ʻO kekahi o nā lau nahele nui i hoʻopili ʻia i ke ola ma nā latitude arctic. Ma waho aʻe o ka musk ox (musk ox), noho wale nā reinadia i laila.
Ka wehewehe o ka musk ox
ʻO Ovibos moschatus, a i ʻole musk ox, he lālā o ka ʻāpana artiodactyl a ʻo ia wale nō, ma kahi o 2 mau ʻano fossil, ka ʻelele o ka genus Ovibos (musk ox) o ka ʻohana bovid. ʻO ka genus ʻo Ovibos no ka subfamily Caprinae (kao), ʻo ia pū kekahi me nā hipa mauna a me nā kao..
Hoihoi ia!ʻIke ʻia ʻo Takin ma ke ʻano he pilikana kokoke loa o ka bipi musk.
Eia nō naʻe, ua like ka bipi musk me ka bipi ma mua o ke kao e kona kino: ua hoʻoholo ʻia kēia hopena ma hope o ke aʻo ʻana i ke kino a me nā lālā o ka bipi musk. Hiki ke nānā ʻia ka pili o nā hipa i ka anatomy a me nā hopena serological, a me nā bipi - i ke ʻano o nā niho a me ka iwi poʻo.
Helehelena
Ma muli o ka evolution, ua loaʻa i ka bipi musk kahi hiʻohiʻona kūwaho, i hoʻokumu ʻia e nā kūlana ola ʻino. No laila, ʻaʻohe ona wahi o ke kino e hoʻoliʻiliʻi i ka pohō o ka hau i ka hau, akā he huluhulu lōʻihi mānoanoa kona, nona nā mea hoʻomehana wela e hāʻawi ʻia e giviot (undercoat mānoanoa e hoʻomehana ana 8 mau manawa ma mua o ka hulu hipa). ʻO ka bipi musk kahi holoholona holoholona me kona poʻo nui a me kona ʻāʻī pokole, ulu ʻia me ka huluhulu nui, a ʻoi aku ka nui ma mua o ka maoli.
Hoihoi ia! ʻO ka ulu ʻana o kahi bipi mākeke mākua ma nā kino mae ma ka awelika 1.3-1.4 m me ke kaupaona o 260 a 650 kg. Ua hoʻomohala ka bipi musk i nā mākala, kahi e hōʻea ai ka nui o nā mākala i 20% o kona kaumaha o ke kino.
ʻAʻole olohelohe ka mua o ka waha, e like me nā bipi, akā uhi ʻia me ka lauoho pokole. ʻAʻole ʻike mau ʻia nā pepeiao triangular kihi i ka lauoho huluhulu. Uhi ʻia nā lālā ikaika me ka hulu a hiki i nā kui, a ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o nā hope i ka mua. ʻO ka huelo pōkole ua nalowale i ka palule a ʻike pinepine ʻole ʻia.
Hāʻawi ke kūlohelohe i ka bipi musk me nā pepeiaohao ʻano pahi kākela, ākea a wili i ke kumu (ma ka lae), kahi e hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ai lākou e kahi ala haiki. Eia kekahi, e lahilahi aʻe kēlā me kēia pepeiaohao, e iho i lalo, e kūlou ana a puni ka wahi kokoke i nā maka a mai nā pāpālina e holoholo ana i waho me nā wēlau paʻa. ʻO nā kihi e laumania a poepoe i ka ʻāpana keʻa (ke kāpae ʻole i kā lākou ʻaoʻao mua) hiki ke hina, beige a ʻeleʻele paha, ʻeleʻele i ka ʻeleʻele i kā lākou mau ʻōlelo aʻoaʻo.
ʻO ka waihoʻoluʻu o ka bipi musk e hoʻomalu ʻia e ka pōʻeleʻele (luna) a me ka eleele-ʻeleʻele (lalo) me kahi wahi māmā i waenakonu o ka pali. ʻIke ʻia ka pale māmā ma nā wāwae a i kekahi manawa ma ka lae. Hoʻololi ka lōʻihi o ke kapa mai 15 knm ma ka hope i 0.6-0.9 m ma ka ʻōpū a me nā ʻaoʻao. I ka nānā ʻana i ka bipi musk, me he mea lā ua hoʻolei ʻia kahi poncho huluhulu hoʻonaninani ma luna ona, e kaulike kokoke ana i ka honua.
