ʻAʻole hōʻeuʻeu nā punawelewele i ke aloha no ka hapanui o ka poʻe: ʻo ka ʻike ʻana i kahi punawelewele ʻino ʻole, ke kolo nei me ka maluhia e pili ana i kāna ʻoihana a me ka hōʻeha ʻole i kekahi, hiki ke hoʻomakaʻu i ka makaʻu iā lākou. A ʻo ka poʻe makemake ʻole e lele i ka ʻike ʻana i kahi punawelewele tarantula nunui a makaʻu hoʻi, ʻoi aku ka nui. Eia nō naʻe, hiki ʻole ke ʻae aku he holoholona hoihoi loa ka nananana. A, inā ʻoe e nānā pono aku iā lākou, hiki iā ʻoe ke loaʻa nā mea nani i waena o lākou.
Ka wehewehe ʻana i nā nananana
Manaʻo ʻia nā punawelewele i ka nui o nā lāhui i ke kauoha arachnids. ʻO ka hapanui o nā laha o kēia mau arthropods he predatory, e hānai nei i nā mea kolo, a me nā moʻo liʻiliʻi, nā manu waena a me nā holoholona liʻiliʻi ʻē aʻe.
Helehelena
ʻO ke kino o nā nananana, ʻelua mau ʻāpana nui - ka cephalothorax a me ka ʻōpū, ʻoi aku ka nui a me ke ʻano o ka hope i nā ʻano like ʻole o kēia mau arthropods. Ma ka cephalothorax he 8 mau wāwae, ʻelua mau wāwae pōkole, a lākou e pono ai no ka hana hou ʻana, a me kahi mea hana waha me nā ʻāpana ʻelua, ua kapa ʻia ka ʻepekema ʻo chelicera.
Ma ka ʻōpū, loaʻa nā wīwī kolo, e hana ana i ka pulupulu e hele no ke kūkulu ʻana i nā ʻupena a me nā puka hanu.
ʻO Chelicerae ke nānā aku e like me nā pincer a aia ma nā ʻaoʻao o ka waha. ʻO ko lākou nui ma mua o ka lōʻihi o nā wāwae a me nā wāwae. Ma o lākou lā e lawe ʻia ai ka lako o ka lāʻau make i hana ʻia i loko o nā gland.
Ke hilinaʻi nei i ka laha, hiki i nā kolo ke loaʻa i nā maka ʻokoʻa o ka maka: mai ka 2 a i ka 12. I ka manawa like, aia kekahi o kā lākou pālua, i lako pono me nā mākala, i mua pono. Hiki i ka holoholona ke neʻe i kēia mau maka, e ʻae iā ia e hoʻonui nui i ka maka o ka nānā.
ʻO ke koena o nā maka, inā loaʻa, hiki ke loaʻa kahi ʻokoʻa: i mua, i luna, a i ʻole nā ʻaoʻao o ka cephalothorax. Kapa ʻia ia mau maka i mea kōkua, a inā aia lākou i waenakonu ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe o ka cephalothorax - parietal.
Hoʻohālike ke cephalothorax i kahi cone i kekahi mau ʻano, ʻoiai i kekahi ʻē aʻe he lāʻau like me ka lāʻau. Hiki i nā ʻōpū ke loaʻa i nā ʻano like ʻole: puni, oval, ʻoi loa elongated, ʻane like me ka worm-like. Hiki i ka ʻōpū ke loaʻa i nā wānana angular a i ʻole nā hana o nā nui a me nā ʻano. I nā spider o ka suborder o ka ʻōpū articular, ke nānā aku nei ka ʻōpū me he mea lā o nā ʻelima mau ʻāpana. I kekahi mau ʻano e pili ana i ka suborder o nā spider maoli, ua mālama ʻia nā kihi o ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana o ka ʻōpū, akā ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o ka ʻōlelo ma mua o nā mea i manaʻo ʻia he artific-bellied.
Pili ke poʻo a me ka ʻōpū i kahi lāʻau i kapa ʻia, he pūkuʻu liʻiliʻi a ʻiki hoʻi.
Holo ka punawelewele me ke kōkua o ʻewalu mau wāwae hele wāwae, a ʻo kēlā me kēia ʻāpana he 7 ʻāpana e pili ana i kekahi i kekahi a me kahi māiʻuʻu e hoʻopau ai iā lākou - ʻoluʻolu a serrated paha.
Hoʻololi ka nui o kēia mau holoholona: no ka laʻana, ʻo ka lōʻihi o ka mea liʻiliʻi loa o nā ʻelele o 0.37 mm, a ʻo ka punawelewele ʻo tarantula nui loa a hiki i 9 cm ka lōʻihi, a a 25 cm i ka lōʻihi o ka wāwae.
