ʻO ka nightjar maʻamau, ʻo ia hoʻi ka nightjar (Caprimulgus europaeus), he manu nocturnal. ʻO ka lunamakaʻāinana o ka ʻohana ʻo True Nightjars i hānau ma ka ʻākau komohana o ʻApelika, a me nā latitude akahai o Eurasia. ʻO ka wehewehe ʻepekema o kēia ʻano i hāʻawi ʻia e Karl Linnaeus ma nā ʻaoʻao o ka ʻumi o ka puke o ka ʻōnaehana o ke Kūlohelohe i hoʻi i ka makahiki 1758.
Hōʻike Nightjar
He kala pale pale maikaʻi loa nā Nightjars, mahalo i nā manu maoli o ia ʻano manu. ʻOiai he manu lele ʻole loa, ʻo nā nightjars, ma mua o nā mea āpau, i ʻike ʻia no kā lākou mele ʻano ʻē loa, ʻokoʻa ka ʻikepili leo o nā manu ʻē aʻe. I nā kūlana anilā maikaʻi, hiki ke lohe ʻia nā ʻikepili leo o ka nightjar a hiki i kahi mamao o 500-600 mau mika.
Helehelena
He elongation ko ke kino o ka manu, e like me ke cuckoo. Hoʻohanohano ʻia nā nightjars e nā ʻēheu lōʻihi a ʻoi loa hoʻi, a he hiʻwi elongated kekahi. Nawaliwali ka nuku o ka manu a pōkole, ʻeleʻele i ke kala, akā ʻo ka ʻāpana o ka waha ke nānā aku he nui, me ka lōʻihi a paʻakikī ka hulu ma nā kihi. ʻAʻole nui nā wāwae, me ka manamana lōʻihi lōʻihi. Palupalu ka plumage, ʻano palupalu, ma muli o ka nui o ka manu a ʻoi aku ka nui.
ʻO ke kala o ka plumage ʻano maʻamau, no laila he paʻakikī e ʻike i nā manu neʻe ʻole ma nā lālā lāʻau a i nā lau hāʻule. Hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā ʻāpana nominative e kahi ʻāpana brownish-hina hina kiʻekiʻe me nā kahakaha transverse a i ʻole nā ʻāpana o nā kala ʻeleʻele, ʻulaʻula a me ka chestnut. ʻO ka ʻaoʻao lalo he brown-ocher, me kahi ʻano i hoʻohālikelike ʻia e nā kaha ʻeleʻele transverse liʻiliʻi.
Me nā ʻano ʻohana ʻē aʻe, he maka nui ko nā nightjars, he nuku pōkole a me ka waha e like me ka "frog", a he mau wāwae pōkole hoʻi, kūpono ʻole ʻia no ka hopu ʻana i nā lālā a neʻe ma ka ʻili o ka honua.
Nui manu
Hoʻohālikelike ka liʻiliʻi o ka manu e kahi kino leʻaleʻa. ʻO ka awelika o ka lōʻihi o ka makua ma waena o 24.5-28.0 cm, me ka ʻēheu o nā 52-59 cm ka nui. ʻAʻole i ʻoi aku ke kaumaha o ke kāne ma mua o 51-101 g, a ʻo ke kaupaona o ka wahine ma kahi o 67-95 g.
Auila
Hōʻike ʻia nā nightjars e ka agile a me ka ikaika, akā lele lele ʻole. Ma waena o nā mea ʻē aʻe, hiki i nā manu ke "lele" i kahi a lele paha, e mālama ākea ana i ko lākou mau ʻeheu. Ke neʻe wale nei ka manu ma ka ʻili o ka honua a makemake ʻo ia i nā wahi i nele i ka lau nahele. Ke hoʻokokoke mai kahi mea ʻino a poʻe paha, hoʻāʻo nā manu hoʻomaha e hoʻohuli iā lākou iho i ka ʻāina a puni, peʻe a pūnana i ka honua a i nā lālā paha. I kekahi manawa hemo maʻalahi ka nightjar a paʻi ikaika i kona mau ʻeheu, hoʻomaha i kahi mamao iki.
