Ma kahi o ka hapalua o nā manu e noho ana i ko mākou honua e hīmeni nani. Hōʻike nā mele mele āpau i ke kaʻina o passerines a me ka suborder o nā songbirds (leo discordant).
Pehea a no ke aha e hīmeni ai nā manu
Hoʻokani kekahi manu i nā leo, akā i nā mea mele wale nō, hui pū ʻia lākou i nā trill a me nā unahi. Aia i loko o Vocalization ke mele a me nā leo leo, hoʻokaʻawale ʻia e ka pōʻaiapili, ka lōʻihi, a me ka hoʻoliʻiliʻi o nā leo. ʻO nā leo leo he laconic, a ʻoi aku ka lōʻihi o ke mele, hoʻokano a hoʻopili pinepine me nā ʻano male.
Pehea e hana ʻia ai ke kani
ʻAʻohe o nā manu (ʻokoʻa ka māmela) i nā pā leo. ʻO ka leo leo o nā manu ka syrinx, kahi hanana iwi kūikawā i ka trachea. Ke hele ka ea ma waena ona, haʻalulu kona mau paia a tragus e hana i ke kani. Mālama ka manu i ke alapine / ka nui ma o ka hoʻololi ʻana i ke kūpikipiki o nā membrane a me ka hoʻonui ʻana i ke kani ma o nā ʻeke ea.
ʻOiaʻiʻo. I ka lele ʻana, ʻoi aku ka nui o ke mele: ke kīkē ʻana i kona mau ʻeheu, kaomi ka manu i ka ea ma o ka trachea, bronchi a me nā akemāmā. Hoʻolahalaha ka mele a ka whirligig i 3 km i ka lani, akā ma ka honua e kani mālie loa ana ia.
ʻO ke ʻano o ka vocal apparatus o nā kāne ʻelua, akā ʻo nā mākala o ka larynx lalo i nā wahine nāwaliwali ma mua o nā kāne. ʻO ia ke kumu e hīmeni maikaʻi ai nā kāne i nā manu.
No ke aha e hīmeni ai nā manu
Kupanaha, hīmeni nā manu no ... ʻaʻole hiki iā lākou ke kōkua akā hīmeni. ʻOiaʻiʻo, lohe ʻia nā roulade sonorous a iridescent ʻoi loa i ka wā hānau, i wehewehe ʻia e ka lono hormonal e pono ai i kahi hoʻokuʻu ikaika.
Akā ... no ke aha e hoʻomau ai nā manu manuahi (nā mākua a me nā ʻōpio) i ka hīmeni ʻana i ka hāʻule, a i kekahi manawa i ka hoʻoilo. No ke aha i hoʻomaka koke ai ke mele ʻana o ka nightingale, ka robin, ka wren a me nā manu ʻē aʻe, i makaʻu loa i ka hele koke ʻana mai o kahi mea ʻaihue. No ke aha e hīmeni ai nā manu i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i loko o nā hīnaʻi i ka leo piha a me ka nānā ʻole i ke kau (ʻoi aku, hīmeni ikaika lākou a ʻoi aku hoʻi ma mua o ko lākou mau ʻohana manuahi)?
Ma ke ala, mamao loa ke kāhea no ka male ʻana mai ke mele maoli ʻana. ʻOi aku ka maʻalahi ma nā hua mele a nāwaliwali i ke kani.
Manaʻo nā mea nānā manu ke mele nei ia e hāʻawi i kahi hoʻokuʻu ikaika o ka ikehu i hōʻiliʻili ʻia i loko o ka manu, i hoʻonui i ka wā o ka moena, akā ʻaʻole nalo ma hope o kāna pau ʻana.
