Inā kū kēia mau dinosaur a hiki i kēia manawa, e lilo nā spinosaur i holoholona nui a weliweli hoʻi ma ka honua Honua. Eia naʻe, ua pau lākou i ka Cretaceous, me kā lākou mau ʻohana nui ʻē aʻe, e like me Tyrannosaurus a me Albertosaurus. No ka papa Saurischia ka holoholona a ʻo ia ka manawa o ka dinosaur karnivora nui loa. Ua piʻi kona lōʻihi o ke kino i 18 mika, a ʻo kona kaupaona ua like ia me 20 tone. ʻO kahi laʻana, loaʻa kēia nui inā hoʻohui ʻoe i nā ʻelepani makua ʻekolu pū.
Hōʻike o spinosaurus
Ua holoholo ʻo Spinosaurus i ka honua i ka hala o ka manawa ʻo Cretaceous, ma kahi o 98-95 miliona mau makahiki i hala... Hoʻomaopopo maoli ʻia ka inoa o ka holoholona ma ke ʻano he "moʻo spiked". Ua loaʻa ma muli o ke kū ʻana o kahi "pea" hina nui ma ke kua i ke ʻano o nā iwi vertebral. Ua manaʻo ʻia ʻo Spinosaurus ma ke ʻano he dinosaur bipedal i neʻe i ke ala like me ka Tyrannosaurus Rex. Hōʻike ʻia kēia e ka loaʻa ʻana o nā wāwae muscular a me nā lima liʻiliʻi. ʻOiai i kēia manawa, ua manaʻo nui kekahi mau paleontologists e neʻe kahi holoholona me kahi ʻano iwi i ʻehā mau lālā, e like me nā tetrapods ʻē aʻe.
Hoihoi ia!Hōʻike ʻia kēia e nā forearms ʻoi aku ka nui ma mua o nā ʻohana theropod ʻē aʻe, kahi a Spinosaurus i manaʻo ai. ʻAʻole lawa nā ʻike fossil e hoʻoholo ai i ka loa a me ke ʻano o nā wāwae hope o kahi spinosaurus. ʻO nā ʻeli hou ʻana i ka makahiki 2014 i loaʻa ai ka manawa kūpono e ʻike ai i kahi hōʻike piha o ke kino o ka holoholona. Kūkulu hou ʻia ka femur a me ka tibia me nā manamana wāwae a me nā iwi ʻē aʻe.
Ua nānā ʻia nā hopena o ka ʻeli ʻana ma ke nānā pono ʻana ke hōʻike lākou he pōkole nā wāwae o hope. A hiki i kēia ke kuhikuhi i hoʻokahi mea - ʻaʻole hiki i ka dinosaur ke neʻe i ka ʻāina, a lawelawe ʻia nā lālā hope me he ʻano ʻauʻau lā. Akā, kānalua kēia mea, no ka mea, ua māhelehele ʻia nā manaʻo. Hāʻawi ʻia i specimen paha he sub-mākua, ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻokūpaʻa i ka hoʻomohala hou ʻole ʻia o nā wāwae i kahi wā ʻokoʻa, makua, kahi e hiki ai ke hoʻolōʻihi ʻia nā wāwae hope. No laila, a hiki i nā fossil "ʻili" hou aʻe e waiho wale ʻia kēia i kahi hopena kuhi.
Helehelena
He "peʻa" kupaianaha kēia dinosaur ma ka welelau o ka piko o ke kua. Loaʻa iā ia nā iwi ʻoiʻoi e hoʻopili ʻia e kahi ʻili o ka ʻili. Manaʻo kekahi mau paleontologists aia kahi papa momona ma ke ʻano o ka puʻupuʻu, ʻoiai i nā ʻano i noho ai kēia ʻano hiki ʻole ke ola me ka ʻole o ka lako o ka momona ma ke ʻano momona. Akā ʻaʻole mau ka ʻepekema i ka 100% no ke aha e pono ai kēia puʻupuʻu. Ua hoʻohana ʻia paha e kāohi i ka mahana o ke kino... Ma ka hoʻohuli ʻana i ka pea i ka lā, hiki iā ia ke hoʻomehana i kona koko ma mua o nā mea kolo koko koko ʻē aʻe.