Hīmeni nā kāne, noho mau ma nā lālā o nā kumulāʻau make e ulu ana ma waho o nā ululāʻau a me nā aniani. Hōʻike ʻia ke mele me kahi trill maloʻo a monotonous "rrrrrrr", hoʻomanaʻo i ke kani ʻana o kahi toad a i ʻole ka hana o kahi tractor. Hoʻopili pū ʻia ka monotonous rattling me nā kahamaha liʻiliʻi, akā ʻo ka leo maʻamau a me ka leo, a me ke alapine o ia mau kani, hoʻololi pinepine. Mai kēlā manawa i kēia manawa keʻakeʻa nā nightjars i kā lākou trill me kahi "furr-furr-furr-furrruyu ..." Ma hope wale nō o ka pau ʻana o ka hīmeni ʻana a haʻalele ka manu i ka lāʻau. Hoʻomaka ka male kāne i kekahi mau lā ma hope o ka hōʻea ʻana a hoʻomau i kā lākou mele ʻana i ke kauwela.
ʻAʻole makaʻu nui ʻia ʻo Nightjars e nā wahi lehulehu, no laila lele pinepine nā manu e kokoke ana i ka mahiʻai a me nā mahiʻai kahi nui nā kolo. ʻO nā nightjars he manu nocturnal. I ke ao, makemake nā lunamaka o nā laha e hoʻomaha i nā lālā lāʻau a i ʻole iho i lalo i nā mauʻu mauʻu mae. I ka pō wale nō lele nā manu e ʻimi holoholona. I ka lele ʻana, lālau koke lākou i ka mea pio, hiki ke hoʻokele pono, a ʻano like hoʻi me ka hiki koke i ke ʻano o nā kolo.
I ka wā o ka lele, ʻōlelo pinepine nā nightjars makua i nā leo uē nui o "wick ... wick", a me nā ʻano like ʻole o ka clinking maʻalahi a i ʻole kahi ʻano muffled hiss e lilo i hōʻailona hōʻailona.
Wā ola
ʻO ka awelika i hoʻopaʻa inoa ʻia i ke ola o nā nightjars maʻamau i nā kūlana kūlohelohe, ma ke ʻano he rula, ʻaʻole i ʻoi aku i nā makahiki he ʻumi.
Dimorphism moekolohe
Ma lalo o nā maka o ka nightjar aia kahi ʻōlinolino, i haʻi ʻia o ke keʻokeʻo keʻokeʻo, a ma nā ʻaoʻao o ka ʻāʻī he mau kiko liʻiliʻi, a he keʻokeʻo keʻokeʻo keʻokeʻo, a i nā wahine he ʻulaʻula ko lākou. Hoʻohālikelike ʻia nā kāne e nā kiko keʻokeʻo e hoʻomohala ʻia ma nā wēlau o nā ʻeheu a ma nā kihi o nā hulu o ka huelo o waho. Hoʻohālike nā ʻōpio me nā wahine makua i ka helehelena.
Kahi noho, wahi noho
ʻO nā pūnana nightjar maʻamau ma nā wahi mehana a mehana i Africa ʻĀkau a me Eurasia. Ma ʻEulopa, ua loaʻa nā ʻelele o nā laha kokoke i nā wahi āpau, e like me ka hapa nui o nā mokupuni ʻo Mediterranean. Ua lilo ʻo Nightjars i mea maʻamau i ka Hikina ʻEulopa a me ka Iberian Peninsula. I Lūkia, pūnana nā manu mai nā palena komohana a ka hikina. I ke kūkulu ʻākau, ʻike ʻia nā lunamaka o kēia ʻano a hiki i ka ʻāpana subtaiga. ʻO ka biotope hānau hānau maʻamau he moorland.
Noho nā manu i nā kahamaha ākea a hāmama me nā wahi maloʻo a mehana pono. ʻO ke kumu nui no ka pūnana holomua ke kū ʻana o ka ʻōpala maloʻo, a me kahi māla maikaʻi o ka ʻike a me ka nui o nā mea lele lele i ke ao. Noho ʻoluʻolu ʻo Nightjars ma nā wao akua, noho i ka mālamalama, nā ululāʻau paina liʻiliʻi me ka lepo one a me nā mālamalama, nā waho o nā aniani a me nā māla, nā kahakai kahakai o nā kahawai a me nā awāwa kahawai. Ma ka hikina hema a me ka hema o ʻEulopa, he mea maʻamau ka laha no nā wahi one a me nā pōhaku o ka maquis.