Nā Songbirds
Ua ʻokoʻa lākou mai nā manu ʻē aʻe i ka hanana paʻakikī o ka larynx lalo. Ma kahi kokoke i nā mea mele a pau i hoʻomohala pono iā 5-7 mau pā o nā puʻukani leo, mahalo i nā manu ʻaʻole hīmeni maikaʻi wale nō, akā ʻike pū nō hoʻi i ka ʻakaʻaka. ʻOiaʻiʻo, ʻaʻole hoʻomohala ʻia ka onomatopoeia ma nā ʻano āpau.
I ke kaʻina o nā passerines, hana nā songbirds i ka suborder me ka nui (ma kahi o 4 tausani) mau helu o nā laha. Ma waho aʻe o lākou, aia he 3 mau sub-order hou aʻe i ka pūʻulu:
- pila pālahalaha (hornbills);
- ʻalalā (hoʻomāinoino);
- hīmeni hapa.
ʻAʻole like ka poʻe mele i kekahi i ke ʻano o ke kino a me ka nui, a me ke ʻano o ke ola. Noho ka hapa nui i nā ululāʻau a neʻe wale, ʻo ke koena he sedentary a i ʻole nomadic. Ma ka honua, neʻe pinepine lākou i ka lele ʻana.
I ka noʻonoʻo ʻana i ka hāmeʻa o ka nuku, hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ka suborder o nā mea mele i nā hui 4:
- cone-hoʻoili ʻia;
- kuʻi niho;
- kī ākea;
- ʻiliʻili lahilahi.
Mea nui. ʻO ka huikau nui loa o ka ʻauhau ʻike ʻia i ka suborder o ka poʻe mele. Aia i ke ʻano o ka hoʻokokoke ʻana, hoʻokaʻawale ka poʻe ornithologists mai ka 761 a i ka 1017 genera i loko ona, hui ʻia i nā ʻohana 44-56.
Wahi a kekahi o nā hoʻohālikelike, ʻike ʻia kēia mau ʻohana ma ke ʻano he songbirds: lark, eatva larva, leaflets, wangs, dulids, wrens, dunnocks, thymus, ale, wagtails, bulbule (short-toed) thrushes, shrike-footed, sirloin, bluebird, dwarf corolidae, titmice, flycatchers, nuthatches, pua momi, keʻokeʻo maka, oatmeal, pikas, sunbirds, meli omo, tanager, arboreal, ale i ke tanagra, kaikamahine pua, kaikamahine pua Hawaiʻi, mea ulana lole, nā ʻume, nā keiki hipa kupapaʻu, nā ʻāpana Guinea , starling, drong, murie larks, flute manu, manu koraka a me nā manu o paradaiso.
ʻOi aku ka mālamalama a ʻoi aku ka leo o nā manu mele tropika ma mua o nā mea i hānau ʻia i nā wahi mehana, ma muli o ka pono e ālai i nā leo o nā ʻelala a e lohe ʻia i loko o ka ululāʻau nui. Heʻuʻuku nā mea mele o ka ʻāpana ʻEulopa o ka Russian Federation: ua kapa ʻia ka blackbird ka mea nui, ʻo ka mea liʻiliʻi ka blackbird a me ka mōʻī.
ʻO Nightingale
ʻO kahi mele maikaʻi o ke mele mele ʻana, i hoʻolauleʻa ʻia i nā mele a me nā mele. I ke kikowaena o Lūkia, ʻike ʻia ʻo ia i ka mua o Mei, e hīmeni ikaika ʻana ʻaʻole wale i ka pō, akā i ka mālamalama o ka lā. ʻO ka nightingale maʻamau, kahi lālā o ka ʻohana flycatcher, makemake i ka malu a me ka momona, ʻo ia ke kumu e noho ai i nā ululāʻau kahawai.
Hāʻawi ʻia ka mea mele nāhelehele e nā wahi ʻano, a hui pū ʻia me nā ʻano a me nā trill. Ke hoʻomaka nei i kahi mele, kū ʻo ia i luna ma nā wāwae kaʻawale, e hāpai ana i kona huelo a hoʻohaʻahaʻa i kona mau ʻeheu. Kūlou ka manu me ka pīhoihoi, e wili nei i kona huelo a hāʻawi i kahi ʻūlū mālie (e like me "trrr") a i ʻole kahi whist monophonic hoʻolōʻihi ʻia.