Eia nō naʻe, ʻo ka pea nui i kūleʻa ʻia paha ka hiʻohiʻona i ʻike nui ʻia o kēia Cretaceous predator a hoʻolilo ia mea i mea hoʻohui ʻole i ka ʻohana dinosaur. ʻAʻole like ia me ka peʻa o ka Dimetrodon i noho ma ka Honua ma kahi o 280-265 miliona mau makahiki i hala. ʻAʻole like me nā mea ola e like me ka stegosaurus, ka mea i hāpai ʻia nā pā mai ka ʻili, ka heleuma o ka spinosaurus i heleuma ʻia e ka hoʻolōʻihi ʻana o ka vertebrae ma ke kua o kona kino, e nakinaki pono ana iā lākou i ka iwi iwi. ʻO kēia mau hoʻolōʻihi o ka vertebrae hope, e like me nā kumuwaiwai like ʻole, ulu aʻe i hoʻokahi a me ka hapa mika. ʻO nā hale i hoʻopaʻa paʻa ʻia e like me ka ʻili paʻa. I ka helehelena, kuhi paha, ua like kēlā mau ami me nā membrane ma waena o nā manamana wāwae o kekahi amphibians.
ʻO ka ʻike i pili pono ʻia nā iwi kuamoʻo i ka vertebrae, ʻaʻole ia e hāpai i nā kānalua, akā naʻe, ʻokoʻa ka manaʻo o ka ʻepekema i ka hoʻohui ʻana o nā membrane iā lākou iho, e hoʻohui ana iā lākou i hoʻokahi piko. ʻOiai manaʻo kekahi mau paleontologists ʻo ka peʻa o ka spinosaurus e like me ka peʻa o kahi Dimetrodon, aia kekahi poʻe e like me Jack Boman Bailey, ka mea i manaʻoʻiʻo ma muli o ka mānoanoa o nā iwi kuamoʻo, ua mānoanoa paha ia ma mua o ka ʻili maʻamau a ʻano like me ka membrane kūikawā. ...
Ua manaʻo ʻo Bailey ʻo ka pale o ka spinosaurus kekahi o kahi papa momona, akā naʻe, ʻaʻole ʻike ʻia kona ʻano maoli ma muli o ka nele loa o nā laʻana.
A ʻo ke kumu o ia hiʻohiʻona hiʻohiʻona e like me ka peʻa ma ke kua o kahi spinosaurus, ʻokoʻa nō hoʻi nā manaʻo. Ke hāpai ʻia nei nā manaʻo he nui ma kēia helu, ʻo ka mea maʻamau o ia ka hana thermoregulation. ʻO ka manaʻo o kahi hana hou aʻe no ka hōʻoluʻolu a mehana ʻana o ke kino he mea maʻamau. Hoʻohana ʻia ia e wehewehe i nā hanana iwi kū hoʻokahi ma nā dinosaurs like ʻole, me Spinosaurus, Stegosaurus, a me Parasaurolophus.
Kuhi nā Pontontologists ʻo nā kīʻaha koko ma kēia kualapa kokoke loa i ka ʻili i hiki ai iā lākou ke omo koke i ka wela i ʻole e paʻa i ka wā o nā anuanu o ke anuanu. Manaʻo nā ʻepekema ʻē aʻe ua hoʻohana ʻia ka iwi kuamoʻo spinosaurus e hoʻopuni i ke koko ma o nā kīʻaha koko kokoke i ka ʻili e hāʻawi i ka hōʻoluʻolu wikiwiki i nā wahi wela. I kēlā me kēia hihia, pono nā "mākau" ʻelua ma ʻApelika. Me he mea lā he wehewehe kupanaha ka Thermoregulation no ka peʻa o kahi spinosaurus, eia nō naʻe, aia kekahi mau manaʻo ʻē aʻe e like ka hoihoi o ka lehulehu.