Loaʻa ka heluna nui loa ma ka waena konu o ʻEulopa, i nā haunaele haʻalele a me nā kahua hoʻomaʻamaʻa pūʻali koa. I nā panalāʻau o ka ʻākau komohana o ʻApelika, nā ʻelele o ka pūnana laha ma nā pali pōhaku i ulu ʻia me nā kumu ulu ulu ʻole. ʻO nā wahi noho nui o ke kahakai i nā pali o nā gullies a me nā ululāʻau kahawai. Ma ke ʻano he noho, noho nā nightjars maʻamau i nā pāpū, akā ma lalo o nā kūlana maikaʻi hiki i nā manu ke noho i nā panalāʻau o ke kāʻei subalpine.
ʻO ka nightjar maʻamau kahi ʻano neʻe kūlohelohe e hana i nā neʻe lōʻihi loa i kēlā me kēia makahiki. ʻO nā kahua hoʻoilo nui no nā lunamakaʻāinana o nā lālā nominative ka ʻāina o ka hema a me ka hikina o ʻApelika. Hiki i kahi ʻāpana manu ke neʻe i ke komohana o ka ʻāina. ʻO ka neʻe ʻana ma kahi ākea ākea, akā ʻo nā moe pō maʻamau i ka neʻe ʻana e makemake e mālama hoʻokahi i hoʻokahi, no laila ʻaʻole lākou i hoʻokumu i nā hipa. Ma waho o ka laulā kūlohelohe, nā palapala lele hewa ʻole i Iceland, nā Azores, Faroe a me Canary Islands, a ʻo Seychelles lāua ʻo Madeira i palapala ʻia.
ʻO nā hana hoʻokele waiwai o ka poʻe, e like me ka hāʻule nui ʻana o nā wahi nahele a me ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana i nā pale pale pale ahi, kahi hopena maikaʻi i ka helu o nā nightjar maʻamau, akā nui nā ala nui e hōʻino i ka lehulehu o ia mau manu.
Meaʻai Nightjar
ʻAi nā nightjars maʻamau i nā ʻano lele like ʻole. Lele nā manu e ʻimi holoholona wale i ka pō ʻana. I ka papaʻai i kēlā me kēia lā o nā lunamakaʻāinana o kēia ʻano, lanakila ka beetles a me ka moths. Hopu mau nā mākua i nā dipteran, me nā midges a me nā makika, a ʻimi pū hoʻi i nā moe moe, nā mayflies, a me nā hymenoptera. Ma waena o nā mea ʻē aʻe, nā ʻiliʻili liʻiliʻi a me ke one, a me nā mea i koe o kekahi mau mea kanu, ʻike pinepine ʻia i loko o nā ʻōpū o nā manu.
Hōʻike ka nightjar maʻamau i ka hana mai ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka pouli a hiki i ka wanaʻao ʻaʻole wale ma kahi i kapa ʻia he wahi hānai, akā ʻoi aku hoʻi ma mua o nā palena o ia wahi. Me ka nui o ka meaʻai, hoʻomaha ka manu i ka pō a hoʻomaha, e noho ana ma nā lālā lāʻau a i ʻole ka honua. Hoʻopaʻa pinepine nā pepelu i ka lele. I kekahi manawa ua kiaʻi mua ʻia ka mea pio mai kahi hoʻohālua, i hiki ke hōʻike ʻia e nā lālā o nā lāʻau ma waho o kahi ākea a wahi ʻē aʻe paha.
I waena o nā mea ʻē aʻe, aia kekahi mau hihia ke pecked ka meaʻai e kahi nightjar pololei mai nā lālā a i ʻole ka ʻili o ka honua. Ma hope o ka pau ʻana o ka alualu ʻana i ka pō, hiamoe nā manu i ke ao, akā ʻaʻole i camouflage iā lākou iho no kēia kumu i nā ana a i nā lua. Inā makemake ʻia, hiki ke ʻike ʻia nā manu ma waena o nā lau i hina a i ʻole ma nā lālā lāʻau, kahi e kū ai nā manu ma ka lālā. ʻO ka hapanui pinepine, lele nā manu hoʻomaha inā piʻi ka makaʻu o kahi mea ʻino a kanaka paha iā lākou mai kahi mamao loa aku.
