Vole iole he hoa hele mau o ke kanaka. Ma muli o ka lawe ʻana o kēia mau holoholona liʻiliʻi i nā maʻi weliweli he nui a hōʻeha i nā kanu mahiʻai, manaʻo ka poʻe he ʻenemi ko lākou ʻenemi. I ka manawa like, i loko o nā kiʻi kiʻi moʻomeheu hiki iā ʻoe ke loaʻa pinepine i ka iole - kahi mea kōkua kupaianaha, kahi hoa pono i ka ʻoihana.
ʻO kēia mea e pili ana i ka ʻiole kahua, kahi holoholona liʻiliʻi a nani hoʻi e hana nui i ka hana ʻana o nā kaiaolaola ma luna o nā panalāʻau nui, i nā ʻano kūlohelohe like ʻole.
Ke kumu o ka laha a me ka wehewehe
ʻO ka ʻiole vole, e like me ke kāhea ʻana o ka iole mammal (Apodemus agrarius) no ka genus Wood a me nā ʻiole kula, he lālā ia o ka ʻohana Mouse, no ka ʻoka ʻo Rodents.
Hāʻawi ʻia nā holoholona i nā hiʻohiʻona nui āpau o ka hui Rodent:
- Loaʻa i nā paʻa o luna a me lalo nā incisors e ulu mau nei a ʻaʻohe o lākou aʻa;
- Pau ka ʻai mea kanu;
- Loaʻa i kahi cecum lōʻihi;
- ʻŌpio ʻōpio;
- He momona kiʻekiʻe ko lākou, lawe mai lākou i mau litters i kēlā me kēia makahiki.
ʻO ka helehelena a me nā hiʻohiʻona
Kiʻi: Mouse vole
He holoholona liʻiliʻi ka ʻiole kahua, he kino oblong 10-13 knm ka lōʻihi, he pōkole iki ka huelo a he 70% o ka lōʻihi o ke kino. He hulu pōkole a paʻakikī hoʻi nāʻiole, ʻo ka hina maʻamau, ʻeleʻele a ʻulaʻula paha ma ke kua, aia nā motley a me nā kaha onionio. ʻO ka hulu ma ka pali kahi ʻeleʻele i ke ʻano o kahi kahakaha ("kāʻei") e holo ana mai ka ʻāʻī a i ke kumu o ka huelo. ʻOi aku ka māmā o ka hulu ma ka ʻōpū, kala ʻia i nā leo hina.
Ma kahi kiko, pulu waha (2.1 - 2.9 knm ka nui) aia nā maka ʻeleʻele liʻiliʻi a me nā pepeiao pōkole semicircular, kahi e hoʻoholo ai i ka lohe maikaʻi ʻana o nā ʻōpala. Ulu ka ʻumi ʻumiʻumi a puni ka ihu, kahi e hāʻawi ai i ka ʻiole i ka hiki ke hoʻokele pono i kā lākou wahi, a i ka pōʻeleʻele hoʻi. ʻAʻohe o nāʻiole i nā ʻeke papalina i maʻa mau i nā ʻano rodent he nui. No nāʻiole kahua. ʻokoʻa i nā lālā ʻē aʻe o ka genus Apodemis, ʻike ʻia ka iwi poʻo e kahi hanana kūikawā. He mau wāwae pōkole ko nāʻiole me ʻelima mau manamana wāwae.
Video: Mouse vole
Aia ma nā manamana lima nā māiʻuʻu pōkole, kūleʻa mai ka ʻeli mau ʻana. Hoʻolōʻihi ʻia nā kapuwaʻi hope, protrude i mua ke neʻe a nui ka nui ma kahi o 2.5 knm. Lōʻihi ka huelo, e piʻi ana i 9 cm, ma luna o ka ʻili he keratinized unahi o ka ʻili me nā huluhulu kolohe.
Ma hea e noho ai ka ʻiole kahua?
Kiʻi: ʻAi holoholona vole
Aia nā wahi nui ʻelua ma ka nohona vole: ʻEulopa - Siberian - Kazakhstan a me Far East - Kina. Aia ka wahi mua (komohana) mai ʻEulopa ʻEulopa a i Lake Baikal, ka ʻāpana ʻelua o ka pae - mai ka Amur a i ka Yangtze Kina. I Transbaikalia, kū kahi haki o ka wahi. Hoʻokumu ʻia ka laulā o ka ʻiole kahua ma lalo o ka mana o nā kumu he nui, ʻo ka mea nui nā hiʻohiʻona o nā mea kanu a me ka hopena o ka hana a ke kanaka.