I loko o ke mele nightingale, ua pākuʻi ʻia nā whistles, nā roulades akahai a me nā kaomi, a ʻo kēlā me kēia mea, i kapa ʻia he kuli (aia ma kahi o kahi kakini o lākou) i hana pinepine ʻia i nā manawa he nui. Ke aʻo nei ka nightingale e hīmeni mai kona mau kaikuaʻana i kona wā a pau: ʻo ia ke kumu e mele ʻokoʻa ai nā nightingales Kursk mai nā Arkhangelsk, a ʻaʻole makemake nā Moscow i nā Tula.
ʻO ka hoʻomākeʻaka i kani leo nui ʻia
ʻO kahi manu akahai, 25 knm ke kiʻekiʻe, me ka plumage hina hina nui a me kahi huelo ʻeleʻele lōʻihi me nā hulu keʻokeʻo (waho). ʻIke ʻia ʻo Mockingbird no kāna tālena ʻole no ka onomatopoeia a me kahi repertoire waiwai o 50-200 mau mele.
Hoʻomaka ka laulā o nā laha ma ka hema o Kanada, e hele ana ma waena o ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa i Mexico a me ka Caribbean, akā ʻo ka hapa nui o nā manu e noho ana i ka panalāʻau mai Florida a Texas. Ua hoʻomaʻamaʻa ka Mockingbird i nā ʻano ʻāina like ʻole, e like me nā mea i mahi ʻia, a me nā ululāʻau, nā wao akua, nā māla a me nā wahi ākea.
Hīmeni mau ke kāne hoʻomākeʻaka i nā hola o ke ao, me ke akamai i ka leo o nā holoholona ʻē aʻe (e like me nā manu) a me nā kani lohe ʻole ʻia, e laʻa me nā halulu hana a me nā kiwi kaʻa. He mea paʻakikī ke mele hoʻomākeʻaka, lōʻihi a nui loa.
ʻAi ʻo ia i nā hua, nā hua a me nā invertebrates, e ʻimi ana iā lākou ma ka honua. ʻAʻole ʻo ka mockingbird kahi manu makaʻu: kū ʻo ia me ka wiwo ʻole a kūpiki hoʻi e pale aku i kāna pūnana, e kāhea pinepine ʻana i kona mau hoanoho e kipaku pū aku i ka mea ʻaihue.
Pāka māla
ʻO kekahi manu, mahalo nui ʻia e nā haku mele no nā kenekulia. ʻO kahi manu motley nondescript i ka nui o kahi sparrow hale - 40 g wale nō ke kaupaona me 18 knm o kahi kino paʻa. ʻOi aku ka akahai o nā wahine ma mua o ke kāne a paʻakikī ʻole i ka maka: ʻoiai ke mele ponoʻī ʻole nei ke kāne, keʻimi nei kāna ipo wahine i ka meaʻai a ke kali nei paha iā ia ma lalo.
Hoʻomaka ka lark i kahi mele i ka lewa, e piʻi kiʻekiʻe a kiʻekiʻe i nā pōʻai a hiki i ka wā e hemo ai i ka lewa. I ka hōʻea ʻana i kahi kiko palena nui (100-150 m ma luna o ka honua), hoʻi hou ka lark, me ka ʻole o nā pōʻai, akā e kaʻi ʻole me ka luhi ʻole i kona mau ʻeheu.
Ke iho i lalo ka wai, lilo ka mele a emi iki ka wai, a hoʻomaka ke kani o ke kani i loko ona. Ma kahi o ʻelua mau kakini mika mai ka honua, kū ka mele i ke mele ʻana a lele lele i lalo me ka hohola ʻana o kona mau ʻeheu.