ʻO kahi hiʻohiʻona e hui pū i nā ʻano nightjars like ʻole me nā falcon a me nā pueo ka hiki o ia mau manu ke hoʻopuka hou i nā pellets kūikawā ma ke ʻano o nā puʻupuʻu o nā ʻōpalaʻai ʻole i hoʻouluulu ʻole ʻia.
Hoʻohua a me nā keiki
Hiki i ka nightjar maʻamau ke oʻo i ka moekolohe ma ka makahiki he ʻumikūmālua mau makahiki. Ua hōʻea nā kāne i ke kahua hoʻokūkū ma kahi o ʻelua mau pule ma mua o ka wahine. I kēia manawa, mohala nā lau ma luna o nā kumulāʻau a me nā laʻalāʻau, a ʻike ʻia kahi lawa kūpono o nā ʻano lele like ʻole. Hiki ke loli nā lā hiki mai ka mua o ʻApelila (ʻĀkau komohana o ʻApelika a me Pakistan komohana) a i ka mua o Iune (ʻĀpana Leningrad). I nā kūlana o ke aniau a me ke aniau o ke kikowaena o Rūsia, kahi hapa nui o nā manu e moe ana i nā wahi i hoʻopaʻa ʻia mai ma kahi o ka waena o ʻApelila a i nā lā he 10 i hala o Mei.
Hoʻomaka nā kāne e hōʻea ana i nā pūnaewele hoʻonohonoho. I loko o kēia wā, hīmeni ka manu no ka manawa lōʻihi, e noho ana ma ka lālā o ka ʻaoʻao. Hoʻololi nā kāne i ko lākou kūlana i kēlā me kēia manawa, makemake e neʻe mai nā lālā o kekahi mea kanu i nā lālā o kekahi kumulāʻau. ʻO ke kāne, ua ʻike ʻo ia i ka wahine, hoʻopōpō i kāna mele, a i mea e ʻumeʻume ai ke uē nui ʻana a me ka lele ʻana o kona mau ʻeheu. Hele pū ka papa hana male me ka lele lohi, a me ka lele pinepine ʻana i ka lewa i kahi hoʻokahi. I kēia manawa, mālama ka manu i kona kino a kokoke i kahi kū i luna, a mahalo i ka pelu ʻana o nā ʻeheu e ka V, ʻike maopopo ʻia nā kiko keʻokeʻo.
Hōʻike nā kāne i nā wahi i wae ʻia i koho ʻia no ka hoʻomoe hua manu i mua. I kēia mau wahi, pae ka manu a hoʻokuʻu i kahi ʻano trill monotonous. I ka manawa like, koho nā wahine wahine makua i kahi no ka pūnana kūʻokoʻa. ʻO kēia kahi e hana ai ka moena o nā manu. ʻAʻole kūkulu nā moe moe maʻamau i nā pūnana, a kū pololei ka hoʻomoe hua manu ma ka ʻili o ka honua, i uhi ʻia me ka ʻōpala lau o ka makahiki i hala, nā nila kui a spruce lāʻau paha. Uhi ʻia kahi pūnana kūikawā me nā mea kanu lalo a i ʻole nā lālā i hāʻule, i hāʻawi ʻia i kahi nānā piha o nā wahi a me ka hiki ke hemo maʻalahi ke ʻike ʻia kahi pilikia.
Kū pinepine ʻo Oviposition i nā makahiki he 10 i hala o Mei a i ʻole ka pule mua o Iune. Hoʻomoe ka wahine i kahi mau hua ellipsoidal me nā pūpū keʻokeʻo a hinahina hoʻi e kūʻē ʻia kahi kumu kinikini hina-hina. Noho ka Incubation ma lalo iki o ʻekolu pule. Hoʻohana ʻia kahi ʻāpana nui o ka manawa e ka wahine, akā i nā hola o ke ahiahi a i ʻole i ke kakahiaka nui, hiki i ke kāne ke pani iā ia. ʻO ka manu noho e pane i ka hoʻokokoke ʻana o nā mea ʻaihue a i ʻole ka poʻe e ka maka ʻana i kona mau maka, ke alo nei i ka hoʻoweliweli e neʻe ana i ke ala o ka pūnana. I kekahi mau hihia, makemake ka nightjar e hoʻohālikelike i ka ʻeha a i ʻole ka hisses, e hāmama ākea ana i kona waha a hāwele i ka ʻenemi.
