ʻO Marten He mammal predatory o ke kiʻekiʻe waena me kahi kino nani a me kahi huelo nui. ʻO nā Lunamakaʻāinana o ka ʻohana weasel he poʻe ʻimi holoholona maikaʻi loa, ua hoʻomohala lākou i nā mākau kaʻa paw, a me nā ʻiʻo ʻoi loa a me nā māiʻuʻu e hiki ai ke hōʻeha i nā kānaka lacerated
Hana nā mākua i nā gymnastics, e ʻae ai iā lākou e ola a 20 mau makahiki, a pāʻani mau nā keiki, emitting cooing.
Ke kumu o ka laha a me ka wehewehe
Kiʻi: Marten
He paʻakikī a pohihihi ke kumu o martens. No kēia, pono e alakaʻi i kahi hoʻokolokolo hoʻokolokolo holoʻokoʻa, e hoʻoholo ana i ka pili ʻana o nā ʻano āpau.
- ʻO Sable
- Māhele marten.
- Pahu marten.
- Ussuri marten (kharza).
- Kidus (kahi hui o sable a me pine marten).
Pili kēia ʻano laha i ka genus o martens a pili ʻohana o ka genus o minks, weasels, rodents, wolverines, ferrets, dressing, badger, even sea and river otters. Ua hoʻomaʻamaʻa maikaʻi kēia mau holoholona i ke ola ma nā ʻāina āpau kahi e noho manuahi ai ka poʻe. Hiki iā ʻoe ke hui me lākou ma Taiga, ʻEulopa, ʻApelika, Hema a me ʻAkau ʻAmelika, a ma nā wahi āpau hoʻi.
Ua iho mai lākou mai kahi kūpuna maʻamau i noho ma 35 miliona mau makahiki i hala. ʻO nā ʻano i helu ʻia ma luna aʻe no ka ʻohana mustelid a pili i ka ʻohana o nā ʻīlio, nā raccoons, nā bea a me nā pōpoki. He paʻakikī e noʻonoʻo, akā ua like like lākou, no ka mea, ʻo lākou ka moho o nā mea ʻaihue.
ʻO ka mea pohihihi ke kupuna maʻamau o ka miatsid, ka mea i noho ma ka honua Honua ma kahi o 50 miliona mau makahiki i hala. Ua manaʻo ʻia ʻo ia ke kūpuna o nā predator mammalian āpau i ʻike ʻia. He liʻiliʻi ʻo ia, palupalu, me kahi huelo lōʻihi a me kahi lolo nui, e hōʻike ana i ke akamai maikaʻi loa i kēlā manawa. Ma hope o 15 miliona mau makahiki, ua hoʻomaka kekahi mau lunamakaʻāinana e loaʻa nā ʻano o martens, mai kēlā manawa i hoʻomaka ai ko lākou mōʻaukala.
ʻO ka helehelena a me nā hiʻohiʻona
Kiʻi: He aha ke ʻano o ka marten?
He lithe ko Martens, wīwī a lōʻihi ke kino i uhi ʻia me ka hulu fluffy, e like me ka nui o ka pōpoki. ʻOkoʻa lākou mai nā minks a me nā ferrets i ka muzzles triangular a me nā pepeiao, he wahi māmā ko lākou ma ka umauma, melemele a keʻokeʻo ka ʻāʻī. Holo ke kala mai ka brown brown i brown brown. Inā ʻoe i ka pouli ʻike ʻoe i kahi holoholona me nā maka ʻulaʻula - mai makaʻu ʻoe, ma mua o kou pine marten, a ʻaʻole he ʻuhane ʻino.
He holoholona nani ʻole ka sable mai ka ʻohana marten, me kahi kala ʻalani e ʻokoʻa mai ka mālamalama a i ka pouli. ʻO kahi hiʻohiʻona kūʻokoʻa mai nā ʻano ʻē aʻe ke kū ʻana o ka hulu ma nā kapuwai, no laila maʻalahi ke ʻike ia ia e kāna mau ala. Noho kahi sable ʻeleʻele ma kahi kokoke iā Baikal, Yakutia a me Kamchatka. Piʻi ia i ka lōʻihi a 50 cm, a kau kaupaona a 2 kg.
ʻO Kidus (i kekahi manawa ʻo Kidas) kahi hapalua o ka hanauna mua o pine marten a me sable, kahi i ulu i kahi noho pili. ʻO kekahi manawa ke nānā aku e like me ka makuahine, i kekahi manawa e like me ka makuakāne - pili ia i kahi predisposition genetical. He kanaka ʻoi aku ka nui, me ka huelo nui a me kahi kiko o ka ʻāʻī melemele. Inā like me ka marten i ka helehelena, a laila ola ʻo ia e like me nā ʻano sable.