Hoihoi ia! I ka hana ʻia ʻana o ka ʻahu, 8 (!) ʻAno o ka lauoho i pili, mahalo i ka musk bipi hulu i loaʻa i nā hiʻohiʻona insulation thermal, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi ma mua o nā holoholona ʻē aʻe ma ka honua.
I ka hoʻoilo, mānoanoa a lōʻihi hoʻi ka huluhulu; hana ʻia ka molting i ke kau mahana a mau mai Mei a Iulai (komo pū).
Ka nohona ola, hana
Ua hoʻololi ka bipi musk i ke anuanu a maikaʻi maikaʻi i waena o nā wao akua polar a me nā tundras arctic. Koho i nā wahi e pili ana i ke kau a me ka loaʻa o kekahi mau meaʻai: i ka hoʻoilo hele pinepine ia i nā kuahiwi, kahi e kahili ka makani i ka hau mai nā pali, a i ke kauwela e iho i lalo i nā awāwa kahawai a me nā wahi haʻahaʻa ma tundra.
ʻO ke ala o ke ola e like me nā hipa, huddling i nā kau liʻiliʻi heterosexual, i ke kauwela no 4-10, i ka hoʻoilo no 12-50. Hoʻokumu nā kāne i ka hāʻule / kauwela i nā hui like kāne a i ʻole noho hoʻokahi (ʻo ia mau hermits he 9% o ka heluna kaiāulu).
ʻAʻole i ʻoi aku ka nui o kahi o nā holoholona i 5050 ² ma ka awelika, akā ʻo 200 mau kika me nā kauwela... I ka ʻimi ʻana i ka meaʻai, alakaʻi ʻia ka pūʻā e kahi alakaʻi a i ʻole kahi bipi makua, akā i kahi kūlana koʻikoʻi, ʻo ke kau bipi kau wale nō ke kuleana no nā hoa. Hele mālie nā bipi Musk, e holo wikiwiki ana i 40 km / h inā pono a uhi i kahi mamao loa. Dexterous loa nā pipi Musk i ka piʻi ʻana i nā pōhaku. ʻAʻole like me ka reindeer, ʻaʻole lākou e neʻe i nā neʻe manawa lōʻihi, akā neʻe mai Sepatemaba a Mei, e noho nei i ka ʻāina kūloko. I ke kau mahana, hoʻopili ʻia ka hānai a me ka maha i 6-9 mau manawa i ka lā.
Mea nui! I ka hoʻoilo, hoʻomaha nui ka holoholona a hiamoe paha, ʻeli ʻana i nā mea kanu i loaʻa mai ka hoʻokuʻu, a i ka hapalua mika ka hohonu, ka hau. Ke pā mai kahi ʻino Arctic, moe nā bipi musk me ko lākou kua i ka makani. ʻAʻole lākou makaʻu i nā hau, akā weliweli nā hau kiʻekiʻe, ʻo ka mea hoʻi i hoʻopaʻa ʻia e ka hau.
Nui nā maka o ka bipi musk e kōkua ai e ʻike i nā mea i ka pō polar, a hoʻomohala pono ʻia ke koena o nā ʻike. ʻOiaʻiʻo, ʻaʻohe ona ʻono o ka bipi musk e like me ke ʻano o kona hoalauna ma ka tundra (reindeer), akā mahalo iā ia ʻike nā holoholona i ka hoʻokokoke ʻana o nā mea ʻino a loaʻa nā mea kanu ma lalo o ka hau. Maʻalahi ka hōʻailona leo: honi / ʻūlū nā mākua ke makaʻu, uō nā kāne i ka hakakā male ʻana, pākī nā keiki bipi, kāhea ana i ko lākou makuahine.
