ʻO Machaon kahi peʻapeʻa hiehie nui me nā mea i ʻike maka ʻia ma nā ʻēheu hope, nona ka inoa ʻano ʻole i ke kauka Helene ʻo Machaon.
Hōʻike Swallowtail
ʻO Papilio machaon ka mea kū i ka ʻohana o nā moku kū moku (cavaliers), kahi ʻāpana o ke kauoha Lepidoptera (Lepidoptera). ʻO Karl Linnaeus ka wehewehe mua o ka butterfly, e like me kona inoa Lākina.
Helehelena
ʻAʻole melemele nā ʻeheu ʻowela: i kekahi manawa keʻokeʻo keʻokeʻo, me nā ʻeleʻele ʻano ʻino, a hana ʻia me ka palena ʻeleʻele me nā semicircles māmā. ʻIke ʻia kēia hiʻohiʻona ma nā pale pale i mua, ʻo ka poʻe hope e mālamalama a maʻalahi hoʻi.
Hele ka nalu ākea (pale polū) i nā ʻēheu hope o ka ʻohana, i kaupalena ʻia e nā "palena" ʻeleʻele ma luna a ma lalo. ʻO ka ʻāpana o ka ʻēheu e pili kokoke ana i ke kino o ka butterfly he ʻāpana ʻulaʻula / ʻalani i ʻike ʻia me kahi outline ʻeleʻele. Hoʻohui ʻia, hoʻolako ʻia nā ʻēheu hope i nā hiʻu coquettish (a 1 cm ka lōʻihi).
ʻO ke kino o ka ʻanalā, i hoʻonui ʻia me nā lauoho māmā, ʻokiʻoki ʻia i loko o nā laina ʻeleʻele kikoʻī ʻole ma ka ʻōpū a me ka umauma, ʻoiai ke ʻano pouli loa ke kua ma muli o kahi ʻeleʻele manoanoa e holo ana mai ke poʻo a ka lalo. ʻO ka hāmeʻa waha e like me ka proboscis ʻeleʻele, ʻōwili ʻia me he mea pono ʻole a hoʻoponopono ʻia e omo i ka wai pua. Lōʻihi ka lae, hoʻokaʻawale i nā antennae me nā puʻupuʻu i ʻike ʻia ma nā ʻōlelo aʻoaʻo.
Mea nui. Hoʻokomo ʻia ke poʻo poepoe a me ka sedentary me nā maka maka paʻakikī e noho ana ma nā ʻaoʻao. Kōkua ka maka i ka ʻanalā e hoʻokaʻawale ma waena o nā waihoʻoluʻu a me nā mea, a ma laila e hoʻokele ai i ka ʻāina.
ʻO ka loli o ka lauana / kala e pili ana i ka manawa o nā kupu lele a me ka ʻāina o ko lākou wahi noho. ʻO ka mamao aku o ka ʻākau, ʻo ka paler ka tofowtail. ʻIke ʻia nā mea liʻiliʻi i waena o nā butterflies o ka hanauna mua, ʻoiai ʻo ka lua o ka hanauna ʻaʻole i ʻoi aku ka mālamalama, akā ʻoi aku ka nui. ʻOiaʻiʻo, i ka hanauna mua, ʻoi aku ka ʻokoʻa o nā lauʻeleʻele o nā ʻeheu. Inā wela loa ke kauwela, puka mau nā ʻōpala liʻiliʻi mai nā pupae me nā kāhiko ʻeleʻele i hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻia.
ʻAno like ʻo Papilio machaon me ka Papilio hoʻokipa (Corsican sailboat), akā ʻokoʻa ia ma nā wahi ʻulaʻula / polū nui, ʻoi aku ka pouli o nā ʻēheu a me nā huelo lōʻihi.
Nā ana Swallowtail
He pepe diurnal nui me kahi ʻēheu o 64 a 95 mm o. Hoʻoholo ʻia ka nui o ka ʻanuʻu e kāna moekolohe, hanauna (1, 2 a i ʻole 3), a me kahi o ka noho.
