi.
Ua honi. ʻO nā iʻa wai liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi me nā niho nāwaliwali ma mua o ka iʻa ʻEulopa. ʻO kona lōʻihi o ke kino ma kahi o 6 kenimika, i kekahi manawa ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi.
Pāholo niho. He niho ikaika kona i ka hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā laha ʻē aʻe. Hiki ke ʻike ʻia ka laina ma ka ʻaoʻao a 14 - 30 unahi. Hiki i ka lōʻihi 35 kenimika. He iʻa anadromous a me ka loko ia.
Kahuli ka muliwai ʻo Smallmouth. ʻO kahi iʻa o kēia ʻano e like me ka sprat. ʻIke maopopo ʻia kahi kaula ʻāhinahina ma kona kino holoʻokoʻa. Hiki ke ʻike ʻia nā kiko ʻeleʻele ma nā unahi a me nā lau. ʻO kona nui ma kahi o 10 mau kenimika.
Kahuli ke kai ʻo Smallmouth. ʻO kēia ʻano, ʻokoʻa ka muliwai liʻiliʻi, ʻaʻohe ona ʻāpana kālā a me nā kiko ʻeleʻele. Inā he mau kiko ʻeleʻele, a laila paʻakikī e hoʻokaʻawale. ʻOi aku ka nui o ka honi kai ʻo Smallmouth ma mua o ka hulu o ka muliwai - ʻo kona lōʻihi ma kahi o 12 kenimika.
ʻO Capelin. He iʻa kai kēia, ʻo ka momona o nā ʻano smelt. He pahu ʻāhinahina kāna, e ʻike maopopo ʻia ai ka laina ʻaoʻao, e holo ana i loko o kona kino, a hiki i ka fin anal. ʻO ka hope o ka capelin he uliuli-ʻōmaʻomaʻo. ʻO ka lōʻihi awelika o kahi capelin ma kahi o 20 mau kenimika.
I loko o ka puke "Nā iʻa o ka USSR" na nā mea kākau ʻo V. Lebedeva, V. Spanovskaya, K. Savvitov, L. Sokolov a me E. Tsepkin (M., "Mysl", 1969), aia kekahi mahele e pili ana i ka herring, kahi, me ka ʻohana salemona, aia kekahi ʻohana o ka hulu.
ʻO ka aʻe ka hoʻohālikelike ʻia e nā moʻokūʻauhau a me nā laha:
- genus o smelt. Nā ʻanoʻano - ua honi nā iʻa iʻa lūlū a me ʻAsia;
- honi ka genus Nānā - smelt ʻo Smallmouth, a i ʻole borage;
- genus o capelin. Nā ʻanoʻano - capelin, a i ʻole uyok;
- kuʻi ka genus gula. ʻO ka laha kahi smelt gula, a iʻa he kālā paha.
ʻO ka helehelena a me nā hiʻohiʻona
Kiʻi: iʻa Smelt
ʻO Smelt kahi iʻa e ola ana i nā kula he nui. Pili kona helehelena i ke ʻano o kona ʻano. ʻO ka ikaika a me ka ʻoi o nā niho i kau ʻia ma nā iwi ā pili pū kekahi i ka laha e loaʻa ai kēia manamana liʻiliʻi. ʻO ka lōʻihi o ke kino smelt, kaukaʻi ʻia i nā laha, mai ka 6 a i ka 35 knm. waha e pili ana i ka loa o ka iʻa nui. ʻO nā ʻano āpau o ka honi ke ʻano like: he ʻāpana kālā ko ke kino, ʻoi aku ka pouli o ke kua ma mua o nā barela a me ka ʻōpū a he ʻōmaʻomaʻo ʻōmaʻomaʻo ʻōmaʻomaʻo, ʻeleʻele a ʻaneʻane maopopo ʻole nā pelekane.