ʻO ke kala i ka hapanui o nā laha he brownish, dilute me nā kiko keʻokeʻo a i ʻole nā lauana ʻē aʻe. Pili kēia i ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, ʻokoʻa ka nui o nā holoholona ʻē aʻe, ʻekolu wale nō ʻano pigmenta o nā kolo: ʻike maka, bile (i kapa ʻia hoʻi bilins) a me guanines, ʻoiai aia paha he mau pigment ʻē aʻe i hiki ʻole i nā ʻepekema ke ʻike.
Hāʻawi nā Bilin i kēia mau holoholona i ke kala ʻeleʻele o ka ʻokoʻa a ka mālamalama ʻokoʻa, a na nā guanines ke kuleana no nā keʻokeʻo a me nā kala silvery. E pili ana i nā pig pige kiʻi, ʻike ʻia lākou ma muli o ka pale ʻana a i ʻole ka lūlū ʻana o ka malamalama. Nāna e lawe i nā nananana o nā waihoʻoluʻu lilelile, e like me, laʻana, nā peacock, aie i kā lākou waihoʻoluʻu multicolor.
ʻO ke kino o kahi nananana, e pili ana i kona ʻano, hiki ke maʻalahi a uhi ʻia paha me nā hulu he nui, a i kekahi o kēia mau holoholona e like me ka hulu pōkole a mānoanoa.
Mea nui! Manaʻo kuhi hewa nā poʻe he kolo i nā kolo, akā mamao loa kēia mai ka hihia. ʻO Spider kahi hui o nā arachnids e pili ana i ka ʻano arthropod. ʻO ko lākou ʻokoʻa nui mai nā pepeke ka noho ʻana ʻaʻole ʻeono, akā ʻewalu mau wāwae.
ʻO ka nohona Spider
ʻAneʻane nā spider a pau, koe wale nō kekahi ʻano, he poʻe ʻaihue a alakaʻi nui i kahi ola honua. I ka manawa like, hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ko lākou mau laha āpau i nā mea noho, ʻaʻole holo lākou ma hope o kā lākou mea pio, akā, ke kau nei i kahi pūnaewele, e hoʻomoe hoʻomoe iā ia no ka hoʻohālua ʻana, a i nā poʻe hele hewa, ʻaʻole lākou e kūkulu i kahi pūnaewele, a no ka ʻimi ʻana i nā mea pio hiki ke uhi i nā wahi nui no lākou.
ʻAʻole lākou ʻike maikaʻi: i nā lelepele lele wale nō, mahalo i nā maka a puni ko lākou poʻo, aneane 360 kekelē ke nānā aku. Eia kekahi, maikaʻi nā lio i ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i nā waihoʻoluʻu, nā kinona a me nā nui o nā mea a pololei e helu pono i ka mamao iā lākou.
ʻO ka hapa nui o nā spider auwana e alakaʻi i kahi nohona hunter hana. No laila, hiki i nā lio like ke lele i kahi mamao i ʻoi aku i ka lōʻihi o ko lākou kino.
ʻO nā spider i ulana i nā ʻupena hei a hoʻohana iā lākou e ʻimi i nā kolo a i ʻole nā holoholona liʻiliʻi ʻē aʻe e emi ka hana. ʻAʻohe o lākou hiki ke lele, a makemake lākou e kali no kā lākou mea pio, e noho ana i kahi hoʻohālua, a ke hāʻule wale ia i ka pūnaewele a laila holo lākou iā ia.
ʻAʻole huhū nā ʻano nui o nā nananana: ʻaʻole lākou i kiki ma ka pūnaewele a i ʻole nā pūnana o nā holoholona ʻē aʻe a me ka poʻe e hele aʻe ana iā lākou, akā hiki iā lākou ke hoʻouka ke hoʻopilikia ʻia lākou.
ʻO ka hapa nui o kēia mau holoholona he mehameha. Eia nō naʻe, hiki i nā lunamaka o kekahi laha ke hana i nā hui kaiaulu nui a hiki ke hoʻokomo ʻia i loko o kekahi mau kaukani mau kānaka. Maliʻa paha, ʻaʻole ʻoi aku kēia mau pūʻulu spider ma mua o nā ʻohana nunui, i hoʻokumu ʻia ma muli o ka ʻike ʻia ʻana o nā nalo ʻōpio, no kekahi kumu wale nō i ʻike ʻia e lākou, ua noho kokoke lākou i ko lākou pūnana ʻōiwi a hoʻomaka lākou e kau i kā lākou ʻupena hei i kā lākou makuahine. ʻOiaʻiʻo, ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o nā spider i nā holoholona kaiaulu ma mua o, no ka laʻana, na naonao a me nā pi. Akā hiki iā lākou ke hana pū, no ka laʻana, kuʻi pū i kahi mea pio nui, kahi i hiki ʻole i kekahi kanaka ke eo. Pēlā nō, hiki i nā kamaʻāina o nā ʻāpana punawelewele ke mālama like i nā keiki.