ʻO ka marten pōhaku waho o waho e like me ka marten nahele i ke kala o kona ʻāʻī a me ke ʻano o ke kumu: bifurcates a hōʻea i nā wāwae mua. ʻOiai ʻaʻole loaʻa iki i kekahi mau lunamakaʻāinana o nā ʻāina ʻAsia. ʻOi aku ka lahilahi o kaʻaʻahu, i nā kala i nā kala kala. ʻOi aku ka māmā o ka ihu ma mua o ka congeners. ʻOiai ka liʻiliʻi o kāna nui, ʻoi aku ka nui o kona kaumaha: mai hoʻokahi a i ʻelua a me ka hapalua kg.
ʻO Kharza o nā ʻohana āpau ka mea nui a hoʻonani ʻia: ʻo ka ʻaoʻao kiʻekiʻe o ke kino he 57 - 83 cm ka lōʻihi, he ʻōmaʻomaʻo ʻōmaʻomaʻo maoli i ke kala. ʻEleʻele ke poʻo a me ka waha, māmā ka iwi ā lalo a hui pū me ke kino. ʻEleʻele ka huelo i ke kala, aia kona mau ana mai 36 a 45 mau kenimika. ʻO ke kaumaha o ka holoholona a hiki i 6 kilokilo.
Ma hea e noho ai ka marten?
Kiʻi: pine marten
Hiki ke loaʻa ka pine marten ma ʻEulopa, ma ka ʻākau o ʻAsia a me ka Caucasus. Noho ia ma ka ʻāina i nā lāʻau kiʻekiʻe o nā Ural a me Siberia Komohana. I kekahi manawa hiki ke loaʻa iā ia ma nā paka ʻo ke kūlanakauhale ʻo Moscow: ʻo Tsaritsyno lāua ʻo Vorobyovy Gory. Ma ka liʻuliʻu, hoʻokuʻi hilahila ʻole ʻia ka sable iā ia mai kahi o ka muliwai Ob, ma mua i loaʻa ma laila i ka nui kūpono.
Noho ʻo Sable i kahi ʻāina ākea: Siberia, hikina hikina o Kina, Kōlea, ʻĀkau ʻo Iapana, Mongolia, kahi ʻĀkau Hikina. ʻAʻole like me ka pine marten, makemake ʻo ia e holo i ka honua ma mua o ka piʻi ʻana i nā kumulāʻau; makemake ʻo ia e noho i nā coniferous ma mua o nā ululāʻau deciduous. Hoʻololi iki kēia mau holoholona noho i ko lākou wahi o ka lawe ʻana, i nā hihia koʻikoʻi wale nō: nā ahi, ka ʻole o ka meaʻai, a i ʻole ka hoʻomāhuahua ʻana o nā holoholona me nā mea ʻaihue.
ʻO Kidas, ʻo ia ka hoʻoilina o ka pine marten a me ka sable, e noho nei ma ke kuʻina o kēia mau mea ʻānō. Wahi a nā poʻe ʻike maka, ʻike pinepine ʻia ia ma ke kahawai ʻo Pechora, ma nā Trans-Urals, Cis-Urals a me nā ʻĀkau ʻĀkau. E like me sable, makemake ia i kahi noho honua.
ʻO ka pine marten, ʻokoʻa ka poʻe like me ia, makemake i kahi ani mehana a ola i ka hema. Uhi ka wahi noho i nā Eurasia āpau a kau ʻia mai Pyrenees a i ka steppe Mongolian a me nā pae Himalayan. Aloha i ka ʻāpana steppe me nā laʻalāʻau he nui. ʻOluʻolu kekahi mau heluna kanaka i kahi kiʻekiʻe o 4000 mau mika, no laila i loaʻa ai ko lākou inoa.
Makemake ʻo Kharza i kahi aniau wela a ola ʻoi aku ma mua o ka pine marten. Aia nā mea he nui loa ma ka Peninsula o India, nā kula ʻo Kina a me nā mokupuni. Loaʻa ia ma Malaysia, a me ka moku ʻo Amur, nā ʻāina ʻo Primorsky a me Khabarovsk. ʻO kekahi poʻe kamaʻāina o ka moku ʻo Amur i kekahi manawa hui pū me kharza, akā ʻoi iki ka liʻiliʻi.
He aha ka mea a ka marten e ʻai ai?