Auila
ʻO Swallowtail, e like me nā moku peʻa ʻē aʻe, ʻeleu i nā lā mahana mahana. I kēlā ʻano anilā, loaʻa iā ia kāna mau pua punahele a me nā inflorescences, nāna e hānai iā ia me ka nectar i piha me nā microelement waiwai. Pono nā nalu i nectar he nui, no laila ʻike pinepine ʻia lākou i nā pāka, nā kula a me nā māla.
Teritori nā kāne, me ke kikowaena o ka panalāʻau i wae ʻia i kahi kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe. Hoʻopili pinepine nā kāne swallowtail i nā hui (10-15 mau kānaka), e noho ana i ka manure a i ʻole ma kapa o nā kino wai kokoke. Noho pū nā kāne a me nā wahine ma luna o nā puʻu, nā lāʻau kiʻekiʻe, a i ʻole lele i ka lewa, e hōʻike ana i kahi hulahula maʻamau i luna a i lalo.
Hoihoi. I ke kūlohelohe, paʻakikī loa e hopu i kahi butterfly e noho ana me kona mau ʻeheu hāmama i loko o kahi haka, ʻoiai ʻo ka mea hope e hūnā hapa ʻia ma lalo o nā mea mua.
Hana ʻia kēia i ka hāʻule ʻana o nā kukuna o ka lā ma luna o ka ale ʻoluʻolu (i ka puka ʻana o ka lā a i ʻole ma hope o ka ua), a hohola ia i kona mau ʻeheu i ka hiki ke hoʻomehana a lele wikiwiki aku. Hoʻolahalaha ʻo Swallowtail i kona mau ʻēheu kupaianaha no kekahi mau minuke, a ua manaʻo ʻia he kūleʻa nui loa ka mea paʻi kiʻi e paʻi kiʻi i kēia manawa.
Wā ola
Lele ʻo Swallowtail (e noʻonoʻo ana i nā kūlana o ka manawa) hāʻule i ka wā pua-kau, i ka wā i hānau ʻia ai hoʻokahi, ʻelua a ʻekolu paha mau hanauna o nā butterflies. Hāʻawi ka hapa nui o nā ale i ka honua i nā hanauna he 2, ma ke kūkulu ʻākau o ka pae - hoʻokahi a hoʻokahi wale nō, akā ma ʻApelika ʻĀkau - ma kahi o ʻekolu. ʻO ka lele o nā butterflies i nā aniau ʻano mau ka lōʻihi mai Mei a ʻAukake, ma ka ʻāina ʻApelika mai Malaki a Nowemapa. ʻO ke ola ʻana o ka ʻalopā (nānā ʻole i ka wahi) ma kahi o 3 mau pule.
Dimorphism moekolohe
Hōʻike palupalu ʻia ka moekolohe dimorphism i loko o nā ale a hōʻike iā ia iho i ka nui o nā butterflies. ʻOi aku ka liʻiliʻi o nā kāne ma mua o nā wahine, i hiki ke ʻike ʻia, e ka ʻāpana ʻēheu: i ka mua, 64-81 mm o kēia anakahi, mai ka 74 a 95 mm o ka lua.
Nā ʻāpana butterfly Swallowtail
Lepidopterists (entomologists nāna e aʻo i nā butterflies) e kamaʻilio e pili ana i nā ʻāpana he nui a Papilio machaon, e hoʻopaʻapaʻa nei no ka helu hope loa. Loaʻa i kekahi poʻe ma lalo o 37 mau ʻaoʻao, ʻo kekahi hapa o ka nui.
Loaʻa nā ʻāpana nominative o ka walowtail i ka Hikina ʻEulopa, nā subspecies britannicus Seitz ma Great Britain, a me nā subspecies gorganus ma Central Europe, ma ka hema o ka Lūkini Plain a ma ka ʻākau komohana o Caucasus. I Iapana, ma nā Kurile a me Sakhalin, noho nā ʻohana hippocrates, kahi i loaʻa ai kahi kahakaha polū (ma luna o nā maka o ka ʻaoʻao hope) ma waena o ʻelua mau ʻeleʻele. ʻAʻole like ka nui o nā ʻāpana sachalinensis e like me nā ale ʻē aʻe, a kū i waho i ke kala melemele mālamalama me ka hoʻonani ʻeleʻele ikaika.