Eia nō naʻe, i waena o lākou kekahi i hiki ke kapa ʻia he mau drone: ʻaʻole alualu holoholona lākou me nā lālā ʻē aʻe o ke kolone, akā i ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i ka mea pio, hiki ke ʻike ʻia i mua. ʻAʻole kūʻē nā poʻe e ʻimi nei i ka ʻimi i nā ʻano o ia ʻano a kaʻana like ʻole i kā lākou pio me lākou, e hāʻawi ana iā lākou i nā ʻāpana maikaʻi loa.
ʻAʻole maopopo i nā ʻepekema he aha ke kumu o kēia ʻano hana naʻaupō no nā mea punawelewele: ma hope o nā mea āpau, ʻaʻole lākou i makemake e kaʻana like i kā lākou mea pio me kekahi wale nō. Kohu mea lā, ʻo kēia mau "palaualelo" he kuleana kā lākou, kānalua ʻole, he kuleana nui a koʻikoʻi no ke ola o ke kolone holoʻokoʻa.
Ke ulu mau nei nā punawelewele, akā ma muli o ka uhi ʻia o ko lākou kino me ka membrane chitinous paʻa, hiki iā lākou ke ulu a hiki i ka pau ʻana o kā lākou ulu e ka exoskeleton. Ke ulu ka holoholona i ka nui o ka membrane chitinous, hoʻomaka ʻo ia e hoʻoheheʻe. Ma mua ona, kū ka punawelewele i ka ʻai ʻana a holo wikiwiki e peʻe i kahi puʻuhonua i hiki ʻole i kekahi mea ke hoʻopilikia iā ia ke hoʻokahe ʻo ia i kona "ʻili" kahiko a loaʻa kahi mea hou. I ka manawa like, loli iki kona helehelena: loaʻa i nā wāwae i ka malu ʻeleʻele, a me ka ʻōpū i kipaku ʻia i hope, no laila e wehewehe pono ʻia ke koʻokoʻo e pili ana iā ia i ka cephalothorax.
I ka pae mua o ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana, hoʻokahe ʻia ka hemolymph i ka ʻaoʻao mua o ke kino, no ka mea ua pāpālua kona kaupaona, a ʻaʻole hiki ke kaomi i ka exoskeleton chitinous i 200 mbar. Ma muli o kēia, ʻano hohola ʻia paha, no laila e ʻike maka ʻia nā wili ma ka ʻōpū o ka nananana. A laila hū ka uhi chitinous mai nā ʻaoʻao a ʻo ka ʻōpū ka mea mua e hoʻokuʻu ʻia ma lalo o ia. Ma hope o kēlā, hoʻokuʻu ka spider i ka cephalothorax a, ʻo ka hopena, nā wāwae mai ka pūpū kahiko.
A eia ke kali nei ka pilikia nui iā ia: ka makaʻu o ka hiki ʻole ke hoʻokuʻu iā ia iho mai ka "ʻili" ʻelemakule. Hana ia ma muli o ka hoʻonui ʻia o ke kaomi hemolymph, kū ʻia ka edema o nā lālā, kahi mea paʻakikī e huki iā lākou mai ka membrane chitinous kahiko. ʻO nā hulu ma nā wāwae, i loaʻa i nā ʻano nui o nā nananana, hiki ke hoʻonāukiuki nui i ka pae hope loa o ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana. I kēia hihia, e make ka holoholona. Inā holo pono nā mea āpau, a laila ma hope o ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana o ka spider i kona mau wāwae mai ka exoskeleton kahiko, ʻo ka hope loa, me ke kōkua o ka waha e wehe ana a me ka chelicera, hoʻomaʻemaʻe iā lākou a me nā ʻāpana o ka wāwae mai nā koena o ka pūpū kahiko.
ʻO ke kaʻina molting iho, kaukaʻi ʻia i ke ʻano a me ka nui o ka holoholona, mai 10 mau minuke a i kekahi mau hola. No kekahi manawa, noho ka punawelewele hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i kahi puʻuhonua, ʻoiai ka palupalu o ka pūpū chitinous hou a ʻaʻole hiki ke lawelawe ma ke ʻano he pale kūpaʻa mai nā mea ʻaihue. Akā ke paʻakikī ka exoskeleton chitinous, haʻalele ka spider i ka puʻuhonua a hoʻi i kona ʻano o ke ola ma mua.
Pehea ka lōʻihi o ke ola ʻana o nā nananana
ʻAʻole i ʻoi aku ka lōʻihi o ke ola o ka hapanui o nā ʻano i 1 makahiki. Eia nō naʻe, hiki i nā spider tarantula ke ola i 8-9 mau makahiki. A ʻo kekahi o lākou, e noho pio ana ma Mekiko, ua hoʻopaʻa i kahi moʻolelo maoli i kona wā i ola ai i 26 mau makahiki. Wahi a nā ʻike i hōʻoia ʻole ʻia, hiki i nā tarantula ke ola a 30 mau makahiki a ʻoi paha.