Akā smelt ka Hikina Hikina (aka borage, a i ʻole nagysh), ʻokoʻa ka mea i koe, he waha liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi kona. Liʻiliʻi hoʻi kāna unahi a aniani moakaka. ʻAʻole silvery ka ʻōpū o ka Hikina Hikina, akā keʻokeʻo-melemele, a ma ka hope o nā unahi he ʻōmaʻomaʻo ʻōmaʻomaʻo. ʻO ka ʻEleʻele ʻEleʻele (a i ʻole smelt) he mau unahi, ʻāpana nui no kona nui a me kahi kua ʻōmaʻomaʻo-ʻeleʻele. ʻOi aku ka hoʻopili o kona kino a ʻoi aku ka lōʻihi o ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana i ke koena.
ʻO ka honi, e noho nei i nā loko, he mau wana ʻole ʻole, māmā ke kua, a ʻae kēia iā ia e camouflage i loko o kahi loko me kahi lepo lepo. ʻO kahi ʻokoʻa ma waena o ka iʻa o ke kauoha o salmonids he ʻelua dinsal fins, he maoli kekahi, a ʻo ka lua, ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi, momona. He fin poepoe ia me ka ʻole o nā kukuna fin maoli a aia ma ka ʻāpana caudal. Ma kēia kumu, hiki ke hoʻomaopopo maʻalahi i nā salmonid, no ka laʻana, mai ka herring. ʻO nā Lunamakaʻāinana o ka ʻohana honi, e like me ka mea i ʻōlelo ʻia ma luna, no ka ʻoka o salmonid, he fin adipose.
Ma hea e noho ai ka honi?
Kiʻi: he aha ke ʻano o ka minoʻaka
ʻO nā ʻāpana hoʻokaʻawale o nā iʻa o ka ʻohana smelt ka laulā. Pono e hoʻomaopopo he hiki maikaʻi i ka smelt ke acclimatize.
Hoʻolahalaha nui ʻia ka hulu ʻĀkia i nā kai: Keʻokeʻo, Baletika, ʻAkau. Nui a hewahewa ia ma ka Hikina Hikina, ma Sakhalin, Chukotka, a me nā mokupuni Kuril. Koho ka iʻa i nā kai kahakai i wahi no lākou e noho ai. Noho nō kekahi ʻĀkia honi i nā kahawai ʻo Siberian a me Far East.
Noho ka nūnū ʻEulopa ma nā Moana Baletika a me nā Moana ʻĀkau. Ma waho o ke kai, noho ʻo ia i nā loko - e laʻa me Ladoga a me Onega. Ma muli o ka acclimatization maikaʻi, hoʻolaha ka iʻa i loko o ka ipu wai Volga.
Noho nā wai wai ʻalalā i nā loko he nui ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻEulopa o Lūkia, a me nā loko hoʻi ma ʻEulopa Komohana. Hiki iā ʻoe ke loaʻa ma ke komohana ʻākau o Lūkia. ʻO ka iʻa, ma ke ʻano he kūlana, makemake i nā wahi one one, me ka hōʻalo i nā kahe ikaika.
Noho ʻo Smallmouth nag ma kahakai o ka Hikina Hikina, akā ʻo ka iʻa anadromous, komo pū ia i nā kahawai. Aia nā mea he nui ma Sakhalin, ma ke kahakai hema o nā mokupuni Kuril, ma Kamchatka, a hiki i ke kahakai o ka ʻaoʻao ʻākau o Kōlea.
Ke hoʻohana nei i ka acclimatization smelt maikaʻi, ua hoʻoili ʻia i loko o nā loko i ke komohana ʻākau o Lūkia a i loko o nā loko Ural. I kekahi manawa koho kēia iʻa iho i mau wahi noho hou nona. Ua ʻike ʻia ʻo ia i kekahi mau waihona - e laʻa me Rybinsk, Gorky a me Kuibyshev.
He aha ka mea e ʻai ai ka honi?
Kiʻi: Puhi ʻo hikina hikina
ʻAi ikaika nā iʻa e pili ana i ka ʻohana smelt, me ka nānā ʻole i ke kau. Akā ʻo ka smelt ʻoi loa ka momona i ke kauwela a me ke kauwela. Ma muli o kēia mau iʻa liʻiliʻi he niho ʻoiʻoi ma kā lākou mau ā, ua manaʻo ʻia nā smelts he poʻe ʻaihue. Liʻiliʻi maoli ka waha o ka hulu, akā nui nā niho.