ʻO kahi kumu palena ʻē aʻe i ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana o nāʻiole he māno, no laila, ʻo ka wahi maoli kahi ʻāina i pili i nā muliwai a me nā loko, me nā wahi wai, me nā mea kanu like ʻole a me nā wahi e pili kokoke ana, nā ʻanipūmaʻu, nā ulu ulu ulu, nā nāhelehele momona, nā nāhelehele, nāhelehele. a me nā ulu lāʻau coniferous-deciduous i kāwili ʻia.
Aia ka heluna nui loa i ka wahi o ka ululāʻau o ka ʻaoʻao ʻākau o ka pae, kahi o ka ua i kēlā me kēia makahiki ma kahi o 500 - 700 mm. I nā ululāʻau a me nā steppe (ʻo ka nui o ka ua ma lalo o 500), ʻoi aku ka ʻoluʻolu o nāʻiole kahua, no laila noho lākou i nā ʻano haʻahaʻa, ʻoi aku ka hanu o ka hoʻomaha.
ʻO ka nui o nā wahi noho o nāʻiole pākahi ka nui no kēlā holoholona liʻiliʻi - a hiki i kahi mau ʻumi tausani mau mika kūlike.
ʻO ka maʻamau e ʻeli nāʻiole i nā lua bou a maʻalahi (a hiki i ka 10 cm hohonu), ke ʻano maʻalahi, ʻelua a ʻelua paha mau keʻena me 3-4 mau puka komo. I nā wahi me kahi microrelief paʻakikī, hiki i nā ʻiole ke ʻeli i nā lua hohonu a 7 m ka lōʻihi, kahi e noho ai kahi kolone o nā holoholona. Ke noho nei i nā kahawai wai i hālana ʻia, kahi hiki ʻole ke ʻeli i kahi lua, kūkulu nā ʻiole kula i nā pūnana ma nā kumu lāʻau i ke ʻano o nā kinipōpō, kahi e pili ai nā ala mauʻu.
Ma lalo o nā kūlana maikaʻi ʻole, kūpono ʻole i ke ola, hiki i nāʻiole ke neʻe no kekahi mau mile. Hele pinepine nāʻiole i ka ʻāina i nā landfill a me nā ʻōpala o nā wahi noho. Kūpono nā kūlana o ke kūlanakauhale no ke ola o nāʻiole kula, akā pale lākou i nā wahi noho kanaka. Hiki iā lākou ke loaʻa ma nā wahi liʻiliʻi o ke kūlanakauhale i ka hale o lalo o nā hale a me nā hale waiho haʻalele.
He aha ka ʻai a ka ʻiole vole?
Kiʻi: Kiʻi kahua
ʻO ka vole kahi rodent herbivorous maʻamau, ulu kona mau incisors i loko o kona ola. ʻIke ʻia i ka malama 2 o ke ola o nāʻiole, ulu lākou i 1-2 mm i kēlā me kēia lā. I mea e pale aku ai i nā niho nui, pono ka wili ʻana o ka poʻe koʻeko iā lākou i lalo. E hana i kēia, nahu nā holoholona i nā mea paʻa ʻole e ʻai e puni iā lākou.
ʻAi ka iole i nā meaʻai mea kanu i loaʻa.
- Nā hua (hua, hua);
- Nā ʻāpana lewa o nā mea kanu (lau, koʻokoʻo, ʻōpuʻu);
- Nā ʻāpana o lalo o nā mea kanu (nā aʻa, nā aʻa momona, nā kūmole momona, nā puʻupuʻu);
- ʻO ka ʻōpiopio ʻōpio o nā lāʻau laulā a me nā lāʻau berry.
ʻOi aku ka nui o nā hua i ka papaʻai o ka vole, akā ʻai nā ʻiole āpau i nā meaʻai ʻōmaʻomaʻo (ʻoi aku ka lau a me nā mea kanu), ʻoi aku ma mua o nā rodents ʻē aʻe. ʻAʻole hōʻole nāʻiole e ʻai i ka meaʻai holoholona (nā kolo, nā ʻūlū o nā ʻenuhe, nā beetles, nā ʻenuhe), aia pū kekahi i ka papaʻai. Lawe koke lākou i nā huahana (palaoa, palaʻai, legume, palaoa, nā mea kanu, nā huaʻai, nā huahana bakery, ʻiʻo, puaʻa, sausage) i loaʻa i kahi noho o kahi kanaka.