Dimorphism moekolohe
I ka hapanui o nā laha, haʻi ikaika ia. ʻO nā kāne, ma ke ʻano he kaulike, ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi ma mua o nā wahine, a, i kekahi manawa, ʻo ka ʻokoʻa o ka nui ka mea nui e hiki ai ke kuhihewa nā lunamakaʻāinana o nā ʻano wahine ʻokoʻa. Akā ʻo nā spider kālā e noho ana ma lalo o ka wai he mau kāne nui ka nui ma mua o nā wahine. A i nā lio he nui, ʻane like like ka nui o kēlā me kēia ʻano wahine.
I ka manawa like, ʻoi aku ka wāwae o nā kāne, ʻaʻohe mea e pūʻiwa ai: ma hope o nā mea āpau, ʻo lākou ka mea e ʻimi nei i nā wahine, ʻaʻole a ʻo ka versa, a no laila makemake wale lākou i nā mea no ka neʻe wikiwiki, ʻo ia ko lākou mau wāwae elongated.
Hoihoi! Noho ka punawelewele ʻo ka peacock e noho ana ma ka hikina ʻo Australia a me Tasmania kahi kino i pena ʻia i nā aka ʻōniʻoniʻo o ka uliuli, ʻulaʻula, ʻōmaʻomaʻo a me ka melemele, ʻoiai ke nānā aku ko lākou spider i akahai.
Punawelewele, pūnaewele
He mea hūnā ia e paʻa ana i ka lewa, i hūnā ʻia e nā nūnē kolo ma ka wēlau o ka ʻōpū o nā nananana. Hoʻohālikelike ke ʻano kemika me ka silika insect maoli.
I loko o ke kino o kahi holoholona, ʻo ka pūnaewele kahi pūmua wai e hoʻonui ʻia me nā amino acid e like me glycine a i ʻole alanine. Ke kū nei ma waena o nā paipu cobweb lehulehu, paʻa ka huna wai i ka lewa i ke ʻano o nā pae. Ua like ka ikaika o ka pūnaewele me ka nilona, akā hiki ke paʻakikī i ka ʻūlū a kikoo paha iā ia. He hinge kūloko ko ka pūnaewele. Hiki iā ʻoe ke kaʻapuni i kahi mea i kau ʻia ma luna ona a puni kāna axis, akā ʻaʻole e mimilo ka pae.
I ka wā hānau, hūnā nā kāne o kekahi ʻano i kahi pūnaewele i kaha ʻia me nā pheromones. Ma muli o kēia, ua hoʻoholo ka ʻepekema ʻaʻole ke kumu maoli o ka pūnaewele i hoʻohana ʻia no ka ʻimi holoholona, akā no ka ʻumeume ʻana i nā wahine a hana i ka ʻoka cocoon.
He nui nā lunamakaʻāinana o kēia suborder, e noho ana i nā lua, laina i nā paia o loko o ko lākou mau home me nā ʻupena.
Hoihoi! Hoʻokumu nā spider pūnaewele Orb i kā lākou mau dummies ponoʻī i mea e alakai hewa ai i kahi mea hiki wawe ka predator. E hana i kēia, hana lākou i kahi ʻano like o lākou iho, me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā lau a me nā lālā i hoʻopaʻa ʻia me nā ʻōpala.
Kūkulu nā spider kala e noho nei i nā waihona wai i nā hale o lalo o ka wai mai nā pā mai, i kapa ʻia he "bele". Akā pono nā tarantula i kahi pūnaewele i hiki i ka holoholona ke noho ma kahi paheʻe.
Eia nō naʻe, hoʻohana mau ka hapanui i nā ʻano cobwebs e kūkulu i nā ʻupena hei. I nā spider haʻahaʻa, nānā maʻalahi ia a maʻalahi ʻole. Eia nō naʻe, ʻoi aku ka paʻakikī o nā mea kiʻekiʻe i kā lākou hanana: me nā wili radial paʻa, aia kekahi wili ʻili e palupalu a ʻaʻole paʻakikī a paʻakikī ʻole.
A i ka pūnaewele o kekahi mau ʻano araneomorphic, hoʻopili ʻia nā olonā, e hui pū ʻia me nā ʻāpana o ka pūnaewele ponoʻī, nā lauana i ke ʻano o nā keʻa, zigzags a i ʻole nā kaula.
ʻO ka hapanui o nā ʻano spider e ʻike ʻia e ka huhū intraspecific a pale nui i kā lākou pūnaewele mai ka hoʻouka kaua ʻana a nā malihini o kā lākou ʻano ponoʻī. Akā me kēia, i waena o nā ʻano kaiāulu o kēia mau holoholona, aia nā ʻupena hei maʻamau o nā ʻupena, hohola ma luna o nā ʻumi mau mika kūlike.