Makemake pinepine nā mea ʻino liʻiliʻi i ka hohonu, ʻaʻole wale no ka hūnā ʻana mai nā mea ʻino ʻē aʻe, akā e loaʻa pū ka meaʻai na lākou iho: e hopu i ka iʻa, kahi iʻa i ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi ma mua o ka honi iho. ʻAi pū ʻo Smelt i ka caviar i hoʻomoe ʻia e nā iʻa ʻē aʻe, nā limu planktonic, nā dipterans a me kā lākou larvae, crustaceans. Ma ke ala, hāʻawi ka ʻai o kēia iʻa i ka ʻoiaʻiʻo o nā lawaiʻa-ipo o ka honi, ma ke ʻano he rula, mai noho me ka loaʻa ʻole o ka lawaiʻa maikaʻi. Aia i kā lākou nui a me ke ʻano o ka waha o ka waha, ʻano ʻokoʻa o ka smelt kā lākou makemake ponoʻī.
ʻO kahi nag liʻiliʻi, ma muli o kona nui, ʻokoʻa i nā mea nui aʻe, no laila, he waha liʻiliʻi. Liʻiliʻi a nāwaliwali nā niho o nā iwi ā o kēia iʻa. No laila, huki ka wahi liʻiliʻi i nā ʻai, ʻai i nā crustacea, nā larva, a me nā hua manu. A ma muli o ke kuhikuhi ʻana o ka waha liʻiliʻi i luna, ʻai pū ia i nā dipterans lele.
ʻOiai ʻo ka hulu ʻEulopa a me ʻAsia ka mea nui o ka ʻohana humuhumu, nui ka waha a ikaika ka niho. Loaʻa i kēia mau iʻa kā lākou ʻano papaʻai ponoʻī. ʻAi lākou i nā crustacea benthic, plankton, nā ʻelau chironomid (nā ʻelele o ke kauoha Diptera), a me nā iʻa liʻiliʻi. Ke hana nei ia i loko o ka ʻōpū o kahi smelt ʻike lākou i kona mau kaikunāne - smelts liʻiliʻi. ʻO kēia ke kumu o ka ʻai ʻana o nā "lāhui" i kekahi i kekahi i loko o kēlā mau waihona i ʻaʻohe meaʻai ʻē aʻe.
Nā hiʻohiʻona ʻano Smelt
Kiʻi: Smelt
ʻO Smelt kahi iʻa e ola ana i nā kula nui. Kōkua kēia iā ia ʻaʻole wale e neʻe i ka wā o ka hoʻouluulu ʻana, akā e pakele ai hoʻi mai nā ʻenemi mai. ʻAno ʻole kēia iʻa i ka haumia o ka wai a, no laila, makemake i nā wai maʻemaʻe no kona ola. No laila, i loko o nā muliwai i hoʻohaumia nui ʻia, ʻo ka helu o nā smelt, kahi iʻa ʻoihana ma laila, ua hoʻoliʻiliʻi nui. Makemake nā lunamaka o ka ʻohana ʻala i ka hohonu, no laila makemake lākou i nā wahi hohonu o nā loko, nā kahawai a i ʻole ke kai. Eia hou, ma ka hoʻololi ʻana i ka hohonu, hoʻāʻo ka iʻa e hūnā mai nā mea ʻino ʻē aʻe.
ʻAʻole like me ka hapa nui o nā iʻa, ʻo ka wā e honi ana i ka manu ka puna. Ke kamaʻilio nei e pili ana i ka lawaiʻa ʻana, pono e hoʻomaopopo ʻia ma kahi o ko lākou wahi e noho ai a i ke alo a i ʻole ka neʻe ʻana o ka neʻe ʻana, he anadromous ka iʻa a noho ʻia. Noho ʻo Anadromous i ke kai, akā piʻi i nā kahawai i mea e ʻō aʻe ai. ʻO ia hoʻi, he iʻa kēia e hoʻoulu manu ʻana mai nā kai a i nā kahawai. ʻO ka noho ʻana nā iʻa i pili ʻole ka nohona i ke kai, noho mau lākou i nā kahawai a i ʻole nā loko.