Ke kani nei ke mele o ka ʻele, e kani ana ma luna o nā mahinaʻai mai ka wanaʻao a hiki i ke ahiahi, ʻoiai nā leo liʻiliʻi o nā memo, kani ke mele. Ke waiho nei ka mea huna i ka hui akamai o nā leo e pāʻani me ka bele (me nā bele) me kahi trill.
ʻO Wren
ʻO kahi liʻiliʻi (10 g ma 10 cm ke kiʻekiʻe), akā manu manu brownish-brown brown e noho nei ma Eurasia, ʻAmelika a me ʻApelika ʻĀkau. Ma muli o kāna plumage hoʻokuʻu, ua like ka wren me he pōpō fluffy me kahi huelo pōkole i hoʻohuli ʻia.
Kuhi pinepine ʻo Wren ma waena o nā lālā o nā ululāʻau, lele i waena o nā lāʻau make a i ʻole holo i ka mauʻu. Hoʻi ia i nā pūnaewele hoʻomoana i ka wanaʻao, ke hana ʻia nā pākuʻu thawed i ka nahele, a hoʻoheheʻe ka hau i nā wahi ākea.
Ma ka moku ʻo Moscow, hiki ke lohe ʻia ke mele ʻana o nā wrens i ʻApelila. ʻAʻole melodic wale ke mele, akā leo nui pū kekahi, i hoʻokumu ʻia e sonorous, akā ʻokoʻa i kekahi i kekahi, nā trill wikiwiki. Kuhi ʻo Wren i kāna mele, e piʻi ana i ka ʻaʻā, kahi puʻu o ke kumulāʻau a neʻe paha i waena o nā lālā. Ma hope o ka hoʻopau ʻana i ka hana, lele ka kāne kāne i ka dais e luʻu koke i ka nāhelehele.
Songbird
Hāpai ʻia ka inoa i haʻi ʻole ʻia o "nightingale o ka ululāʻau", ʻoiai makemake ʻo ia e noho i nā ululāʻau like ʻole a kū i waho no kāna mau leo huikau a leo nui hoʻi. He lālā ʻo ka songbird o ka ʻohana thrush a ʻike nui ʻia e ka poʻe noho o ʻAsia Minor, ʻEulopa a me Siberia.
He manu hina-ʻeleʻele kēia o ka motley a hiki i 70 g a me ka lōʻihi o ke kino o 21.5-25 cm. ʻIke ʻia nā manu ma nā wahi pūnana ma mua o ka waena o ʻApelila, e noho ana i nā kihi kūpono no ka hoʻoulu.
Hīmeni nā mele a hiki i ke ahiahi ʻana, akā ʻoi loa ka hana ʻana i ke ahiahi a me ke kakahiaka. ʻO ke kani ʻana o ke kani, ka wikiwiki ʻole a me ke mele ʻokoʻa lōʻihi lōʻihi: ʻo ke mele me nā ʻano o nā hiʻoki liʻiliʻi a me nā trac laconic. Hoʻopiʻi hou ka thrush i kēlā me kēia mele kuli i 2-4 mau manawa.
Trushes mele, kau ʻia ma luna o kahi kumulāʻau. Hoʻohālikelike pinepine lākou i nā manu ʻē aʻe, akā naʻe naʻe, manaʻo ʻia ka mele ponoʻī o ka thrush ka nani loa.
Starling maʻamau
ʻO nā manu mua loa o nā manu neʻe, e hōʻea ana i waena o Rūsia me nā pākuʻu thawed mua, i ka manawa maʻamau ma Malaki. ʻOi aku ka makemake o nā Starling i kahi ʻāina moʻomeheu, akā maʻa like lākou i nā steppe, nā ululāʻau, nā ululāʻau ākea a me nā kuahiwi.
Kani a kani ka kani o ka starling. Hāʻawi ke kāne iā ia iho i ka manaʻo hoʻoulu holoʻokoʻa, akā me ke kuko a hiki i nā creaks a me nā leo melodic ʻē aʻe i komo i loko o ia mea ʻaʻole e hōʻino i kāna aria.