Ua hoʻohana lōʻihi ka poʻe i ka pūnaewele ma ke ʻano he hestatic a me kahi ʻeha hoʻōla hōʻeha, a eia kekahi, hana lākou i nā lole mai ia mea.
ʻO ka punawelewele i kēia manawa kahi kumu o ka hoʻoulu manaʻo no nā mea hou e hana nei i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā hanana hou a me nā mea ʻē aʻe.
ʻIderpala kolo
Wahi a ko lākou hopena ma ke kino, ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā mea ʻawahia e nā spider i ʻelua ʻano nui:
- Neurotoxic. ʻIke ʻia i nā kolo mai ka ʻohana o nā aka - karakurt a me nā wahine kāne make ʻeleʻele. Hoʻopili kēia lāʻau make i ke kikowaena pūnaewele. ʻO ka ʻeha ma hope koke iho o ka nahu ʻana he mea liʻiliʻi ia, e hoʻohālikelike ʻia me kahi prick pin. Akā a laila, ma hope o 10-60 mau minuke, hoʻomaka ka haʻalulu a me ka ʻehaʻeha loa, ʻoiai ke ʻano o ka ʻōuli ke ʻano hoʻopilikia i nā mākala o ka ʻōpū, i alakaʻi ʻia ai i kahi kānalua wahaheʻe ʻole o ka peritonitis. ʻO ka hoʻonui ʻia o ka puʻuwai, ka hanu o ka hanu, ka tachycardia, ka maʻi poʻo, ka puʻuwai, ka bronchospasm, a me ka piʻi nui o ke kahe o ke koko e ulu pū kekahi. ʻO kēlā nahu paha he mea make paha ia ma muli o ka hopu ʻia ʻana o ka hanu, ka puʻuwai a me nā puʻuwai ʻole. Mālama ka ʻeha i loko o 12 mau hola ma hope o ka nahu, akā e ʻino hou paha ma hope.
- Nekotika. Loaʻa i loko o nā ʻano e pili ana i ka ʻohana sicariid, e like me ka ʻeʻehi one ʻeono maka a me nā loxosceles. Loaʻa i kēia venom kahi mea dermonecrotic e alakaʻi i kekahi manawa i ka nekrosis a puni ka kahua nahu. Eia kekahi, i ka hoʻohui ʻana i ka scab gangrenous, nausea, fever, hemolysis, thrombocystopenia a me ka malaise maʻamau i kahi i nahu ʻia ai ka nananana. Inā liʻiliʻi ka nui o nā toxin i komo i loko o ke kino, a laila ʻaʻole e hoʻomaka ʻo nekrosis. Akā i nā hihia kahi mea nui ka lāʻau make, hiki i kahi ulcer necrotic me ke anawaena o 25 cm a ʻoi aku paha. Lohi ka hoʻōla, lōʻihi ka lōʻihi o 3-6 mau mahina, a ma hope o kēlā, ma ke ʻano he rula, kaumaha nui ka ʻehaʻeha.
Mea nui! ʻO ka mālama ʻana no ka lāʻau spider kahi serum kūikawā, lawelawe ʻia i nā hola mua ma hope o ka nahu.
ʻAʻohe nūpepa ʻawahia i ke kūlohelohe. Eia nō naʻe, ʻaʻole ʻike ʻia ka hapa nui o lākou e kahi ʻano kolohe, a nāwaliwali loa ko lākou mau ā e nahu ma ka ʻili kanaka. ʻO nā spider weliweli i loaʻa ma ka panalāʻau o Rūsia, he mea pono e hoʻomaopopo wale i nā karakurt, nāna i koho i nā wahi hema o ka ʻāina.
ʻO Krestoviki, nā punawelewele a me nā ʻelele maʻamau o ka Lūkini holoholona ʻaʻole hana ʻino i nā kānaka, a, no laila, ʻaʻohe pono e makaʻu, a ʻoi aku paha, e luku iā lākou.
Spider species
Aia ke kaʻina o nā spider ma kahi o 46 tausani noho a ma kahi o 1.1 tausani mau ʻano luku. Loaʻa iā ia ʻelua mau suborder nui:
- Nā punawelewele o Arthropod, i komo pū me ka ʻohana 1, kahi i loaʻa pū he ʻewalu moʻokūʻauhau hou a ʻehā mau mea pio.
- Suborder Opisthothelae, i komo pū me nā spider araneomorphic a me nā tarantula. ʻO ka mua o kēia mau infraorder me 95 ʻohana a ʻoi aku ma mua o 43,000 ʻano, a ʻo ka lua me 16 ʻohana a ʻoi aku ma mua o 2,800 ʻano.
ʻO ka pīhoihoi nui loa nā kolo āpau e pili ana i kēlā me kēia papa inoa.