Hoʻohua hou o smelt
Kiʻi: iʻa Smelt
Hoʻolahalaha ʻia ʻo Smelt e ka caviar. ʻO ia, aia kahi manawa e hānau ai i kāna pōʻaiapuni ola. Ma muli o ka ʻokoʻa o ke ola ʻana o ka iʻa o kēia ʻohana, a laila hiki ke oʻo i ka moekolohe i nā makahiki like ʻole. ʻO kahi laʻana, inā smelt ola a i 3 mau makahiki, a laila lilo ia i hiki ke hana hou i 1-2 mau makahiki. Puhi ʻo ʻAsiatic a me nā kānaka Siberian, nona ke ola he 10 a 12 mau makahiki paha, lilo i mau mākua i ka makahiki o 5-7 mau makahiki. ʻO kahi laʻana, honi ka anadromous smallmouth - oʻo i 2 a i ʻole 3 mau makahiki a laila neʻe i ka punawai e ulu i nā kahawai. I loko o kona ola holoʻokoʻa, ʻoi aku ka hulu o ka minoʻaka ma mua o 3 mau manawa.
Hele pinepine ka iʻa i kahi mamao loa no ko lākou nui ma ke ala i nā kahawai a me nā kahawai i mea e hua ai nā hua. ʻO kēia ala i kekahi manawa he ʻumi mau kilomita. ʻO ka hana spawning ponoʻī mau no kekahi mau lā. Koho ka iʻa i kēlā wahi no ka waiho hua ʻana i nui nā meaʻai no ka ʻai o ka wā e hiki mai ana, a me kekahi mau mea ʻaihue. I ka wā o ka hānai ʻana, hoʻololi iki ke ʻano o ka iʻa - i nā kāne, ʻike ʻia nā tubercles ma nā unahi, i nā wahine hoʻi, akā aia wale nō ma ko lākou poʻo.
Pāheʻe ʻo Smelt i nā manawa like ʻole e pili ana i ka ʻāina. Aia ia i ka mahana o ka wai. Hana ʻia ia ma hope koke iho o ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana o ka hau. E ʻoluʻolu ka mahana o ka wai i kēia manawa - ʻaʻole ma lalo o +4 kekelē. Akā ʻo ka piko loa o ka hoʻoulu ʻana i kahi manawa ke kiʻekiʻe aʻe ka mahana o ka wai (6 - 9 kekelē). ʻO ka iʻa iʻa i ka puna, ma ka hopena o ʻApelila a i ʻole mua o Mei. No ka hoʻomoe ʻana i nā hua manu, koho ka honi i nā wahi pāpaʻu me ka wai e kahe ana.
Piʻi pono nā hua manu Smelt i ka lalo. Pono ke one, pōhaku a one paha. Kau ka wahine ma kahi o ʻehā kaukani hua manu. He pūpū paʻa kā nā hua manu. Ma muli o kēia, pili lākou i nā pōhaku a me nā mea kanu o lalo o ka wai a i ʻole nā mea i lalo. Ma waho aʻe o ka pūpū paʻa o waho, he pū ko loko o ka hua, like me ko nā iʻa āpau. Ke pehu ka hua, hū ka pū o waho, hoʻokuʻu i ka mea o loko a huli i loko o waho. Akā pili mau ia i hoʻokahi manawa me ka pūpū o loko. Kohu mea lā i kahi koʻokoʻo e piʻo manuahi ai ka hua me ka embryo i loko o ka wai.