Hoihoi ia!ʻOiai ʻo ka ʻoiaʻiʻo o ke kumu o ka holo ʻana o spinosaurus e nīnau mau ʻia nei, maopopo ke ʻano o ka iwi poʻo - nui, elongated, i nā paleontologists āpau. Ma ka hoʻohālikelike, kūkulu ʻia ka iwi poʻo o kahi crocodile o kēia ao, kahi i ʻihi ʻia nā ʻāʻī e noho i ka hapa nui o ka iwi poʻo. ʻO ka iwi poʻo o kahi spinosaurus, ʻoiai i kēia manawa, ua manaʻo ʻia ʻo ia ka lōʻihi loa ma waena o nā dinosaur āpau i kū ma kā mākou honua.
Manaʻo kekahi mau paleontologists ʻo ka holo vertebral o ka spinosaurus i lawelawe i ka hana like me ka plumage o nā manu nui i kēia lā. ʻO ia, pono ʻia i mea e huki ai i kahi hoa no ka hānau ʻana a hoʻoholo i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka ʻōpio o nā kānaka. ʻOiai ʻaʻole ʻike ʻia ke kala o kēia peʻahi, aia kekahi mau manaʻo e aniani a me nā kani e hoʻohuli i ka manaʻo o ka wahine ʻē mai kahi lōʻihi.
Ke noʻonoʻo ʻia nei kahi mana pale pilikino. Maliʻa paha ua hoʻohana ʻo ia ia i mea e ʻike maka ʻia ai ka nui i mua o kahi ʻenemi hoʻouka kaua. Me ka hoʻonui ʻia o ka pea dorsal, ua nānā ka spinosaurus me ka nui a weliweli paha i nā maka o ka poʻe i ʻike ia he "nahu wikiwiki." No laila, he hiki paha i ka ʻenemi, me ka makemake ʻole e komo i kahi kaua paʻakikī, hoʻi i hope, e ʻimi nei i nā mea pio maʻalahi.
ʻO kona lōʻihi ma kahi o 152 a me ka hapalua kenimika. ʻO nā ā nunui, ka mea i noho i ka hapa nui o kēia wahi, loaʻa nā niho, ka hapanui conical i ke ʻano, kahi kūpono loa no ka hopu ʻana a me ka ʻai ʻana i ka iʻa. Manaʻo ʻia he ʻehā kakini niho ʻo Spinosaurus, ma ka ʻaoʻao luna a ma lalo, a ʻelua mau canine nui loa ma kēlā me kēia ʻaoʻao. ʻO ka iwi ā spinosaurus ʻaʻole wale ka hōʻike o kāna kumu karnivorous. He mau maka nō kekahi i loko o ka pilina kiʻekiʻe i ka hope o ka iwi poʻo, e like ana me ka crocodile o kēia manawa. Kūlike kēia hiʻohiʻona me ke kumumanaʻo o kekahi mau paleontologists ʻo ia ka hapa o kāna manawa holoʻokoʻa i ka wai. ʻOiai ʻo nā manaʻo e pili ana iā ia he māmele a i ʻole he holoholona wai ia, ʻokoʻa ʻokoʻa.
Nā ana Spinosaurus
ʻO ka helehelena o ke poʻo a me ka peʻa dorsal o kahi spinosaurus ʻaʻole kahi papa inoa piha o nā mea hoʻopaʻapaʻa no nā paleontologists. Aia nō ka nui o nā kūkākūkā i waena o nā ʻepekema e pili ana i ka nui maoli o kēia dinosaur nui.