- ʻO Lifistiuses. Hoʻolahalaha ʻia ma Asia Hema. ʻO ka lōʻihi o ke kino o nā wahine mai 9 a 30 mm; ʻo nā kāne o kēia ʻano, e like me ka nui o nā nananana, ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi.E like me nā arthropods ʻē aʻe, loaʻa i ka ʻōpū o ka Lifistii nā hōʻailona ʻike o ka mahele. Noho kēia mau kolo i nā lua ma kahi hohonu, ʻoiai kahi pūnaewele punawelewele puni e lawelawe ai i ko lākou mau puka, kahi a lākou e mākaʻi ai me ka limu a i ʻole ka honua. Nocturnal ka Lifistii: noho lākou i mau lā i nā lua, a i ka pō, e hoʻohana ana i nā pae hōʻailona, alualu lākou i nā invertebrates ʻē aʻe, e like me ka lāʻau a i ʻole nā mea kolo.
- ʻO Maratus volans. ʻO kahi ʻano e pili ana i ka ʻohana lele kolo e noho nei ma Australia. Kaulana ia no kona kala ʻōniʻoniʻo loa o ka ʻōpū, a no kāna ʻano maʻamau o ka noho aloha ʻana, ke kāne (ʻo ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, he kala ʻulaʻula wale nō ko lākou, ʻoiai pena ʻia nā wahine i nā hina hina) e hulahula ana i mua o nā wahine. Akā kēlā mau mea, inā ʻaʻole makemake lākou i ke keonimana, me ka hopohopo ʻole, hiki ke hopu iā ia a ʻai iā ia.
- Goliath ʻai manu. ʻO ka punawelewele manu nui loa ma ka honua. Noho kēia kamaʻāina o ʻAmelika Hema i nā lua i kāwili ʻia me nā cobwebs o loko. ʻO ka lōʻihi o ke kino o nā wahine o kēia ʻano i 10 cm, a me nā kāne - 8.5 knm. ʻO ka lōʻihi o ka wāwae i hōʻea i 28 knm. Ua poepoe ka cephalothorax a me ka ʻōpū a ʻaneʻane like ka nui, ʻaʻole ʻālohilohi ke kala o kēia kolo. ʻO ka nui o kēia punawelewele mea hoihoi loa ia i nā nananana. Akā ʻo ka pāpā ʻana i ka lawe ʻana aku i ka punawelewele goliath mai nā wahi kahi e noho ai a me ka paʻakikī o ka loaʻa ʻana mai o nā keiki mai loko mai o ka paʻa, hoʻolilo ia i mea nui loa me he holoholona lā.
Ma Nūhōlani, a ma Florida a me Kaleponi kekahi, noho pū kekahi pūnanawele kamahaʻo - ka pūnaewele pūnaewele ʻoiʻoi. Ua kapa ʻia ia inoa no ka mea ʻo kona pālahalaha, ʻōlinolino ke ʻōpū i hoʻolako ʻia me ʻeono kui nui nui, e like me nā kukuna o nā hōkū. Hiki ke ʻokoʻa ke kala o kēia holoholona: keʻokeʻo, melemele, ʻulaʻula a ʻalani paha, a ʻo ka nui o ka pūnaewele mai ka pūnaewele hiki i 30 cm ke anawaena.
Kahi noho, nā wahi noho
Loaʻa kēia mau holoholona i nā wahi āpau, koe wale no ʻo Antarctica a me nā wahi ʻē aʻe i uhi ʻia me ka hau i ka makahiki holoʻokoʻa. Hele pū kekahi lākou ma kekahi pae ʻāina mamao, kahi hiki ʻole ke kiʻi. Noho ka hapa nui o nā laha i nā wahi equatorial a me nā tropical, ma kahi, nā wao nahele wela.
Noho lākou i nā lua i lalo o ka honua, i nā māwae i nā kumu lāʻau, i ka mānoanoa o nā lālā a me nā lau. Hiki iā lākou ke noho i nā āpau a me nā āpau, a noho pinepine ma lalo o nā pōhaku. Ua koho ka hapa nui o nā ʻano spider i nā kānaka e like me ko lākou wahi noho, kahi e ʻoluʻolu ai lākou.
Ma waena o ka nui o nā lāhui terrestrial, ʻo ka punawelewele kālā wale nō a me kekahi punawelewele e ʻimi ana i ka ʻili o ka wai i koho i ka mea wai e like me ko lākou wahi noho.
ʻAiʻai punawelewele
Invertebrates, ʻo ka hapanui o nā kolo, ka hapa nui o ka papaʻai. He pepeke dipteran ia e lele pinepine i ka pūnaewele a, no laila, lilo i mea pio na lākou.