I ka makahiki 1928, ua wehewehe ka Japanese entomologist Matsumura i ʻelua mau ʻāpana hou o ka ʻohana ʻāpana - chishimana Mats. (Shikotan Island) a me mandschurica (Manchuria). No kekahi mau ʻepekema, kānalua nō lākou.
No nā steppes Trans-Baikal a me Central Yakutia, ʻelua mau ʻāpana like - orientis (loaʻa ma ka ʻaoʻao hema o ka pae) a me asiatica (e noho ana ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻākau iki aʻe). ʻO nā ʻāpana orientis, me nā huelo pōkole ma nā ʻeheu a me kahi ʻeleʻele i hāpai ʻia ma nā aʻa, he mea maʻa mau ia ma ka hema o Siberia. ʻIke ʻia kahi ʻano hoihoi o ke kala i nā kamtschadalus subspecies - eia kahi palupalu o ke kumu ʻeleʻele ma nā ʻēheu ʻoiai e mālama ana i ka ʻōmaʻomaʻo ʻōmaʻomaʻo nui, a me ka hōʻemi ʻana o nā huelo.
ʻO ke kiaha o ka waena a me ka Amur haʻahaʻa e noho ʻia e nā subsurecies amurensis, kahi ʻōpelu melemele māmā me nā huelo pokole. Ma nā moku ʻo Amur a me Primorye, ua ʻike ʻia kahi subspecies ussuriensis, nona ka hanauna o ke kauwela e ʻike ʻia e nā kānaka nunui - me ka ʻēheu o a hiki i ka 94 mm o nā wahine. ʻAʻole ʻike kekahi poʻe ʻauhau ʻauhau i nā ʻāpana ussuriensis, e kāhea nei iā ia ke ʻano kauwela o nā ʻāpana amurensis.
Me nā mea i kapa ʻia, ʻike ʻokoʻa nā entomologists i kekahi mau ʻāpana ʻē aʻe o ka ʻowowtail:
- aliaska Scudder - noho i ʻAmelika Hema;
- Centralis - hikina o ka Greater Caucasus, ke kapakai Caucasian o ke kai Caspian, steppes / semi-deserts o ka Northern Caspian, mauna Talysh, Kura awāwa a me ʻIrani;
- muetingi Seyer - Elbrus;
- weidenhofferi Seyer - nā pali hema o ke Kopetdag;
- ʻo syriacus kahi ʻohana ʻĀkia liʻiliʻi i loaʻa ma Suria;
- rustaveli - nā pae waena mauna a kiʻekiʻe o ka Caucasus.
Hoʻomaopopo hapa ʻia nā subspecies o ka ʻowowtail ma ke ʻano he kikowaena, i kapa ʻia wale ia ke ʻano wela kiʻekiʻe o Papilio machaon, a me weidenhofferi Seyer (ʻano wai puna liʻiliʻi e like me nā ʻohana nominative).
Kahi noho, wahi noho
Kaulana ka pepe ʻalalona i ka poʻe noho o ka ʻāina ʻo ʻEulopa (koe wale no ʻIlelani a me Denmark) mai ke kapakai o ka Moana ʻAtika a hiki i ke Kai ʻEleʻele a me Caucasus. Hana maikaʻi nā Lunamakaʻāinana o nā lāhui ma ʻAsia, e like me ka tropical, a ma ʻAmelika ʻĀkau a me ʻApelika ʻĀkau.
