ʻO Archeopteryx kahi vertebrate pio i hoʻi mai i ka wā o ka Late Jurassic. Wahi a nā ʻano morphological, noho ka holoholona i kahi kūlana waena i waena o nā manu a me nā mea kolo. Wahi a nā kānaka ʻepekema, ua ola ʻo Archeopteryx ma kahi o 150-147 miliona mau makahiki i hala.
Hōʻike o Archeopteryx
Loaʻa nā ʻike āpau, hoʻokahi a i ʻole ʻē aʻe e pili ana i ka Archeopteryx pau, e pili ana i nā panalāʻau e kokoke ana iā Solnhofen ma ka hema o Kelemania.... No kekahi manawa lōʻihi, ʻoiai ma mua o ka loaʻa ʻana o nā mea ʻē aʻe, nā mea i loaʻa hou loa, ua hoʻohana nā ʻepekema i ke kūkulu hou ʻana i nā hiʻohiʻona o nā kūpuna maʻamau o nā manu.
Helehelena
Hoʻohālikelike ʻia ke ʻano o ka iwi iwi o Archeopteryx me ka ʻāiwi iwi o nā manu o kēia manawa, a me nā deinonychosaurs, nā mea pili i nā dinosaurs theropod, nā pili pili loa o nā manu e pili ana i ke kūlana filogenetic. ʻO ka iwi poʻo o kahi holoholona vertebrate pio i hānau i nā niho i uhi ʻia, morphologically like loa me nā niho o nā crocodile maʻamau. ʻAʻole i hōʻike ʻia nā iwi premaxillary o Archeopteryx e ka fusion me kekahi, a ʻo kona mau lalo a me nā ā luna, ua nele loa lākou i ka ramfoteca a i ʻole ka ʻāpana kolamu, no laila ua nele ka holoholona i ka nuku.
Hoʻopili ka foramen nui ākea i ka lua cranial a me ka canal vertebral, aia ma hope o ka iwi poʻo. ʻO ka vertebrae cervical he biconcave ma hope a ma mua, a ʻaʻohe hoʻi noho sad articular. ʻAʻole pili ka vertebrae kapu o Archeopteryx i kekahi i kekahi, a ua hōʻike ʻia ka ʻāpana vertebral sakal e nā vertebrae ʻelima. Hoʻokumu ʻia kahi iwi a lōʻihi hoʻi e kekahi mau vertebrae caudal non-accrete o Archeopteryx.
ʻAʻole i loaʻa nā iwi ʻaoʻao o Archeopteryx i nā ʻano hook-hook, a ʻaʻole loaʻa ke alo o nā iwi ʻaoʻao ventral maʻamau o nā mea kolo i nā manu o kēia au. Hoʻohui pū ʻia nā clavicle o ka holoholona a hana i kahi puna. ʻAʻohe fusion ma nā iwi o ka ilium, pubic, a me nā sciatic pelvic. ʻO nā iwi pubic i kū hope iki i hope a hoʻopau i kahi ʻano "boot" extension. Hoʻopili ka distal ma nā iwi pubic i hui pū ʻia, a hopena i ka hoʻokumu ʻia ʻana o kahi symphysis pubic nui, kahi e pau ʻole i nā manu o kēia au.
ʻO nā forelimbs lōʻihi loa o Archeopteryx i hoʻopau ʻia i ʻekolu mau manamana wāwae maikaʻi i hoʻokumu ʻia e kekahi mau phalanges. Ua pelu ikaika nā manamana lima a me nā māiʻuʻu nui. ʻO nā pūlima o ka Archeopteryx he iwi lunate i kapa ʻia, a ʻo nā iwi ʻē aʻe o ka metacarpus a me ka pūlima ʻaʻole i komo i loko o kahi kīʻaha. ʻO nā lālā hope o ka holoholona make e hōʻike ʻia e ke alo o kahi tibia i hana ʻia e ka tibia a me ka tibia e like me ka lōʻihi o ka lōʻihi, akā ʻaʻole ka tarsus. ʻO ka hoʻopaʻa ʻia ʻana o nā hiʻohina ʻo Eissstadt a me Ladana i ʻae ʻia nā paleontologists e hoʻokūʻē i ka manamana nui i nā manamana lima ʻē aʻe ma nā lālā hope.