I ka huina, i ke ao, pono i ka ʻiole mākua makua e ʻai i ka meaʻai a inu i nā wai i kahi nui e like me kona kaupaona ponoʻī (5 gram o ka meaʻai maloʻo a 20 ml o ka wai). Me ka nele o ka wai, loaʻa ka holoholona iā ia mai nā lālā momona o nā mea kanu. Hōʻiliʻili ka ʻiole kahua i 3 kg o nā lako meaʻai o ka hoʻoilo, no ka mea ua hoʻomaka ka mea hana liʻiliʻi e hōʻiliʻili mai ka waena o ke kauwela. I ka wā hoʻoilo, ʻai ʻo ia i nā mea āpau i mālama ʻia e mālama i ka lua i ka wā mahana.
Nā hiʻohiʻona o ke ʻano a me ka nohona
Kiʻi: Mouse vole i ke kūlohelohe
ʻO nāʻiole pā kula nā mea fussy a voriful. ʻO ka mahana o ke kino o ka ʻiole mai 37.5 ° C a 39 ° C. I mea e mālama ai, pono i nā holoholona ke hana a puni ka uaki a me ka makahiki holoʻokoʻa a hoʻopau i ka nui o nā meaʻai. Inā kū ka ʻiole i ka neʻe ʻana i ka hoʻoilo, e paʻahau ia; inā kū ka neʻe ʻana i ke kauwela, make paha ia i ka nui o ka wela. Ke holo nei ke ola holoʻokoʻa o ka ʻiole - ke kiʻi ʻana i ka meaʻai, ka ʻai ʻana, nā pāʻani moena, nā keiki a me ka mālama ʻana iā lākou.
Hoʻololi nā hana o kēlā me kēia lā i loko o ka makahiki: i ke kauwela - i ka pō, i ke kauwela - i ke ao a i ka pō, i ka hoʻoilo, e hoʻonui ka hana o ke ao. I nā kūlana o ka nele i ka meaʻai a me nā kūlana maikaʻi ʻole o ka noho ʻana, i ka hoʻomaka o ke kau anuanu, neʻe nā ʻiole i nā kūlana ʻoluʻolu hou aʻe, e hoʻokokoke pinepine ana i ka nohona kanaka, a hoʻi i ka puna.
No ka pale pono ʻana, ka unuhi ʻana i ka meaʻai a me ka hānai ʻana o nā keiki, noho nā ʻiole kahua i nā hui. Aia kekahi kāne kāne nui i loko o ka ʻohana o nāʻiole - ke alakaʻi, nāna e mālama i ka ʻoka a hoʻoholo i ka manawa o ka hoʻomaha a me ke ala ʻana. Hoʻāʻo ka poʻe nāwaliwali e hana me ke ʻano mālie a inconspicuous paha, hiki i ka hana i ka wahi a ka holoholona e noho ai i ka hanana o ka hui.
He mālie a maluhia nāʻiole wahine, ʻoiai ke hoʻāʻo nei nā kāne e hoʻoneʻe i ke alakaʻi. Hiki ke ʻike ʻia ke ʻano hōʻoluʻolu ʻole e ka hahi ʻana o nā wāwae o hope a me ka pā ʻana o ka huelo ma ka honua. I kekahi manawa hiki i nā collision i loko o ka hui ke alakaʻi i ka disintegration o ka pack, me ke kūkulu hou ʻana o kahi mea hou.
Hoʻopili ʻia nā lua o kēlā me kēia iole e nā treadmills, no laila ke hoʻokumu ʻana i kahi noho nona nā 20 - 40 mau lua a ʻoi paha. I ka pūnāwai, holo nā ala ma lalo o ka ʻili o ka honua, ke ulu ka mauʻu a me nā hale mai nā mea ʻaihue, hoʻohana nāʻiole i nā ala honua. Ma hope o kaʻohi ʻana, lilo ka neʻe ʻana o ka ʻāina i palekana ʻole a hoʻi lākou i lalo o ka honua. Ma nā māla mahiʻai, kūkulu ʻia nā kolone nui me kahi pūnaewele paʻakikī o nā paina o ka honua a me ka ʻili.