Haehae iki ʻia nā hua make, lawe ʻia aku lākou e ke au, a hana ka pūpū o waho i parachute a kōkua i ka neʻe ʻana i ka wai. Mahalo i kēia, hoʻokuʻu ʻia nā wahi e honi manu mai nā hua pono ʻole, a ulu ka ulu ʻōpio i nā kūlana maikaʻi aʻe. I ka manawa o ka haki ʻana o ka pūpū, haki ka hua manu momona mai lalo. ʻO nā hua manu e ʻauʻau ana me ke kahe e hoʻomau i ko lākou ulu ʻana, a ma 11 - 16 mau lā ma hope o ka kahili ʻia ʻana e nā wahine, ʻike ʻia nā larvae lahilahi. ʻO ko lākou lōʻihi ma kahi o 12 millimeter. Koke, kēia mau larvae, ke hoʻomau nei i ko lākou ala i lalo, hoʻomaka e hopu i ka meaʻai: plankton, crustaceans liʻiliʻi.
ʻEnemi kūlohelohe o ka honi
Kiʻi: he aha ke ʻano o ka honi?
Ke kali nei nā mea weliweli he nui no kēia iʻa i kona ola holoʻokoʻa. ʻAi ʻia ka iʻa i ʻoi aku ka nui ma mua o ka.
A ʻoi aku ka nui o kēia mau mea i loko o ka wai:
- ʻalekona;
- pike;
- cod;
- burbot;
- zander;
- iʻa troutu;
- palia;
- kau;
- hānai manu
ʻo ka smelt, ʻoiai ʻaʻole i hilinaʻi nui ʻia, kahi ala pale i loaʻa iā ia e kūʻē i nā mea ʻaihue i ʻoi aku iā ia iho. ʻO nā mākua o ka honi ke hana maʻamau i nā hipa. Kūlike ka hana a ka hipa lehulehu a hui pū ʻia. Ke kū mai kahi makaʻi, ʻo ka iʻa i loko o kahi pūʻā e hoʻokokoke aku i kekahi i kekahi a ʻano, ma ke ʻano he hoʻokahi holoʻokoʻa. Hoʻomaka ka poʻe holoʻokoʻa āpau eʻauʻau pū, ʻoiai lākou e hoʻololi i ka ʻaoʻao o ka neʻe.
ʻO ka roe Smelt a me kāna larva kekahi meaʻai no nā iʻa he nui. ʻOi loa ke noʻonoʻo ʻoe i ka iʻa o kēia ʻohana i ulu i ka wā pōloli wī o ka wā mua. A ʻoiai he mau meaʻai iki no ka iʻa i pōloli i ka wā hoʻoilo i ka wā puna, ʻai lākou i ka nui o nā larva smelt a me nā ʻai. ʻAʻole wale ka poʻe noho ma lalo o ka wai, akā he mau ʻenemi kūlohelohe nā manu o ka hume. I loko o ka wā spawning, piʻi pinepine ka honi i luna, a hopu pono nā manu iā ia mai ka wai.
Heluna a me ke kūlana o kēia ʻano
Kiʻi: Puhi ʻo hikina hikina
E pili ana i nā heluna o nā ʻano smelt, hiki ke hoʻomaopopo ʻia ka mea aʻe:
- noho ka Europa anadromous honi i loko o nā loko o ke kahawai Moana Baletika, ma ka Volga luna;
- noho ka niho ʻāhu, a i ʻole nā iʻa iʻa e noho ana i nā kīʻaha o ka moana Arctic a me ka Pākīpika;
- Ua honi ka wai o ka muliwai liʻiliʻi ma nā wahi hou o ke kai o ka Arctic a me ka moana Pākīpika;
- ola nā wai ʻāʻī liʻiliʻi i ka Moana Pākīpika - mai Kamchatka a i Korea.
Noho ʻo Capelin ma nā ʻaoʻao ʻākau o ka Moana ʻAkelanika a me ka Moana Pākīpika. I Lūkia, ua ʻeli ʻia i ka nui no nā hana kalepa ma ke Kai Barents ma ke komohana o Novaya Zemlya. ʻIke ʻia ʻo Capelin ma ke kahakai o ka Kola Peninsula. ʻAʻole ʻo Smelt kahi ʻano iʻa pale ʻia. Ma muli o kona momona kiʻekiʻe, ka laha honi noho paʻa.
Lā paʻi: 26.01.2019
Lā hou: 09/18/2019 ma 22:10