ʻOiaʻiʻo. Hoʻopili ʻo Swallowtail i ka nahele, ululāʻau a me nā hiʻohiʻona mauna. I nā kuahiwi o ʻEulopa, no ka laʻana, ma nā kuahiwi, ʻike ʻia ma kahi kiʻekiʻe o 2 km ma luna o ka ʻilikai, ma ʻAsia (Tibet) - ma kahi kiʻekiʻe he 4,5 km.
ʻO nā wahi ʻo nā ʻohana ʻohana manuahi kahi ākea e like me:
- steppes a me nā wahi limu maloʻo;
- hāʻule;
- mauʻu mesophilic;
- mauʻu kiʻekiʻe a me nā nāhelehele pulu;
- nā pāka kūlanakauhale a me nā ulu ulu lāʻau;
- nā māla māla a me nā māla lāʻau.
Makemake ʻo ia i nā biotopes hoʻomehana maikaʻi me nā kulu pulu, kahi e ulu ai ka malu o ka ʻai. I ke kūkulu ʻākau, noho ka mea ʻala i ka tundra, i nā ululāʻau lele lele pinepine ia ma nā lihi a me nā aniani, lele i nā ʻaoʻao o nā ala. ʻAʻole ia e makaʻu i nā kaiaolaola, nā agrocenose i kapa ʻia.
I ka ʻāina haʻahaʻa ʻo Caspian (Azerbaijan, Kalmykia a me ka ʻāina ʻo Astrakhan), pili ia i nā steppes puʻu a i nā wao akua ʻole me nā puʻu. ʻOiai e neʻe ana, lele kēlā manawa kēia manawa i loko o nā kūlanakauhale liʻiliʻi a nui, e like me megalopolises.
ʻO kaʻai Swallowtail
I nā ʻāpana steppes a me nā wao akua o Central Asia, lilo ka wormwood i mea kanu mea ʻai nui. I ka laina waena, hānai ka mea ʻala i ka mea hoʻomalu umbrella:
- hogweed a me nā kāloti (hihiu / maʻamau);
- ka dill, ka pāhiri a me ka fennel;
- angelica, keleka a me ke kumino;
- hortikultural, buteny a me nā prangos;
- gircha, cutlery a me girchavnitsa;
- ʻūhā saxifrage, mea ʻoki maʻamau a me nā mea ʻē aʻe.
I nā biotopes ʻē aʻe, hānai ka mea ʻala i nā ʻano rue like ʻole (Amur velvet, lehu ululāʻau, nā ʻano lau āpau āpau) a me ka birch, e like me ka alder a Maksimovich a me nā alder Iapana e ulu ana ma South Kuriles. Inu nā mākua i ka nectar, hānai iā ia me kā lākou proboscis, e lele ana mai kahi pua a kahi pua a ʻaʻole kau palena ʻia i nā mea umbrella.
Hoʻohua a me nā keiki
Hiki i ka wahine ʻona ke hoʻomoe i 120 mau hua i kona wā pōkole. Hana ʻia ke kaʻina hana i ka lewa, kahi e lele ai ka butterfly ma luna o nā mea kanu, e waiho ana ma ka ʻaoʻao lalo o ka lau a i ʻole ka ʻaoʻao pili o ke kumu. I ke aniau, loaʻa mau nā hua ma nā ʻano umbrella a i ʻole nā rue. I ka wā o ke hoʻokokoke ʻana, hoʻomoe ka wahine i kekahi wahine, i kekahi manawa ʻekolu, hua liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi, maʻamau i ʻōmaʻomaʻo-melemele i ke kala.
Lawe ka pae hua manu i 4-5 mau lā, a ma hope iho e kolo ai kahi ʻenuhe ʻeleʻele (larva) mai ona me nā "warts" māmā a me kahi kiko keʻokeʻo waena ma kona kua. Ke ulu a makua, hoʻololi nā ʻenuhe i ko lākou kala i ke kahakaha kea, i ʻōmaʻomaʻo ʻeleʻele a me nā ʻeleʻele (me nā kiko ʻalani) e kuapo ai.