Ke hana nei nā ʻiole kahua i ka hoʻoilo, peʻe mai ke anuanu a me nā ʻenemi ma lalo o ka hau, e neʻe ana a hoʻohana i kā lākou lako meaʻai. E hoʻomaopopo e kūʻē i ka manaʻo kuʻikuʻi e pili ana i ka makaʻu o nāʻiole, pale ka holoholona i kāna keiki a me ka home mai kahi holoholona i ʻoi aku ka nui o nā manawa ma mua ona iho.
ʻO ke kūkulu kaiāulu a me ka hana hou
Kiʻi: Nā kiole kiʻeki
Momona loa nā ʻiole kula, e like me nā rodents āpau. I nā wahine, hoʻomaka ka ʻōpio ma 3 mau mahina, ua hiki iā ia ke hāpai a hānau i nā keiki. I nāʻiole ʻelemakule moekolohe, hoʻomaka ka estrus, i hala he 5 mau lā a hōʻike ʻia e ka lawena ʻano.
Makua kāne ma hope iki. He polygamous nāʻiole, i ke ʻano hiki i ke kāne ke uhi mai 2 a 12 mau wahine. Inā ʻaʻole e pau ka uhi ʻana me ka hāpai keiki, wela hou ka wahine i loko o hoʻokahi pule.
Inā kūleʻa ka momona, ma ka awelika ma hope o 22 mau lā, i ka pō, hānau ka ʻiole. Loaʻa i kēlā me kēia pahu mai 3 a 12 mau pēpē. Hānau ʻia nā ʻiole ʻōlohelohe, niho ʻole a makapō hoʻi, mai ka 2 a 3 cm.
Hanai ka ʻiole i kāna mau keiki me ka waiū no hoʻokahi mahina, ulu koke nā pēpē iole a ulu koke:
- i ka lā 3 o ke ola, e ulu ana kahi fluff ma ko lākou kino;
- i ka lā 5, hiki i nāʻiole ke lohe;
- i ka lā 7, pālua ke kaumaha o ke kino o nā pēpē;
- i ka lā 10, uhi ke kino i ka hulu hipa holoʻokoʻa;
- i 2 mau pule ua ʻokiʻoki ʻia nā maka;
- ma hope o 19 mau lā, ʻai nāʻiole iā lākou iho;
- i ka lā 25, hiki ke kino i 5 cm (ʻoi aku ka pōkole o ka huelo ma mua o ka holoholona makua), hiki i nā ʻiole ke noho kūʻokoʻa.
No hoʻokahi makahiki, kaukaʻi ʻia i ka nohona, hiki i nā ʻiole ke hāʻawi mai 3 a 8 mau litters. ʻO ka hoʻoulu ʻana o nāʻiole ʻāhiu i nā kūlana kūlohelohe e kū wale i nā kau mahana. I ka hoʻoilo, ʻoiai i nā kau o ka mauʻu a me ka mauʻu, ʻaʻole hana nāʻiole. Hoʻokomo ʻia nāʻiole i nā hale kanaka i wela i ka makahiki holoʻokoʻa.
Ma lalo o nā kūlana kaiapuni maikaʻi, ulu wikiwiki ka heluna kanaka. Ma ke kaulike, ola nā ʻiole ʻāhiu ʻāhiu mai hoʻokahi a hoʻokahi a me ka hapa makahiki. I loko o kahi nohona kanaka, ola kekahi poʻe i 7-12 mau makahiki.
ʻO nā ʻenemi kūlohelohe o nā iole vole
Kiʻi: Mouse vole
I ke kūlohelohe, he nui nā ʻenemi o nāʻiole e hoʻoponopono i ko lākou heluna kanaka. ʻO kaʻiole ka meaʻai punahele a nā manu manu lele. ʻO nā pueo, nā pueo, nā ʻaeto, nā lawaiʻa a me nā mea ʻino ʻē aʻe e ʻimi ʻio i nāʻiole. ʻO kahi laʻana, hiki i kahi pueo makua ke ʻai ma mua o 1000 mau holoholona i kēlā me kēia makahiki.