ʻO ke kiʻi mua o kahi kope o Berlin, i hana ʻia e kahi mea pena kiʻi ʻike ʻole ʻia i 1878-1879, ua hōʻike akāka ʻia i nā paʻi hulu, kahi i hiki ai ke kapa ʻia ʻo Archeopteryx i nā manu. Eia nō naʻe, kākaʻikahi loa nā fossil manu me nā paʻi hulu, a ua hiki ke mālama ʻia ma muli o ke kū ʻana o ka limite lithographic ma nā wahi o nā loaʻa. I ka manawa like, ʻaʻole like ka mālama ʻana i nā paʻi o nā hulu a me nā iwi i nā ʻano mea like ʻole o kahi holoholona make, a ʻo ka mea ʻike nui loa nā hōʻike Berlin a me Ladana. ʻO ka plumage o Archeopteryx e pili ana i nā hiʻohiʻona nui i kūlike i ka plumage o nā manu i hala a me nā manu o kēia au.
He hiku ko ka Archeopteryx, he lele a he contour i uhi i ke kino o ka holoholona.... Hoʻokumu ʻia ka huelo a me nā hulu lele e nā ʻano kūkulu like ʻole o ke ʻano o ka plumage o nā manu o kēia au, e like me ka ʻau o ka hulu, a me nā ʻauamo a me nā lou e pili ana iā lākou. Hoʻohālikelike ʻia nā hulu lele o Archeopteryx e ka asymmetry o nā pūnaewele, ʻoiai nā hulu o ka holoholona i ʻike ʻole ʻia i ka asymmetry. ʻAʻohe pū kaʻawe o ka hulu manamana nui i hoʻoneʻe ʻia ma nā forelimbs. ʻAʻohe hōʻailona o ka hulu ma ke poʻo a me ka ʻāpana luna o ka ʻāʻī. Ma waena o nā mea ʻē aʻe, hāwīwī ka ʻāʻī, ke poʻo a me ka hiʻu i lalo.
ʻO kahi hiʻohiʻona hiʻohiʻona o ka iwi poʻo o pterosaurs, ʻo kekahi manu a me nā theropods e hōʻike ʻia e nā meninges lahilahi a me nā sinus liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi, i hiki ai ke nānā pono i ka morphology o ka honua, ka nui a me ka nui o ka lolo, i loaʻa i nā lunamakaʻāinana o ia ʻauhau. Ua hiki i nā kānaka ʻepekema ma ke Kulanui o Texas ke hana i ka hana hou ʻana o ka lolo i kahi holoholona a hiki i kēia lā e hoʻohana ana i ka tomography X-ray i ka makahiki 2004.
ʻO ka nui o ka lolo o Archeopteryx ma kahi o ʻekolu mau manawa o nā mea kolo like. ʻOi aku ka liʻiliʻi o ka hemispheres cerebral a ʻaʻole hoʻi e hoʻopuni ʻia e nā ala olfactory. ʻO ke kinona o nā lobbe visual cerebral kahi maʻamau no nā manu āpau āpau, a aia nā lobes ʻike i mua loa.
Hoihoi ia! Manaʻo nā kānaka ʻepekema ʻo ke ʻano o ka lolo o Archeopteryx e nānā i ka loaʻa ʻana o nā hiʻohiʻona manu a me nā mea kolo, a me ka hoʻonui ʻia o ka nui o ka cerebellum a me nā lobes ʻike, ʻo ia paha kahi ʻano hoʻohālikelike no ka holo kūleʻa o ia mau holoholona.
ʻO ka cerebellum o ua holoholona make nei he mea nui aku ma mua o nā theropods e pili ana, akā ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o ka manu ma mua o nā manu āpau. Aia nā kahawai kūwaho a me ka mua ma kahi kūlana o kēlā me kēia archosaurs, akā ʻo ke kahawai semicircular mua e hōʻike ʻia e ka elongation nui a me ka curvature ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe.
Nā ana Archeopteryx
ʻO Archeopteryx lithofraphica mai nā papa Manu, ʻo ke kauoha ʻo Archeopteryx a me ka ʻohana Archeopteryx kahi lōʻihi o ke kino i loko o 35 cm me ka nui o 320-400 g.
Ka nohona ola, hana
ʻO nā Archeopteryx nā mea nona nā collarbones i hoʻopili ʻia a me kahi kino i uhi ʻia me nā hulu, no laila ʻae ʻia e hiki i kēlā holoholona ke lele, a i ʻole ka lele maikaʻi loa ʻana. ʻO ka mea nui paha, ma kona mau lālā lōʻihi, ua holo wikiwiki ʻo Archeopteryx ma ka ʻili o ka honua a hiki i ka wā i hāpai ai nā ea i kona kino.
Ma muli o ke kū ʻana o ka plumage, ʻoi loa paha ka maikaʻi o ka Archeopteryx i ka mālama ʻana i ka mahana o ke kino ma mua o ka lele ʻana. Hiki i nā ʻeheu o ia holoholona ke lawelawe ma ke ʻano he ʻupena i hoʻohana ʻia e hopu i nā ʻano kolo āpau. Kuhi ʻia hiki i ka Archeopteryx ke piʻi i luna i nā kumulāʻau kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe e hoʻohana ana i nā māiʻuʻu i ko lākou mau ʻeheu. ʻO kēlā holoholona i lilo i kahi hapa nui o kona ola i nā kumulāʻau.