Hōʻike ka ʻikepili o kēia manawa ua kaupaona lākou ma kahi o 7,000-20,900 kilokilo (7 a 20.9 tonnes) a hiki ke ulu aʻe mai 12.6 a 18 mika ka lōʻihi.... Hoʻokahi wale iwi poʻo i loaʻa i ka wā o ka ʻeli ʻana he 1.75 mau mika. ʻO ka spinosaurus, nona ia, manaʻoʻiʻo ʻia e ka hapa nui o nā paleontologists e ana ma kahi o 46 mika ka lōʻihi a kaupaona i ka awelika ma kahi o 7.4 tone. E hoʻomau i ka hoʻohālikelike ma waena o Spinosaurus a me Tyrannosaurus Rex, ʻo ka lua ma kahi o 13 mau mika ka lōʻihi a kaupaona ʻia i ka laulā o 7.5 mau tona. I ke kiʻekiʻe, manaʻo ʻia ka spinosaurus ma kahi o 4.2 mika ke kiʻekiʻe; Eia nō naʻe, me kahi peʻa nui i hoʻopaʻa ʻia ma kona kua, ua hōʻea ke kiʻekiʻe i 6 mika. ʻO kahi laʻana, ua hōʻea kahi tyrannosaurus rex i ke kiʻekiʻe o 4.5 a 6 mau mika.
Ka nohona ola, hana
ʻO nā noiʻi hou a Romain Amiot a me kāna mau hoapili, ka mea i hoʻopaʻa i nā niho o spinosaurus i ke kikoʻī, ua ʻike ʻia ua kokoke ka oxygen isotope ma nā niho a me nā iwi o ka spinosaurus i nā crocodiles ma mua o nā holoholona ʻē aʻe. ʻO ia, ʻoi aku kona kūpono i kūpono i ke ola wai.
ʻO kēia ka mea i alakaʻi ʻia i ke kumumanaʻo ʻo spinosaurus kahi predator oportunistic a hiki i ka deftly ke hoʻololi i waena o ka honua a me ka wai kai. ʻO ka waiho wale, maikaʻi kona mau niho no ka lawaiʻa ʻana a ʻaʻole kūpono kūpono no ka ʻimi holoholona ʻāina no ka nele o ka serration. ʻO ka loaʻa ʻana o nā unahi iʻa i kālai ʻia me ka acid acid digestive ma ka lipine o kahi Spinosaurus specimen e hōʻike pū ana ua ʻai kēia dinosaur i ka iʻa.
Ua hoʻohālikelike nā paleontologists ʻē aʻe iā Spinosaurus i kahi predator like, ʻo ka Baronix, ka mea i ʻai i nā iʻa a me nā dinosaur liʻiliʻi a i ʻole nā holoholona ʻāina ʻē aʻe. Ua waiho ʻia ia mau mana ma hope o ka ʻike ʻia ʻana o kahi specter pterosaur e pili ana i kahi niho spinosaurus i hoʻokomo ʻia i ka iwi iwi. Hōʻike kēia i ka ʻo Spinosaurus ka mea ʻoiaʻiʻo he mea hānai manuʻai a ʻai ʻia i ka mea hiki ke lālau a ale. Eia nō naʻe, kānalua kēia mana ma muli o ka hoʻopili ʻole ʻia o kāna mau ā no ka hopu ʻana a me ka luku ʻana i ka mea pio o ka ʻāina nui.
Wā ola
ʻAʻole i hoʻokumu ʻia ke ola o kekahi kanaka.