ʻAi ikaika ka larvae a ulu a 8-9 mm i hoʻokahi pule. ʻO ka ipu punahele a ka ʻenuhe nā pua a me nā ovaries, kahi lau liʻiliʻi o nā lau nahele. He ulana loa ka ʻenuhe a ʻaʻole ia e hiolo i lalo, ʻoiai e ʻoki ana i ke kumu a neʻe aku i kahi ʻē.
Hoihoi. I ka lā, hiki i hoʻokahi ʻanuʻu ʻowela ke hoʻopau i kahi moena liʻiliʻi o ka pi. Akā i ka hopena o kāna hoʻomohala ʻana, ʻaʻole ʻai ka larva i ka ʻai.
ʻO ka pae hope loa, ma mua o ke ʻano o kahi butterfly nani, he pupation. Loaʻa ka loli i kahi pupa ma ke kumu o ka mea kanu i ʻai ʻia a i ʻole ka mea kokoke. Hoʻoholo ʻia ke kala o ka pupa e ke kau. ʻO nā lau o ke kauwela e ʻōmaʻomaʻo melemele a hoʻomohala i 2-3 mau pule wale nō. ʻEleʻele nā mea hoʻoilo, no ka mea, mimic lākou i ke kala o ka ʻili a me nā lau i hina. Hānau hou ʻia lākou i loko o ka butterfly i kekahi mau mahina ma hope, ke hiki mai kahi wela mau.
ʻEnemi kūlohelohe
Hānai ʻia nā keiki a Papilio machaon e nā manu, e like me nā pū ʻohe, nā ʻūlū a me nā nightingales, e luku ana a 40-50% o nā ʻenuhe. Hoʻohui ʻia i nā manu, ʻo nā ʻenemi kūlohelohe o ka ʻohana manu ʻino nā mea kolo, e like me nā nananana nunui. E like me nā moku peʻa holoʻokoʻa, hāʻawi ʻia ka ʻanuʻu (ʻoi aku ka pololei, kāna ʻenuhe) mai ka hānau ʻana me kahi ʻano pale - he ʻōpuʻu kēia e like me ka fork i ka mahele prothoracic, i kapa ʻia ʻo osmeterium.
Ke waiho nei i kahi ʻenuhe hoʻopilikia i mua i kahi osmeterium (kahi mau pepeiaohao ʻalani alualu ākea), ke hoʻopuka nei i kahi huna ʻalani-melemele me ka pilau ʻaʻala.
Hoʻohana wale ʻia ka makaʻu me osmeteria e nā ʻōpio a me nā ʻōpio waena: ʻaʻole hoʻohana nā ʻenuhe makua i ke gland. Hana maikaʻi ka hoʻokuʻu kūpaka ʻana o osmeteria i nā nalo, nā popoki, a me nā lele, akā makehewa loa ia i nā manu. Ma ʻaneʻi ka butterfly e hoʻohana i nā ʻenehana ʻē aʻe - lele koke ia i kona mau ʻeheu, makaʻu me nā kala huali a hoʻololi i ka maka o ka mea ʻino mai kāna meaola nui i nā maka / huelo o nā ʻeheu.
Waiwai waiwai
ʻO Hypothetically, i ka wā o ka hoʻouluulu nui ʻana, ma kahi kokoke i nā mea kanu mahiʻai, i nā ululāʻau, nā māla a i ʻole nā pāka, hiki i ka butterowowtail butterfly ke lilo i pest, no ka mea, ʻai nā ʻenuhe i nā pua a me nā ovaries o nā mea kanu mahi ʻai. Akā i ke ola maoli, ʻoowowtail (ma muli o kā lākou helu liʻiliʻi) mai hana ʻino i ka mahiʻai a pono lākou i ka pale.
Heluna a me ke kūlana o kēia ʻano
Ma ka papa inoa ʻulaʻula o IUCN, aia ʻo Papilio machaon ma ka mahele LC ma ke ʻano he Least Concern. ʻOiai ke ʻano o ka iho i lalo, ka ʻāpana ikaika a me ka hōʻemi ʻana o ka nui o nā mākua, he laha ākea ka ʻona, ʻo ia hoʻi ma kāna palena Mediterania.