ʻO ke ola a me ka dimorphism moekolohe
I loko nō o nā koena o Archeopteryx i mālama ʻia a mālama maikaʻi ʻia, ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻokūpaʻa i ka hiki ʻana o ka dimorphism moekolohe a me ka awelika o ke ola o kēlā holoholona make i kēia manawa.
ʻIke moʻolelo
I kēia lā, ua ʻike ʻia he ʻumikūmālani mau hiʻohiʻona skeletal o Archeopteryx a me kahi paʻi hulu i ʻike ʻia. Pili kēia mau ʻike o ka holoholona i ka waeʻano o nā limestones lahilahi o ka wā Late Jurassic.
ʻO nā mea i ʻike ʻia e pili ana i ka Archeopteryx pau ʻole:
- ua loaʻa kahi hulu holoholona i ka makahiki 1861 kokoke i Solnhofen. Ua wehewehe ʻia kēia ʻike i ka 1861 e ka ʻepekema ʻo Hermann von Mayer. I kēia manawa mālama nui ʻia kēia hulu i ka Hale Hōʻikeʻike Kūlohelohe o Berlin;
- kahi hōʻike poʻo poʻo ʻole ma Ladana (holotype, BMNH 37001), i ʻike ʻia ma 1861 kokoke i Langenaltime, i wehewehe ʻia ʻelua mau makahiki ma hope mai e Richard Owen. I kēia manawa ke hōʻike ʻia nei kēia ʻike ma ka Hale Hōʻikeʻike Kūlohelohe o Lākana, a ua hoʻihoʻi ʻia ke poʻo nalowale e Richard Owen;
- kahi Berlin kikoʻī o ka holoholona (HMN 1880) i loaʻa ma 1876-1877 ma Blumenberg, kokoke i Eichstät. Ua mālama ʻo Jacob Niemeyer i ka hoʻololi ʻana i nā koena no kahi bipi, a ua hōʻike ʻia kēia hiʻohiʻona ponoʻī i ʻehiku mau makahiki ma hope mai e Wilhelm Dames. I kēia manawa ua mālama ʻia nā koena i ka Hale Hōʻikeʻike Kūlohelohe o Berlin;
- ua ʻike ʻia ke kino o kahi hiʻohiʻona Maxberg (S5) i ka makahiki 1956-1958 kokoke i Langenaltime a ua wehewehe ʻia ma 1959 e ka ʻepekema ʻo Florian Geller. ʻO John Ostrom kahi ʻike kikoʻī. No kekahi manawa ua hōʻike ʻia kēia kope i ka hōʻike o ka Hale Hōʻikeʻike ʻo Maxberg, a ma hope ua hoʻihoʻi ʻia i ka mea nona. Ma hope wale nō o ka make ʻana o ka mea hōʻiliʻili hiki ke manaʻo ʻia ua kūʻai malū ʻia nā koena o ka holoholona make e ka mea nāna a ʻaihue ʻia paha;
- kahi Harlem a i ʻole Teyler specimen (TM 6428) i ʻike ʻia ma kahi o Rydenburg i ka makahiki 1855, a ua wehewehe ʻia he iwakālua mau makahiki ma hope mai e ka ʻepekema ʻo Meyer ma ke ʻano ʻo Pterodactylus crassipe. Ma kahi o hoʻokahi haneli mau makahiki ma hope mai, ua hana ʻia ka reclassification e John Ostrom. I kēia manawa aia nā koena ma Netherlands, ma ka Teyler Museum;
- ʻO ka hiʻohiʻona holoholona Eichstät (JM 2257), i ʻike ʻia ma kahi o 1951-1955 kokoke i Workerszell, i wehewehe ʻia e Peter Welnhofer ma 1974. I kēia manawa aia kēia hiʻohiʻona i ka Jurassic Museum o Eichshtet a ʻo ia ka liʻiliʻi, akā mālama maikaʻi ʻia ke poʻo;
- ʻIke ʻia kahi hiʻohiʻona Munich a i ʻole Solnhofen-Aktien-Verein me sternum (S6) i ka makahiki 1991 kokoke i Langenalheim a wehewehe ʻia e Welnhofer ma 1993. Aia ke kope i kēia manawa ma ka Munich Paleontological Museum;
- ʻo ka ashhofen specimen o ka holoholona (BSP 1999) i loaʻa i nā makahiki 60 o ke kenekulia i hala ma kahi kokoke iā Eichstät a ua wehewehe ʻia e Welnhofer ma 1988. Mālama ʻia ka loaʻa ma ka Hale Hōʻikeʻike o ka Burgomaster Müller a pili paha i ka Wellnhoferia grandis;
- ʻO ka hiʻohiʻona fragmentary Müllerian, i ʻike ʻia ma 1997, aia ia i ka Hale Hōʻikeʻike ʻo Müllerian.