ʻIke moʻolelo
ʻO ka hapa nui o nā mea e ʻike ʻia e pili ana iā Spinosaurus, ʻo ka mea kaumaha, he kumu ia o ke kuhi manaʻo, ʻoiai ka hemahema o nā laʻana piha ʻaʻole i waiho i kahi manawa ʻē aʻe no ka noiʻi. Ua ʻike ʻia nā koena mua o kahi spinosaurus ma ke awāwa ʻo Bahariya ma ʻAigupita i ka makahiki 1912, ʻoiai ʻaʻole lākou i hoʻokau ʻia i kēia ʻano. ʻO 3 wale nō mau makahiki ma hope mai, ua hoʻopili ka paleontologist Kelemania ʻo Ernst Stromer iā Spinosaurus. Aia nā iwi ʻē aʻe o kēia dinosaur ma Bahariya a ʻike ʻia ʻo ia ka lua o nā ʻano ma 1934. Minamina, ma muli o ka manawa o kā lākou ʻike ʻia, ua hōʻino ʻia kekahi o lākou i ka wā i hoʻihoʻi ʻia ai i Munich, a ua luku ʻia ke koena i ka wā o kahi pōkā o ka pūʻali koa i 1944. I kēia lā, ʻeono mau kikoʻī Spinosaurus i loaʻa, a ʻaʻohe piha a kokoke paha i piha i ka hoʻohālikelike i loaʻa.
ʻO kekahi hiʻohiʻona Spinosaurus, i ʻike ʻia ma 1996 ma Morocco, ʻo ia ka waena waena o ka iwi maha, ka ʻaoʻao o ke aʻalolo a me nā niho o mua a me waena. Hoʻohui ʻia, ʻelua mau hiʻohiʻona hou aku, aia ma 1998 ma Algeria a ma 2002 ma Tunisia, nā wahi niho o nā ā. ʻO kekahi hiʻohiʻona, aia ma Morocco i ka 2005, ʻo ia ka mea i ʻoi aku ka nui o nā mea cranial.... Wahi a nā manaʻo i huki ʻia mai kēia loaʻa, ʻo ka iwi poʻo o ka holoholona i loaʻa, e like me ka manaʻo o ka Hale Hōʻikeʻike o nā Mōʻaukala Kūlohelohe i Milana, ma kahi o 183 kenetimita ka lōʻihi, kahi e hoʻolilo ai kēia specimen o Spinosaurus i kekahi o nā mea nui loa a hiki i kēia lā.
Minamina, no ka spinosaurus ponoʻī a no nā paleontologists, ʻaʻole i loaʻa nā laʻana iwi o kēia holoholona, ʻaʻole hoʻi i kahi kokoke a kokoke paha i ka piha o nā ʻāpana o ke kino. ʻO kēia nele o nā hōʻike e alakaʻi i ka huikau i nā kumumanaʻo o nā kumu physiological o kēia dinosaur. ʻAʻole i loaʻa hoʻokahi nā iwi o nā ʻāʻī o kahi spinosaurus, hiki ke hāʻawi i ka paleontologists i ka manaʻo o ke ʻano maoli o kona kino a me ke kūlana i ka hakahaka. I ke kumumanaʻo, ʻo ka loaʻa ʻana o nā iwi lālā o kahi spinosaurus ʻaʻole ia e hāʻawi iā ia i kahi hanana physiological piha, akā e kōkua pū kekahi i nā paleontologists e hui pū i kahi manaʻo o ka neʻe ʻana o ka mea. Ma muli paha o ka nele o nā iwi lālā i ala mai kahi paio hoʻomau e pili ana inā he ʻano wāwae ʻelua ʻelua a kapuaʻi ʻehā a wāwae ʻehā paha ka Spinosaurus.
Hoihoi ia!No laila he aha ka paʻakikī o ka loaʻa ʻana o Spinosaurus piha? ʻO nā mea āpau e pili ana i ʻelua mau kumu i hoʻohuli i ka paʻakikī o ka ʻimi ʻana i nā kumuwaiwai - kēia mau manawa a me ke one. Ma hope o nā mea āpau, ua hoʻohana ʻo Spinosaurus i ka hapa nui o kona ola ma ʻApelika a me ʻAigupita, e alakaʻi nei i kahi nohona semi-aquatic. ʻAʻole hiki iā mākou ke kamaʻāina me nā hiʻohiʻona i waiho ʻia ma lalo o ke one mānoanoa o ka Sahara i ka wā e hiki mai ana.