Hoihoi. I ka wanaʻao, ʻo ia nā starling e hīmeni nui aku ana a me ka mākaukau ma mua o nā manu a puni, ʻo nā mea noho a me nā mea nomadic, ʻoiai no ka mea ʻaʻole i hoʻi mai ke koena o nā mea neʻe i ka nahele.
Hoʻomaʻamaʻa pū kekahi i nā Starling, hoʻohui maʻalahi i nā leo polar i loko o kā lākou mele - ka puaʻa ʻana, ka ʻīlio a me ka hae ʻana, ke kani ʻana o kahi huila kaʻa a, ʻoiai, he ʻano like me nā manu ʻē aʻe.
Ulana maoli ka starling i kāna mele ʻaʻole wale kona mau hoahānau, akā lohe pū ʻia nā kani i ka hoʻoilo / lele ʻana, me ka kū ʻole a kū ʻole paha no hoʻokahi minuke. Hoʻopili maikaʻi nā starling pio lōʻihi i ka leo o ke kanaka, ke hoʻopuka ʻana i nā huaʻōlelo hoʻokahi a me nā māmalaʻōlelo lōʻihi.
Pōleo poʻo poʻo poʻo
Kahi mele liʻiliʻi, ʻaʻole ʻoi aku ma mua o 10 cm, maʻamau i ka wahi nahele o ʻEulopa a me ʻAsia. ʻO ka peʻa poʻo melemele ke nānā aku e like me kahi pōpō liʻiliʻi, kala ʻoliva me nā ʻēheu onionio, kahi i kanu ʻia ai kahi pōpō liʻiliʻi - he poʻo kēia me nā maka ʻeleʻele ʻōlinolino a me kahi ʻāpana melemele ʻōlinolino i hoʻonaninani i ka lei aliʻi.
Hīmeni nā pēpē poʻo poʻo melemele i ʻApelila a me Mei mua - he mau leo mele mālie kēia e lohe ʻia mai nā mānoanoa o nā lālā spruce.
Noho ka mōʻī i loko o nā ululāʻau coniferous (ʻoi pinepine ka spruce), akā loaʻa pū i ka huikau a deciduous, neʻe ma laila i ka hoʻoilo, i ka holoholo ʻana a ma hope o ka pūnana. Hele nā manu liʻiliʻi me nā titmice, nona nā ʻano kokoke loa iā lākou.
Piʻi pū nā manu me ka wikiwiki i nā nila, pili i nā wēlau o nā lālā lahilahi me ka dexterity kupaianaha a me ka lawe ʻana i nā poso acrobatic kupaianaha. I ke kauwela ʻike lākou i ka meaʻai ma ka ʻaoʻao kiʻekiʻe o ka lei aliʻi, e iho ana i ka hoʻoilo / kauwela kokoke i ka honua a ʻohiʻohi paha i nā meaʻai kūpono i ka hau.
ʻO Guyi
ʻO nā manu nahele (me ka lōʻihi o ke kino o 23 a 40 cm), loaʻa wale ma Nūhōlani. Aia i loko o ka ʻohana huya he 3 mau ʻano, ʻo kēlā me kēia mea e hōʻike nei i kahi genus monotypic. Hoʻohālikelike ʻia nā manu āpau e ke kū ʻana o nā pōpoki (ulu nani) ma ke kumu o ka nuku. Poepoe nā ʻeheu o lākou, lōʻihi nā lālā a me ka huelo.
He pulu ʻeleʻele ka guia multi-bill, i hoʻohālikelike me ka hopena o ka huelo, pena ʻia i keʻokeʻo. He pepeiao ona melemele kāna a me ka nuku. ʻO ka hope, ma ke ala, ʻike ʻokoʻa i nā wahine a me nā kāne: i nā wahine he lōʻihi a kōwili, i nā kāne he pōkole a pololei.