- Ua loaʻa kahi thermopoly specimen o ka holoholona (WDC-CSG-100) i Kelemania a mālama ʻia no kahi manawa lōʻihi e kahi ʻohiʻohi pilikino. Hoʻomaopopo ʻia kēia loaʻa e ke poʻo a me nā wāwae i mālama pono ʻia.
Ma 1997, ua loaʻa iā Mauser kahi leka e pili ana i ka loaʻa ʻana o kahi specmentary fragmentary mai kahi ʻohiʻohi pilikino. A hiki i kēia manawa, ʻaʻole i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia kēia kope, a ʻaʻole i hōʻike ʻia kahi a me nā kikoʻī o ka mea nona.
Kahi noho, nā wahi noho
Manaʻo ʻia ʻo Archeopteryx i loko o ka ululāʻau tropical.
Papaʻai Archeopteryx
ʻO nā auwaha nui o Archeopteryx i hoʻolako ʻia me nā niho he nui a ʻoi loa hoʻi, ʻaʻole i manaʻo ʻia no ka wili ʻana i nā meaʻai o nā mea kanu. Eia nō naʻe, ʻaʻole ʻo Archeopteryx i mau mea ʻaihue, no ka mea, he nui ka nui o nā mea ola o ia au i nui loa i ka nui a ʻaʻole hiki ke lilo i mea pio.
Wahi a nā kānaka ʻepekema, ʻo ke kumu o ka papaʻai o Archeopteryx nā ʻano pepeke like ʻole, ka helu a me nā ʻano like ʻole i nui loa i ka wā Mesozoic. ʻO ka mea nui paha, ua hiki i ka Archeopteryx ke kī māmā i kā lākou mea pio me nā ʻēheu a i ʻole me ke kōkua o nā ʻūhā lōʻihi, a laila hōʻiliʻili ʻia ka meaʻai e nā insectivores pololei ma ka ʻili o ka honua.
Hoʻohua a me nā keiki
Ua uhi ʻia ke kino o Archeopteryx me kahi papa mānoanoa o ka plumage.... ʻAʻohe kānalua no ka ʻāpana o nā holoholona pumehana ko Archeopteryx. ʻO ia ke kumu i ʻōlelo ai nā kānaka noiʻi, me nā manu o kēia au, ua hoʻopau ʻia nā holoholona i hoʻokomo ʻia i loko o nā pūnana i hoʻonohonoho mua ʻia.
Kau ʻia nā pūnana ma luna o nā pōhaku a me nā kumulāʻau o ke kiʻekiʻe i lawa, i hiki ai ke pale aku i kā lākou keiki mai nā holoholona kiaʻi. ʻAʻole hiki i nā keiki hānau i hiki ke mālama pono iā lākou iho a like ke ʻano me ko lākou mau mākua, a ʻo ka ʻokoʻa ma nā liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi wale nō. Manaʻo nā kānaka ʻepekema ʻo nā moa Archeopteryx, e like me nā pua o nā manu o kēia au, ua hānau ʻia me ka ʻole o nā hua.
Hoihoi ia! Ua pale ka nele o ka hulu i ka Archeopteryx mai ke kūʻokoʻa loa i nā pule mua o ko lākou ola, no laila pono nā keiki i ka mālama o nā mākua i loaʻa kekahi ʻano o ka manaʻo makua.
ʻEnemi kūlohelohe
ʻO ka honua kahiko kahi home no ka weliweli a me ka nui o nā dinosaurs carnivorous, no laila he nui nā ʻenemi kūlohelohe o Archeopteryx. Eia nō naʻe, mahalo i ko lākou hiki ke neʻe me ka wikiwiki, piʻi i nā lāʻau kiʻekiʻe, a hoʻolālā a lele maikaʻi paha, ʻaʻole maʻalahi ʻo Archeopteryx i ka pio.
E hoihoi pū kekahi:
- ʻO Triceratops (Latin Triceratops)
- Hoʻokaʻaʻike (Lūkini warnocus)
- Spinosaurus (Lakina Spinosaurus)
- Velociraptor (lat.Velociraptor)
Hāʻawi nā kānaka ʻepekema i nā pterosaurs wale nō i nā ʻenemi kūlohelohe nui o Archeopteryx o nā makahiki. Hiki i kēlā mau moʻo lele me nā ʻeheu pūnaewele ke ʻimi holoholona i nā holoholona waena.