A hiki i kēia manawa, loaʻa nā mea āpau o Spinosaurus i nā mea mai ka iwi kuamoʻo a me ka iwi poʻo. E like me ka nui o nā hihia, ke loaʻa ka hapa iki o nā laʻana, koi ʻia nā paleontologists e hoʻohālikelike i nā dinosaur species me nā holoholona like loa. Eia nō naʻe, i ka hihia o ka spinosaurus, he hana paʻakikī kēia. Ma muli o kēlā mau dinosaur i manaʻoʻiʻo ʻia e nā paleontologists he ʻano like ko lākou me ka spinosaurus, ʻaʻohe mea i waena o lākou i ʻano like me kēia kū hoʻokahi a i ka manawa like me ka mea ʻaihue. No laila, ʻōlelo pinepine nā ʻepekema he bipedal paha ka spinosaurus, e like me nā mea ʻaihue nunui ʻē aʻe, e like me Tyrannosaurus Rex. Eia nō naʻe, ʻaʻole hiki ke ʻike ʻia kēia no kekahi, ma ka liʻiliʻi a hiki i ka loaʻa ʻana o ka piha, a i ʻole ka nalo ʻana, ua loaʻa nā koena o kēia ʻano.
ʻO ke koena o nā wahi noho o kēia predator nui nui i manaʻo ʻia he paʻakikī hoʻi e kiʻi i nā ʻeli ʻana i kēia manawa. ʻO ka Desert Sugar kahi ʻāpana o ka loaʻa nui e pili ana i nā hiʻohiʻona Spinosaurus. Akā hoʻoikaika ka ʻāina iā mākou e hoʻopili i nā hana titanic ma muli o ke ʻano o ke aniau, a me ka lawa ʻole o ke kūpono o ka paʻa o ka lepo e mālama ai i nā koena fossilized. Maliʻa paha ʻike ʻia nā hiʻohiʻona i ʻike pinepine ʻia i ka wā o nā one ʻino ma muli o ke anilā a me ka neʻe ʻana o ke one a ua lilo lākou i mea ʻole e ʻike a ʻike. No laila, ʻoluʻolu nā paleontologists me ka mea liʻiliʻi i loaʻa mua i ka manaolana o kekahi lā e kūʻē i nā mea kikoʻī piha aʻe i hiki ke pane i nā nīnau āpau o ka hoihoi a wehe i nā mea huna o ka spinosaurus.
Kahi noho, nā wahi noho
Ua loaʻa nā iwi iwi ma ʻApelika ʻĀkau a me ʻAigupita. ʻO ia ke kumu, theoretically, hiki ke manaʻo ʻia ua noho ka holoholona i kēia mau ʻāpana.
Papaʻai Spinosaurus
He ʻāʻī lōʻihi lōʻihi ko Spinosaurus me nā niho pololei. ʻO ka hapanui o nā dinosaur ʻai ʻiʻo ʻē aʻe he mau niho curved hou. Ma kēia mea, manaʻo ka hapanui o nā ʻepekema ua lulu ikaika kēia ʻano dinosaur i kāna mea pio e haehae i nā ʻāpana mai ona aku a make.
E hoihoi pū kekahi:
- ʻO Stegosaurus (Lūkini Stegosaurus)
- Tarbosaurus (lat.Tarbosaurus)
- ʻO Pterodactyl (Latin Pterodactylus)
- Megalodon (lat.Cararodon megalodon)
ʻOiai kēia ʻano o ka waha, ʻo ka manaʻo maʻamau ka poʻe ʻai spinosaurs he mau mea ʻai, makemake i ka nui o ka iʻa iʻa, ʻoiai ua noho lāua ma ka ʻāina a me ka wai (e laʻa me nā crocodile o kēia lā). Eia kekahi, ʻo lākou wale nō nā dinosaurs waterfowl.
ʻEnemi kūlohelohe
Ke noʻonoʻo nei i ka nui kupaianaha o ka holoholona a me ka noho nui o ka wai, paʻakikī e manaʻo he ʻenemi kūlohelohe paha kona.