ʻO nā keiki hānai i hānau ʻia me kahi wā o kēlā me kēia lā ua aneane uhi piha ʻia me lalo o kahi kahakaha hina hina hina ma luna a me ka malu ocher ma lalo. E lilo wikiwiki i keiki. ʻO kahi hiʻohiʻona o nā moa nightjar maʻamau ko lākou hiki, ʻokoʻa ka poʻe mākua, ke hele wiwo ʻole. I loko o nā lā ʻehā mua, hānai wale ʻia nā pēpē hulu e ka wahine, akā a laila komo pū ke kāne i ka hana hānai. I hoʻokahi pō, pono i nā mākua e lawe ma mua o hoʻokahi haneli mau ʻenekia i ka pūnana. I nā hebedoma ʻelua o ka makahiki, hoʻāʻo ka keiki e hemo, akā hiki i nā pīpī ke lanakila ma kahi mamao loa ma hope wale nō o ka piha ʻana o nā makahiki he ʻekolu a ʻehā paha.
Loaʻa i ke keiki a ka nightjar kūʻokoʻa ke kūʻokoʻa piha ma kahi o ʻelima a ʻeono mau pule, ke hoʻopuehu ka puaʻa holoʻokoʻa a puni nā wahi a hoʻomākaukau no ka huakaʻi lōʻihi mua i ka hoʻoilo ma ka laulā ʻo Saharan ʻApelika.
ʻEnemi kūlohelohe
ʻAʻole nui nā ʻenemi o nā nightjars maʻamau i loko o kā lākou laulā kūlohelohe. ʻAʻole ʻimi nā kānaka i kēlā mau manu, a ma waena o nā lāhui he nui, e like me Hindus, Paniolo a me kekahi mau ʻohana ʻApelika, manaʻo ʻia ʻo ka pepehi ʻana i kahi nightjar hiki ke lawe mai i nā pilikia nui. ʻO nā ʻenemi kūlohelohe nui o nā ʻelele o kēia ʻano nā nahesa nui loa, kekahi manu ʻaihue a holoholona hoʻi. Eia nō naʻe, ʻuʻuku ka nui o nā pōpilikia i hōʻino ʻia i ka heluna o nā manu e kēlā ʻano meʻa.
ʻO ka mālamalama mai nā kukui kukui kaʻa ʻaʻole wale ia e huki i kahi nui o nā nūnē pō, akā ʻo nā nightjars maʻamau hoʻi e ʻimi nei iā lākou, a ʻo ka nui o ka holo ʻana ke kumu o ka make o nā manu.
Heluna a me ke kūlana o nā laha
I kēia lā, aia ʻeono mau ʻāpana o ka nightjar, ua hōʻike ʻia ka loli i ka loli o ka waihoʻoluʻu laulā o ka plumage a me ka nui maʻamau. ʻO nā subspecies Caprimulgus europaeus europaeus Linnaeus e noho ana ma ka ʻākau a me ka waena o ʻEulopa, ʻoiai ʻo Caprimulgus europaeus meridionalis Hartert e ʻike pinepine ʻia ma ʻAkau Hema ʻApelika, ka Iberian Peninsula a me ka ʻākau o ke Kaiwaenahonua.
ʻO ka wahi noho o Caprimulgus europaeus sarudnyi Hartert ʻo Central Asia. Loaʻa nā subspecies ʻo Caprimulgus europaeus unwini Hume ma ʻAsia, a ma Turmenistan a me Uzbekistan hoʻi. ʻO ka mahele o ka mahele o Caprimulgus europaeus plumipe Przewalski i kūʻī ʻia e Kākau komohana komohana, ma ke komohana a me ke komohana ʻākau o Mongolia, a ʻo nā subspecies ʻo Caprimulgus europaeus dementievi Stegmann ma ka hema o Transbaikalia, ma ka hikina ʻākau o Mongolia. I kēia manawa, i loko o ka papa inoa annotated o nā mea kakaikahi, nā mea pio a me nā mea ʻane pau, ua hoʻokau ʻia ka nightjar maʻamau i ke kūlana mālama "Kumu Least Concern".