Ma ka laulaha, pili ka "papa kuhikuhi" i ke kau a me ka wahi o ka noho. No laila, ʻo kahi laʻana, ʻo kēlā mau mea kolo e noho ana i nā lua lalo e ʻimi pinepine i nā beetles a me orthoptera. Akā i ka manawa like, ʻaʻole lākou e hōʻole i nā ilo a i ʻole nā kuhū. ʻAʻole makemake kekahi o kēia mau mea neʻe i ka pāʻina ʻana i kā lākou ʻano ponoʻī: hana lākou i nā spider o nā ʻano ʻē aʻe, a ʻo nā spider kālā e noho ana i nā kino wai e ʻimi i nā meaola wai a me kā lākou larva, nā iʻa a me nā ʻenuhe.
Akā ʻo kaʻai o nā tarantula ka mea like ʻole, pili pū me:
- Manu liʻiliʻi.
- ʻAi palaoa liʻiliʻi.
- Arachnids.
- Nā Pepelu.
- Iʻa.
- Amphibians.
- Nahesa uuku.
ʻAʻole hoʻolako ʻia nā iwi ā Punawelewele me nā niho, ʻaʻole hoʻonohonoho ʻia ka ʻōnaehana digestive e hōʻeli i ka meaʻai paʻa. ʻO ia ke kumu i loaʻa ai i kēia mau holoholona kahi ʻano meaʻai kūikawā kūikawā, extraintestinal.
Ma hope o ka luku ʻana i ka mea i hōʻeha ʻia me ka lāʻau make, inj inj ka spider i ka wai digestive i loko o kona kino, hoʻolālā ʻia e hoʻopau i ka ʻaoʻao o invertebrates. Ma hope o ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka ʻai ʻana o ka pāʻina o ka wā e hiki mai ana, hoʻomaka ka predator e omo iā ia, me ka hoʻohui ʻana i kahi ʻāpana o ka wai digestive e pono ai. Ma muli o ka nui o ka manawa o kēia kaʻina hana, hoʻolōʻihi pinepine ʻia ka ʻai a ka nananana no kekahi mau lā.
Hoʻohua a me nā keiki
Hana kolo nā kolo i ka wahine, ʻoiai ʻo ka momona i loko, akā ʻole.
ʻO ka hapanui o nā lāhui he mau hana hoʻokama i nā ʻano like ʻole, akā ʻaʻohe o kekahi o lākou i ka maʻamau o ke aloha ʻana i ka wahine: male wale lākou me ka ʻole o ka nui o ka hana.
I kekahi mau laha, he kuleana nui ko ka wahine pheromones i ka huki ʻana i ka hoa. Ma ka honi ʻana iā lākou e loaʻa ai nā kāne i kā lākou hoa hele aku.
Hoihoi! Hāʻawi kekahi mau kolo i nā wahine me kahi ʻano makana: he lele a i ʻole nā ʻelala ʻē aʻe i hoʻopili ʻia me nā ʻupena, a ʻaʻole hana ke kāne i ka makemake e leʻaleʻa i ka wahine, akā e hōʻalo i ka make i kāna mau ā.
I kekahi mau ʻano, he mea mau ke hoʻokani i kahi ʻano hulahula i mua o ka wahine, e ʻumeʻume i ka manaʻo o ka hoa.
Ma hope o ka pau ʻana o ka loina a me ka hoʻohua ʻana, ʻai nā wahine o kekahi mau ʻanalā i kā lākou mau hoa, akā mālama ka hapa nui o nā kāne i ka hopena o ka ʻai ʻia e kā lākou hoa.
Hana nā punawelewele i nā mea like ʻole me nā huamoa: mau punawelewele hay, no ka laʻana, hoʻomoe iā lākou i nā hui liʻiliʻi i ka lepo, akā kūkulu ka hapanui o nā ʻano i nā cocoons kūikawā i hiki ke paʻa i 3000 mau hua.
Ua hoʻokumu mua ʻia nā nananana, ʻoiai ʻokoʻa ke kala o nā mākua. Ma hope o ka hānau ʻia ʻana o nā pēpē, mālama nā wahine o kekahi mau ʻano iā lākou no kekahi manawa. No laila, halihali kahi spider wolf iā lākou iho, a ʻo nā wahine o kekahi ʻano ʻē aʻe e puʻunaue i ka mea pio me nā keiki ʻO ka maʻamau, mālama nā spider i kā lākou mau keiki a hiki i kā lākou molt mua, a laila hiki iā lākou ke mālama iā lākou iho.
ʻEnemi kūlohelohe
I ke kūlohelohe, nui nā ʻenemi o nā kolo ʻaʻole makaʻu i ka ʻai ʻana iā lākou. Pākuʻi ʻia kēia mau manu, a me nā vertebrates ʻē aʻe: amphibians a me nā mea kolo (e laʻa me nā salamanders, geckos, iguanas), a me nā mammal (e laʻa me nā hedgehogs a me nā opeapea). ʻO kekahi ʻano spider, e like me mimetids, hānai wale i nā spider o nā ʻano ʻē aʻe. ʻAʻole hoʻi e nalo nā kolo tropika a me nā naonao i ka manawa kūpono e alualu ai iā lākou.