Kiʻi: Animal marten
ʻO nā martens ulu nahele omnivorous. Alualu lākou, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi i ka pō, no ka squirrels, hares, voles, manu a me kā lākou mau hua. I kekahi manawa ʻai ʻia nā ʻūlū, nā rana, nā ʻelala a me ke kino. I nā pāka o ke kūlanakauhale, kaua ʻia nā ʻiole wai a me nā muskrats. I ka hāʻule, ʻahaʻaina lākou i nā hua, nā hua a me nā hua. Hopu lākou i nā iʻa a me nā mea kolo liʻiliʻi. I kekahi manawa e hoʻouka kaua ʻia nā hedgehogs. I ka hopena o ke kauwela a me ka wanaʻao hoʻomākaukau ʻo ia i nā meaʻai no ka hoʻoilo.
ʻO ka sable, e like me kāna Kidas hybrid, mālama pū i ka nahele. Akā, ʻokoʻa ka pine marten, hāʻawi i ka mea nui i ka hopu holoholona ma ka honua, ʻo ia ke kumu e lanakila ai ka chipmunks a me nā mole i ka papaʻai. Hiki i nā kāne kāne nui ke luku i ka hare. Ma waena o nā manu, lanakila ka hopu holoholona ma nā manu liʻiliʻi, nā ʻāpana a me nā ʻaukā lāʻau - ʻo ka hiki ke ola ke hui lākou he ʻole.
Ke huli nei no ka squirrels i thriller maoli - alualu ke sable i kāna mea i hōʻino ʻia ma o nā kumulāʻau, lele i kēlā me kēia manawa mai kahi kiʻekiʻe o 7 mika.
ʻO nā martens pōhaku kekahi he poʻe hahai holoholona kūlohelohe, me ka maka maka maikaʻi loa, hoʻolohe a honi. Mahalo i kēia, hiki iā lākou ke alualu i kekahi holoholona i manaʻo ʻia he ʻai na lākou. Ua ʻokoʻa lākou mai nā lunamakaʻāinana o ka ʻohana weasel i ka wiwo ʻole a me ka loko ʻino: komo lākou i loko o nā manu nūnū me nā hale moa, kahi e luku ai lākou i nā mea pio a pau.
ʻO Kharza ka mea hahai holoholona ikaika loa i ka ʻohana. Holo wikiwiki a lele i 4 mau mika. Huli no ia i ka ʻiole, nā manu, a ʻaʻole hoʻowahāwahā i nā ʻūhini. Alualu alualu pinepine ʻo ia i sables. ʻAi ʻia nā hua a me nā hua i nā mea liʻiliʻi e mālama pono ai i nā kiʻekiʻe o nā wikamina i ke kino. Makemake e pāʻina ma ka dia musk.
Nā hiʻohiʻona o ke ʻano a me ka nohona
Kiʻi: Animal marten
E like me ka mea i hōʻike mua ʻia, lilo ka pine martens i ka hapa nui o ko lākou ola i nā kumulāʻau. Hele maikaʻi lākou me lākou, ke lele nei i kahi mamao o 4 mika. Loaʻa i kā nā wahine a me nā kāne kā lākou ʻāina ponoʻī, kahi e hiki ke hele i waena, kahi o nā squirrels a i ʻole nā manu e kūkulu ai hoʻohana i nā hale i haʻalele ʻia. Hoʻohana lākou i kahi huna e hūnā ʻia e nā gland anal e hoʻomaopopo ai i ko lākou ʻāina ponoʻī. Moe lākou i ke ao, ʻimi i ka pō.
ʻO ka hiʻohiʻona nui o ka sable: ka lohe ʻana a me ke ʻano o ka pilau. Hiki ke hele i kahi lōʻihi, kahi e hōʻike ai i ke ahonui maikaʻi loa. ʻO ke kāleka kāhea o ka sable kahi ala hoihoi o ka kamaʻilio ʻana. ʻO ka hapanui pinepine, humu lākou me ke akahai, inā pono ʻoe e ʻōlelo aku i ka makaʻu - haʻalulu lākou, a i ka wā o nā pāʻani moʻa ke ʻano meow aloha lākou.
Pili ka nohona o Kidas i nā genetics i hoʻoilina ʻia e kona mau mākua: the flatter marten or sable, a he aha kā lākou kuleana i ka hānai ʻana. He holoholona kupaianaha loa ia, laha ʻole a aʻo maikaʻi ʻole ʻia, i ka wā ʻōpio hiki ke loaʻa me nā ʻelele like ʻole o ka ʻohana mustelids: sable a me pine marten.