Wahi a IUCN, ua emi ka heluna o ka ale ale i ka honua ma lalo o 25% i loko o nā makahiki he 10 i hala, a no laila ke kumu i hoʻokomo ʻia ai ka laha i ka mahele LC.
Eia nō naʻe, ʻike ʻia kahi emi ʻana o ka heluna o nā heluna o ka ʻāina i kekahi mau ʻāina o ʻEulopa, ʻApelika ʻĀkau a me ka Hikina Waena. Hāʻawi kekahi mau ʻāina i nā kiʻi kikoʻī, haʻi kekahi i ka hāʻule.
- Morocco - heleleʻi ka lehulehu e 30-50%;
- Pokukala a me Montenegro - e 10-30%;
- Israel - ʻike i nā loli nui loa;
- Croatia a me Algeria - hōʻole i hoʻopaʻa ʻia.
Ua hoʻokomo ʻia ʻo Papilio machaon i loko o nā puke ʻIkepili Ulaula o Kelemānia, Latvia, Lituania, Ukraine, a pale ikaika ʻia i kēia mau mokuʻāina. ʻAʻole ʻike ʻia ka ʻanela i nā ʻaoʻao o ka puke ʻIkepili ʻulaʻula o Lūkia, i wehewehe ʻia e nā loli nui i nā helu i kekahi mau wahi. Akā ua lilo ka butterowowtail butterfly i mea pale a i nā makahiki like ʻole i ʻike ʻia i loko o nā puke Red o Moscow, Crimea, Krasnoyarsk Teritori, Rostov, Belgorod a me nā wahi ʻo Leningrad.
Māhele nā Entomologists i nā mea e hoʻopili maikaʻi ʻole i ka poʻe i ale i ka popoki i nā mea kūlohelohe a anthropogenic.
Nā hoʻoweliweli kūlohelohe:
- wela o ka ea, ʻaʻohe o ka lā i ka wā o ka male ʻana / ovipositor;
- ka ua ua lōʻihi, e alakaʻi ana i ka lanakila o ka larvae e nā parasites / fungi;
- ka neʻe ʻana o nā mea kanu kūwaho umbellate kūloko (nano-me-not glandular, ʻo Sosnovsky's hogweed a me nā mea ʻē aʻe);
- nā hau hau, pale i ka pupation o ka larva a hiki i kona make ʻana.
ʻO nā kumu Anthropogenic e hoʻopau a hōʻino paha i nā wahi maʻamau o ka ale
- ahi nāhelehele, ʻo ke ahi hoʻi a me ka mauʻu i hāʻule;
- lapaʻau insecticidal o ka ʻāina mahiʻai;
- e palau ana i nā wahi puʻupaʻa o ka ʻanepele;
- hoʻomohala nui;
- ulu lāʻau steppe;
- overgrazing;
- hoʻohaʻahaʻa o nā nāhelehele me ka hoʻoliʻiliʻi lehulehu lehulehu;
- ka hoʻopau ʻana i nā ʻenuhe a me ka hopu ʻana i nā butterflies no nā hōʻiliʻili.
ʻO ia mau ʻanuʻu e kōkua ai i ka mālama ʻana i ka ale ale, ma ka liʻiliʻi o kona heluna nui o ʻEulopa, - hoʻihoʻi hou ʻana i nā lau nahele forb; nā ʻano kūikawā o ka ʻoki mosaic o nā kula / nā kula i ʻole e ulu nui me nā mea kanu lāʻau; ke pale nei i ka neʻe ʻana o nā umbellates e nā mauʻu ʻē aʻe; hāʻule ka hoʻokō ʻana i ka pāpā ma luna o ka puna a hoʻonui i ka uku no ka ʻaihue. Hoʻohui ʻia, pāpā ʻia ka alualu ʻole ʻana i nā ale, ʻohiʻohi i nā ʻenuhe a me nā butterflies no nā hōʻiliʻili.