ʻAʻole ʻai ka poʻe mākua o kekahi ʻano nalo i nā punawelewele, akā hoʻololi lākou iā lākou i ʻano mālama meaʻai na kā lākou keiki.
Hoʻopili lākou i kā lākou mau mea i hōʻino ʻia a lawe iā lākou i ko lākou pūnana, kahi e hoʻomoe ai lākou i nā hua i loko o ko lākou mau kino. Alakaʻi nā larva i kū i ke ʻano o ka parasitic, e ʻai maoli nei i ka nananana mai loko aku.
Heluna a me ke kūlana o nā laha
ʻAʻole hiki ke helu i ka nui o nā nananana ma ka honua. I kēia manawa, ma kahi o 46 tausani o kā lākou laha i ʻike ʻia. ʻOi aku ka palekana o ka hapa nui o lākou, akā aia kekahi mau ʻano e ʻaneʻane hoʻoweliweli ʻia.
ʻO kēia nā lāhui endemia nui e noho ana i nā wahi i kaupalena ʻia, e like me, ke ana, he ʻāwalu wolf hawaiʻi e noho wale ana ma ka mokupuni ʻo Hawaiʻi o Kauai, a ua hāʻawi ʻia ke kūlana o "Endangered species".
ʻO kahi hopena ʻē aʻe e noho wale ana ma ka mokupuni ʻo Desert Grande i noho ʻole ʻia, aia ma kahi kokoke i Madeira, no ka ʻohana o nā ʻāhiu wolf hoʻi, ke kokoke pau nei: ʻo kāna helu ma kahi o 4,000 tausani mau kānaka.
ʻO kekahi o nā nani a me nā waihoʻoluʻu ʻōlinu nani kekahi ʻano laha hoʻi o ka ʻaneʻane. He hopena pū kekahi ia: ʻike ʻia ia ma ka mokuʻāina ʻo Andhra Pradesh wale nō. ʻO ka ʻāpana liʻiliʻi o kēia laha ua hoʻemi ʻia hou aʻe ma muli o nā hana hoʻokele waiwai o ka poʻe, no ka mea e alo paha ia i ka luku piha.
ʻO ka punawelewele o ka "striped hunter" species, ka mea pālahalaha nui ma ʻEulopa, ua laki i ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana me lākou. Eia nō naʻe, aia ia ma lalo o ka pale a hāʻawi ʻia i ke kūlana ʻano Vulnerable.
Pōʻino i nā kānaka
ʻOiai ʻo ka nahu ʻana o kekahi punawelewele hiki ke alakaʻi i ka make o nā kānaka a me nā holoholona, hoʻonui nui ʻia ka makaʻu o nā kolo. ʻO ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, kakaikahi loa kekahi o lākou i hoʻomaka i ka wikiwiki i kahi kanaka e hele mālie ana a kū paha ma kahi kokoke. Hōʻike ka hapanui o nā laha i ka huhū ke makaʻu lākou iā lākou iho a i ʻole nā keiki. ʻOiai ʻo ka wahine kāne make ʻino a karakurt ʻaʻole hoʻi e hoʻouka me ke kumu ʻole: hana pinepine lākou i kā lākou ʻoihana ponoʻī e nānā i ka poʻe, ke ʻole lākou e hoʻāʻo iā lākou e hana ʻino iā lākou.
Ma ke ʻano he rula, pili nā pōpilikia e pili pū ana me nā punawelewele i ka wā e hoʻāʻo ai ke kanaka e hopu i ka punawelewele a i ʻole, no ka laʻana, e luku i kāna pūnaewele, a i ʻole nānā ʻole a, me ka ʻike ʻole i kahi punawelewele e peʻe ana, a haki pinepine ia iā ia.
He kuhihewa ka manaʻo ʻoiai he ʻawaʻawa nā spider, ʻo ia hoʻi he holoholona weliweli lākou e pono e luku ʻia. Ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, hāʻawi kēia mau mea ola i kahi lawelawe waiwai nui i ka poʻe, e hoʻoliʻiliʻi nui ana i ka helu o nā mea kolo weliweli, me nā mea e hāpai ana i nā maʻi like ʻole. Inā nalowale nā spider, a laila e hoʻokau ʻia ka biosfir o ka Honua, inā ʻaʻole ka make make, ʻoiai ʻaʻole hiki i kahi kaiaolaola kahi e noho ai ke ʻole lākou. ʻO ia ke kumu e mālama pono ai ka poʻe ʻaʻole e hoʻemi ka helu o kēia mau holoholona pono, a ʻaʻole e emi ka wahi noho o kēlā me kēia ʻano o kēia wā.