ʻImi nā martens pōhaku i ka pō, akā i ke ao e hiamoe lākou i nā paila pōhaku a me nā ʻāpana o nā pōhaku, ʻaʻole i nā kumulāʻau, e like me nā nahele. ʻO kēia ʻano kokoke loa i ka poʻe, no ka mea, hoʻohana pinepine ʻia nā hale kūleʻa a i ʻole nā attics i hale malumalu a ʻimi lākou i nā moa a me nā nūnū i kūkulu ʻia e nā mahiʻai. Ma waho o ke kau moʻo, alakaʻi lākou i ke ola o ka poʻe mehameha, ʻaʻole makemake e hui me kā lākou ʻano ponoʻī.
Hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ʻo Kharza e ka ʻoiaʻiʻo e ʻimi ʻo ia i kahi ʻūlū a he holoholona ʻano nohona. Hoʻohui ʻia, ikaika loa ʻo ia a hiki iā ia ke kāohi i nā keiki o kahi holoholona nui, e laʻa me ke dia a i kahi puaʻa hihiu paha. I ka wā o ka alualu ʻana o ka mea i hōʻeha ʻia, ʻokiʻoki ʻo ia i ke ala, keʻaʻa nei i nā ālai hau ma nā lālā. ʻAʻole ia e hāʻule ma lalo o ka hau, no ka mea, he ākea nā wāwae.
ʻO ke kūkulu kaiāulu a me ka hana hou
Kiʻi: Marten
Hoʻomaka ka hua o nā martens pine mai ka hopena o Iune a i ka mua o ʻAukake. Noho ka hapai ma kahi o 9 mau mahina, a hānau ʻia nā cubs i ka puna mai 3 a 5 mau kānaka. I ka mua, noho mau ka wahine i loko o ka hollow me ka brood, ma hope o hoʻokahi mahina a me ka hapa hoʻomaka ʻo ia e hānai me ka ʻiʻo, ke hū nā niho waiū, ma hope o hoʻokahi mahina piʻi lākou i nā kumulāʻau.
I ka sables, ua like ke kau moʻo, akā maʻamau ka hānau ʻia he 2-3 pēpē. He kuleana nui nā kāne no ka ʻohana a mai haʻalele i nā wahine ma hope o ka hānau ʻana o nā keiki, ka pale ʻana i ka ʻāina a me ka loaʻa ʻana o ka meaʻai. ʻAi nā sables liʻiliʻi i ka waiū a ʻelua mau mahina, a ma hope o ʻelua mau makahiki he ʻohana kā lākou.
ʻIke ʻia nā Kidases i nele i ka hana ʻana i nā ʻohana. Ua hopena ma muli o ka hopena o ka hybridization, nalowale nā kāne i ka hiki ke hana hou. I nā pua hipa, e like me ka harz, ʻaʻole hele hewa lākou, no laila ua kapa ʻia lākou he poʻe loners.
ʻO ka hoʻolālā kaiaulu o nā martens pōhaku e like loa me nā martens ulu lāʻau. Ma ke ala like, kūkulu ʻia nā pilina ma waena o nā wahine a me nā kāne, hāpai ʻia nā hānau hāpai a hāpai ʻia nā keiki I ka nahelehele, ma ka awelika, noho lākou no 3 mau makahiki, ʻoi aku ka laki a i ʻole nā kūleʻa - a hiki i ka 10. I ke pio ʻana, noho pinepine lākou a 18 mau makahiki.
ʻO Kharza, ʻoiai ʻo kā lākou ʻoihana like, ʻoi aku ka hapa ma hope o ka male ʻana. Noho ke keiki me ka makuahine a hiki i ka wā e hiki mai ana, a laila haʻalele lākou iā ia. Akā hoʻopili pinepine nā kaikaina a me nā kaikuahine, i kōkua iā lākou e ola i ke ʻano ʻoʻoleʻa. Ke kūʻokoʻa a kūʻokoʻa kekahi.
ʻO nā ʻenemi kūlohelohe o ka marten
Kiʻi: Lele ʻo Marten
ʻO kēlā me kēia koa koa laikini, aia ma ka nahelehele kahi moʻo no kēlā me kēia meʻa. ʻO nā ʻenemi weliweli he hawk a me nā aeto gula - ʻaʻole hiki iā ʻoe ke pakele iā lākou i ko lākou kūlohelohe, ʻo ia hoʻi, i nā kumulāʻau. I ka pō, i ka wā e ʻimi ai, nui ka makaʻu o ka lilo o ka pueo. A ma ka honua, ke kakali nei nā ʻalopeke, nā ʻīlio hae, a me nā lynxes. Hoʻoweliweli pinepine ʻia ʻo Martens ʻaʻole ma muli o ka meaʻai, akā i ka hemo ʻana i kahi mea hoʻokūkū.