No nā māmela he nui (badger, wolf, fox, marten, weasel, ferret), ʻo nāʻiole ka mea nui, ʻai pinepine wale nō. Hopu a ʻai ʻia kahi ferret makua i 12 mau mika i kēlā me kēia lā. Weliweli loa ka Weasel no nā rodents, ʻoiai he kino ololi kona e hiki ai ke kūlou a komo i nā lua o ka ʻiole, hoʻopau i nā keiki ʻōpio.
ʻO nā voles a me nā mea kolo (nāhesa a me nā moʻo nui), nā hedgehogs, a, ʻoiai, ʻo ka mea ʻimi holoholona ʻiole kaulana loa, ka pōpoki, ʻai ʻia me ka leʻaleʻa.
Heluna a me ke kūlana o kēia ʻano
Kiʻi: ʻAi holoholona vole
ʻO nā ʻano o nā ʻiole kula he ʻokoʻa loa ia, ma kahi o 60 mau ʻāpana ʻokoʻa i wehewehe kūhelu ʻia. Pinepine paʻakikī loa lākou e hoʻokaʻawale i ko lākou helehelena; koi ʻia ka hoʻopili ʻana i ka ʻaoʻao no ka ʻike ʻana. I ka manawa like, hoʻokaʻawale loa nā ʻiole iā lākou iho ma waena o nā kānaka mai kekahi heluna kanaka ʻē aʻe a ʻaʻohe hoa me lākou. Pehea e hana ai kēia, a he aha nā ʻano hana i hoʻohana ʻia i kēia hihia, ʻaʻole ʻike ʻia.
Aia ka heluna kanaka o nāʻiole kahua i ka makahiki a me ke kau. Hoʻomaopopo ʻia ka ulu ʻana a me ka emi ʻana o ka nohona kanaka i kēlā me kēia 3-5 makahiki. ʻO ka nui o ka nui o ka heluna kanaka he 2000 mau kānaka ma ka 1 hectare, ka palena iki - 100. Ma mua, ua manaʻo ʻia ʻo nā kumu e hoʻoholo nei i ke ʻano o ka loli i ka heluna kanaka o nāʻiole nā mea exogenous nui: ke anilā, kaomi mai nā ʻenemi kūlohelohe, ka hopena o nā maʻi.
ʻO ka noiʻi hou, me ka haʻalele ʻole i nā kumu i helu ʻia ma mua, kuhikuhi i nā mea endogenous, a i ʻole ke kaʻina o ka hoʻoponopono pilikino ʻana o ka heluna kanaka. Ma kahi kikoʻī, hana nui ka hana humoral i kahi kuleana nui.
ʻAʻohe mea hoʻoweliweli o ka make no nāʻiole kahua. Wahi a nā IUCN Red List Category and Criteria, ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ka lāhui Apodemus agrarius ma ke ʻano liʻiliʻi loa. Hiki i ka ʻiole vole ke lawe i kekahi mau maʻi koʻikoʻi loa e pili ana i nā kānaka a hiki ke make (tularemia, typhus, hemorrhagic fever me ka maʻi puʻuwai, leptospirosis, toxoplasmosis, salmonellosis, a me kekahi poʻe ʻē aʻe).
Lawe ka vole i nā maʻi, a hāʻawi ʻia i ka pōʻino a lākou e hoʻokau ai i nā mea mahiʻai, alakaʻi i ka ʻoiaʻiʻo o ka lawe ʻana i nā hana extermination e kūʻē i nā ʻiole kahua.
I ka paio pau ʻole i nā rodents, ʻaʻole pono mākou e poina i nā ʻiole kahua e noho i ko lākou ʻano ʻano i ke kaiaola. ʻO nāʻiole ka meaʻai nui o nā holoholona holoholona a me nā holoholona hihiu. Ma ka ʻai ʻana i nā ʻano mea kanu, hoʻoponopono lākou i ko lākou lāhui ʻokoʻa a me ka nui.
Ke kumu o kēlā vole kiole hele pinepine i nā hale noho kanaka a me nā mahiʻai mahiʻai, kahi hōʻemi o ka wahi o kā lākou kūlohelohe, ʻo ia ka mea nui i ka hana waiwai kanaka a me ka ulu ʻana o nā kūlanakauhale.
Lā paʻi: 21.01.2019
Lā hou: 17.09.2019 ma 13:22