Pehea ka lōʻihi o ke ola ʻana o kahi bipi musk
Noho nā Lunamakaʻāinana o ka lāhui i ka awelika o 11-14 mau makahiki, ma lalo o nā kūlana maikaʻi, ʻaneʻane pālua i kēia wā a ke ola nei a 23-24 mau makahiki.
Dimorphism moekolohe
ʻO nā ʻokoʻa, me nā anatomical, ma waena o ke kāne a me ka wahine musk bipi he mea nui. I ka nahelehele, loaʻa nā kāne i ka 350-400 kg me ke kiʻekiʻe ma nā mea mae a i 1.5 m a me ka lōʻihi o ke kino o 2.1-2.6 m, ʻoiai e ʻike ʻia ka haʻahaʻa o nā wahine ma kahi maloʻo (a 1.2 m) a ʻoi aku ka pōkole o ka lōʻihi (1 , 9-2.4 m) me ke kaumaha e like me 60% o ka awelika o ke kāne. I ka hoʻopaʻa pio ʻana, hoʻonui nui ka nui o nā holoholona: i ke kāne a hiki i ka 650-700 kg, i ka wahine a 300 kg a ʻoi aku.
Hoihoi ia! Hoʻonani ʻia nā Lunamakaʻāinana o nā kāne ʻelua me nā pepeiaohao, akā, ʻoi aku ka nui a me ka lōʻihi o nā pepeiaohao kāne, a i 73 cm, ʻoiai he ʻelua manawa o ka pōkole o nā pepeiaohao wahine (a 40 cm)
Hoʻohui ʻia, ʻaʻohe o nā pepeiaohao o nā wahine i kahi mānoanoa kikoʻī kokoke i ke kumu, akā he wahi ko lākou o ka ʻili ma waena o nā pepeiaohao kahi e ulu ai nā fluff keʻokeʻo. Eia kekahi, loaʻa i nā wahine he hū liʻiliʻi me nā nipples pālua (3.5-4.5 cm ka lōʻihi), ulu ʻia me nā lauoho māmā.
ʻIke ʻia ka ʻokoʻa ma waena o nā kāne i ka manawa o ka hānau hānau ʻana. Loaʻa ka momona o ka wahine musk bipi i ka makahiki 2, akā me ka hānai hānai ʻana ua mākaukau ia no ka momona ma mua, ma 15-17 mau mahina. Ua oʻo kolohe nā kāne ma mua o 2-3 mau makahiki o ko lākou makahiki.
Kahi noho, nā wahi noho
Uhi ka laulā kumu o ka bipi musk i nā panalā palena ʻole o Arctic o Eurasia, mai laila mai, ma ka Bering Isthmus (kahi i pili iā Chukotka a me Alaska), ua neʻe nā holoholona i ʻAmelika ʻĀkau a ma hope hoʻi i Greenland. Loaʻa nā koena o nā bipi musk mai Siberia a i ka latitu o Kiev (hema), a ʻo Palani hoʻi, Kelemania a me Pelekane Nui.
Mea nui! ʻO ke kumu nui i ka emi ʻana o ka laulā a me ka helu o nā bipi musk ka hoʻomehana honua, a ʻo ia ka hopena o ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana o ka Lae Polar, kahi hoʻonui i ke kiʻekiʻe / kiʻekiʻena uhi o ka hau a me ka hoʻoliʻiliʻi o ka stepra tundra.
I kēia lā, noho nā bipi musk ma ʻAmelika Hema (ʻākau o 60 ° N), ma ka ʻāina Greenel a me Parry, ma ke komohana / hikina ʻo Greenland a ma ke kapakai ʻākau o Greenland (83 ° N). A hiki i ka makahiki 1865, noho nā holoholona i ka ʻākau o Alaska, ma laila lākou i hoʻopau loa ʻia ai. I ka makahiki 1930, ua lawe ʻia lākou i Alaska, i ka makahiki 1936 - ma kahi o. Nunivak, i ka makahiki 1969 - ma kahi o. ʻO Nelson ma ke kai ʻo Bering a me kekahi o nā mālama ma ʻĀpana.