Hiki ke hopu ʻia kahi sable e ka bea, kahi ʻīlio hae a me ka ʻalopeke. Akā ʻaʻole kūleʻa lākou. ʻO ka pilikia maoli mai ka lunamakaʻāinana o ka wīwī - ka harza. Eia kekahi, inā hiki, hiki i kahi ʻaeto a i ʻole ka ʻaeto huelo keʻokeʻo ke hoʻouka. ʻO nā mea hoʻokūkū nā ermine, nā ʻauʻau lāʻau, nā ʻauʻau hazel, nā ʻeleʻele ʻeleʻele, ʻāpana a me nā manu ʻē aʻe e ʻai ana i nā hua i sable ʻai.
ʻAʻohe o ko mākou ʻenemi weliweli. I kekahi manawa ʻimi nā ʻīlio hae, ʻalopeke, nā leopadi, a i nā ʻīlio hae paha iā lākou, akā ʻo ka alualu ʻana i kahi holoholona nimble a wikiwiki hoʻi he pilikia loa. Hiki i nā pilikia hou aʻe ke ala aʻe me nā manu: nā aeto gula, nā ʻaeto, nā lawaiʻa a me nā pueo aeto pinepine.
He mīkini pepehi kanaka maoli ʻo Kharza, hiki ke pale aku i nā mea ʻino kahi e makemake ai ke koena o nā mustelids e holo aku. A ʻo ka poʻe hiki ke hopu iā ia mai hana ia no ka pilau o ka ʻiʻo, he mea hoʻopailua loa ia. Akā ʻo nā bea umauma keʻokeʻo a me nā tigika i kekahi manawa pepehi i kēia mau holoholona.
Heluna a me ke kūlana o kēia ʻano
Kiʻi: Marten i ka hau
I ka wā kahiko, makemake nui ʻia ka ʻili o ka pine marten, a ʻo kahi hopena a lākou e ʻānai loa ai. Ma muli o ko lākou wahi nui, ʻaʻole lākou e hopohopo nui i ko lākou ola. Akā hiki i ka emi mau o nā ululāʻau ke paʻi ikaika i ka helu o nā lunamakaʻāinana o kēia ʻano.
Hoʻoweliweli pū ʻia ka sable, akā mahalo i nā hana kūpono i hana ʻia e hoʻihoʻi i ka heluna kanaka a me ke ola kupaianaha o ka holoholona, palekana ia. I ke ʻano o ke kūlana mālama, ʻo ia ka worrisome liʻiliʻi loa.
ʻO nā Kidases ka mea nui loa o ka ʻohana marten. Hana lākou i hoʻokahi pākēneka o ka helu o nā pine martens a me nā sables i ka ʻoi loa. ʻAʻole nō e aʻo ka poʻe i kēia mau holoholona pohihihi kū hoʻokahi i kā lākou ala ponoʻī.
ʻO ka laha o nā martens pōhaku he palekana. I nā ʻāina he nui, hiki ke ʻimi ʻia lākou. A ma muli o ka hoʻouka kaua ʻana o kēia mau holoholona weliweli i nā kaʻa, ka ʻānai ʻana i nā kaula a me nā kaukini, pono i kekahi poʻe e kiʻi i nā ʻīlio a i ʻole e kūʻai i nā mea pale.
ʻO Kharza ka mea ikaika i ka ʻohana marten, akā ʻo ka mea wale nō i helu ʻia i ka Red Book. ʻO ke kumu o kēia ka luku ʻana i nā ululāʻau a me nā lako meaʻai.
I ka pae kau kānāwai, pale ʻia ia e nā ʻāina aʻe:
- Tailani;
- Maianamara;
- Lukia;
- Malaia.
Ua hele ʻo Martens i loko o kahi mōʻaukala lōʻihi, ʻaʻole e hāʻawi i nā mea ʻino ʻē aʻe a ke ola nei ma lalo o nā hopena pōʻino o ka poʻe a me ke aniau. Ua noho ko lākou laha ma ka honua holoʻokoʻa a hiki ke noho i nā anuanu a me nā anuanu. Noho kekahi ma nā kuahiwi a ʻo kekahi i ka nahele. ʻOkoʻa lākou i ke ala o ke ola a me ka helehelena, akā hoʻohui ʻia ko lākou inoa - marten.
Lā paʻi: 24.01.2019
Lā hou: 17.09.2019 ma 10:24