ʻO kekahi ʻano ʻē aʻe mai ka ʻohana huya, saddleback, i mākaukau me ka nuku lōʻihi a lahilahi hoʻi. Ua hoʻomalu ʻia kona kala e kahi kāʻei ʻeleʻele, akā ua hoʻomoe ʻia me ka brown chestnut ikaika ma nā uhi ʻēheu a ma ke kua, kahi e hana ai i kahi "noho lio".
ʻO Kokako (ʻano ʻē aʻe) kala hina, me nā leo ʻoliva ma ka huelo / ʻēheu, a he nuku pōkole a mānoanoa me ka lou ma ka nuku o luna. ʻO Kokako, e like me nā saddlebacks, lele lele ʻole, ma ke ʻano he kaulike, e hoʻohuli me ka makemake ʻole i kekahi mau mika, akā ʻike ʻia i nā ululāʻau paʻa o ka hema hema (notofagus).
Hoihoi. ʻO nā kāne o nā ʻano ʻelua hope loa he nani a ikaika hoʻi kā lākou, i kapa ʻia ka leo ʻo "flute". I ke ʻano, hōʻike pinepine ʻia ke mele antiphonic a me duet.
Māhele like ʻo Cocako a me saddleback i ke kūlana like i ka IUCN Red List - nā mea ʻelua a pau i ka hala.
Hulahula piʻina maʻamau
ʻO kahi manu kuʻi i ka nui o kahi siskin, e ulu nei ma mua o 12-15 knm a me ke kaupaona ʻana mai 10 a 15 g. Maʻalahi ke ʻike i ka hulahula ma o kāna kala ʻike ʻia. He brownish-hina dorsally nā kāne a ʻalani ʻulaʻula ma ka ʻōpū; ua hōʻike ʻia ke kalaunu a me ka kapa kiʻekiʻe i ka ʻulaʻula. ʻO ka lei wahine wale nō ka wahine wahine a me nā manu ʻōpio, akā pena keʻokeʻo ʻia ko lākou mau kino.
ʻOi aku ka makemake o ka hulahula piula e ola i ka taiga, tundra a me ka ululāʻau o Europe, ʻAmelika ʻĀkau a me ʻAsia. I ka taiga, pūnana ia i nā glades swampy liʻiliʻi a i ʻole nā mānoanoa o ka birch dwarf, inā mākou e kamaʻilio e pili ana i ka tundra shrub.
ʻOiaʻiʻo. Hīmeni lākou i ka hulahula piula liʻiliʻi, i ka manawa maʻa o ke kau moʻo. ʻAʻole mele nui ke mele, no ka mea, aia nā trill maloʻo e like me "thrrrrrrrr" a me kahi o nā koi mau "che-che-che".
I nā ʻāpana alpine a me subalpine, ʻoi aku ka maʻamau o ka hulahula piula mauna, a ma ka tundra / taiga Eurasia - ka hulahula piula lehu. Mālama ʻia nā lei āpau i nā puʻu o nā pūʻā a kani mau i ka lele, ke kani nei e like me "che-che", "chen", "che-che-che", "chiv", "cheeii" a i ʻole "chuv".
Kaʻa melemele, a i ʻole pliska
Liʻiliʻi iki ma mua o ke keokeo keʻokeʻo, akā ʻo ka palupalu like, eia naʻe, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka nānā ʻana ma muli o ke kiʻi ʻoluʻolu - nā ʻōmaʻomaʻo ʻōmaʻomaʻo-ʻōmaʻomaʻo i hui pū ʻia me nā ʻeheu ʻeleʻele-ʻeleʻele a me kahi huelo ʻeleʻele, nona nā hulu o ka huelo (ʻelua ʻelua) i pena keʻokeʻo ʻia. Hōʻike ka dimorphism moekolohe iā ia iho i kahi ʻōmaʻomaʻo ʻōmaʻomaʻo o ke poʻo o ke poʻo a me nā motts ma ka pahu i nā wahine. ʻO ke kaumaha o kahi pliska makua ma kahi o 17 g a ʻo 17-19 cm ka lōʻihi.
ʻO nā pūnana huakaʻi melemele ma ke komohana o Alaska, ma ʻAsia (koe wale no kona mau hema, hema hikina, a me nā ʻāina ʻākau loa), a ʻo ia hoʻi ma ka ʻākau o ʻApelika (Nile delta, Tunisia, ʻĀkau ʻo Algeria) a me ʻEulopa. Hoʻihoʻi nā wagtails melemele i ka waena waena o ko mākou ʻāina ma kahi i ka waena o ʻApelila, e hohola koke ana ma luna o nā wahi haʻahaʻa a me nā wahi pohopoho (kahi e ʻike ʻia ai nā ululāʻau maʻamau) a i ʻole nā bogh pey humat.
Lohe koke nā kahakaha pōkole mua o ka plisoks ma hope koke iho o ko lākou hōʻea ʻana mai ka hoʻoilo: piʻi ka kāne i kahi koʻokoʻo ikaika a hāmama ākea i kona nuku, hana i kāna serenade maʻalahi.
ʻImi ʻo Pliska i ka meaʻai, e ʻalo ana i waena o ka mauʻu a i ʻole ʻūlū i nā mea kolo i ka lewa, akā hana ia i ka lele, ʻokoʻa ka huakaʻi keʻokeʻo, ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o ka manawa. ʻAʻole ia he mea kupanaha no ka ʻai ʻana o ka ʻaina awakea o ka wagtail melemele i nā invertebrates liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi.
Chromosome "keu"
ʻAʻole i liʻuliʻu loa, ua kuhi ʻia kahi kuhiakau, mahalo i kēia chromosome, ua hiki i nā manu mele ke hoʻokau a puni ka puni honua. ʻO ke ola ʻana o kahi chromosome hou aʻe i loko o nā hunaola germ o nā manu mele i hōʻoia ʻia e nā biologists mai ka Institute of Cytology and Genetics o ka Russian Academy of Science, Novosibirsk a me St. Petersburg mau kula, a me ka Siberian Ecological Center.
Hoʻohālikelike nā ʻepekema i ka DNA o 16 mau ʻano manu mele (mai nā ʻohana 9, e like me bullfinches, siskin, titmice a me nā ale) a me 8 mau ʻano mai nā kauoha ʻē aʻe, e pili ana nā ʻoka, nā moa, nā geese, nā ʻāpala a me nā falcons.
ʻOiaʻiʻo. Ua hoʻololi ʻia ʻo nā ʻano mele mele ʻole, ʻoi aku lākou i ka wā kahiko (me kahi ʻike o ka noho ʻana ma ka Honua ma kahi o 35 miliona mau makahiki), he hoʻokahi chromosome i emi iho ma mua o nā ʻano mele i hōʻike ʻia ma ka honua ma hope.
Ma ke ala, ua loaʻa ka chromosome "over" mua i 1998 i loko o kahi zebra finch, akā pili kēia i kēlā me kēia ʻano.Ma hope (2014), ua loaʻa kahi chromosome hou i ka finch Iapana, kahi i noʻonoʻo ai nā ornithologists e pili ana.
Ua ʻōlelo ʻo nā meaolaola Lūkini ua hana ʻia ka chromosome keu ma mua o 30 miliona mau makahiki i hala aku nei, a he ʻokoʻa ka ulu ʻana no nā mea hīmeni āpau. ʻOiai ʻaʻole maopopo loa ke kuleana o kēia chromosome i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā songbirds, ua manaʻo ka ʻepekema ua hoʻonui ia i ka hiki ke hoʻopili ʻia o nā manu, e ʻae ana iā lākou e noho ma aneane o nā ʻāina āpau.