Ua aʻa maikaʻi ka bipi musk i kēia mau wahi, ʻaʻole hiki ke ʻōlelo ʻia e pili ana iā ʻIlia, Nolewai a me Suedena, kahi i holo pono ʻole ai ka hoʻolauna ʻana o nā laha.... Ua hoʻomaka pū ʻia ka Reaclimatization o nā bipi musk ma Rukia: i kekahi mau makahiki i hala aku nei, ma kahi o 8 tausani mau holoholona i noho ma Taimyr tundra, ua helu ʻia nā poʻo he 850 ma kahi o. ʻO Wrangel, ʻoi aku ma mua o 1 tausani - ma Yakutia, ma luna o 30 - ma ka moku ʻo Magadan a ma kahi o 8 kakini - ma Yamal.
ʻAiʻai musk bipi
ʻO kēia kahi lāʻau lapaʻau maʻamau i hiki ke hoʻololi i nā wahi ʻaiʻuʻuku o ka Arctic anu. He mau pule wale nō ke kauwela ʻo Arctic, ʻo ia ke kumu e noho ai nā bipi musk no nā mea kanu maloʻo ma lalo o ka hau no ka hapa nui o ka makahiki.
ʻO ka papaʻai o kahi bipi musk i kūkulu ʻia i nā mea kanu e like me:
- lāʻau liʻiliʻi / willow;
- lichens (me ka lichen) a me ka limu;
- sedge, me ka pulupulu mauʻu;
- astragalus a me mytnik;
- arctagrostis a me ka arctophila;
- mauʻu partridge (dryad);
- uliuli (mauʻu ʻohe, mauʻu mauʻu a me nā ʻalopeke).
I ke kauwela, a hiki i ka hāʻule ʻana o ka hau a hoʻomaka ka rut hana, hele mai nā bipi musk i nā liki paʻakai maoli e pani no ka nele o nā macro- a me nā microelement.
Hoʻohua a me nā keiki
Kū mau ka rut mai ka hopena o Iulai a i waena o ʻOkakopa, akā hoʻololi i kekahi manawa ma muli o ke anilā a Sepatemaba-Kekemapa... ʻO nā wahine āpau o ka bipi, mākaukau e hoa, uhi ʻia e kahi kāne kāne hoʻokahi.
A i loko wale nō o nā pūʻā lehulehu, ʻo ke kuleana o nā mea hope o ka genus e lawe ʻia e hoʻokahi / mau bipi kāne subdominant. I ka hakakā no ka wahine, palena pinepine nā mea hoʻokūkū iā lākou iho i ka hōʻike ʻana i nā mea hoʻoweliweli, e like me ke kūlou ʻana o ke poʻo, ka ʻū ʻana, ka uwo ʻana a me ka hoʻokuʻi ʻana i ka lepo.
Inā ʻaʻole hāʻawi pio ka hoa paio, hoʻomaka kahi hakakā maoli - nā bipi kauō, hoʻopuehu ʻia e 30-50 m, holo i kekahi i kekahi, kīkē pū i ko lākou poʻo (i kekahi manawa a 40 mau manawa). Hoʻomaha ka mea i eo, akā i kekahi mau manawa make i ke kahua kaua. He 8-8.5 mahina ka lōʻihi o ka hāpai ʻana, a hemo ma ke ʻano o hoʻokahi keiki bipi (he mahoe iki ʻole) ke kaupaona ʻana he 7-8 kg. I kekahi mau hola ma hope o ka hānau ʻana, hiki i ka bipi keiki ke ukali i ka makuahine. I nā lā 2 mua, hānai ka wahine i kāna pēpē i nā manawa he 8-18, e hāʻawi ana i kēia hana he 35-50 mau minuke. Hoʻopili ʻia kahi keiki bipi ʻelua mau pule i ka nipples 4-8 mau manawa i ka lā, kahi bipi keiki i kēlā me kēia mahina he 1-6 mau manawa.
Hoihoi ia! Ma muli o ke kiʻekiʻe (11%) ka momona o ka waiū, ulu wikiwiki nā keiki bipi, loaʻa iā 40-45 kg e ko lākou mau 2 mahina. Ma nā mahina ʻehā, kaupaona lākou a 70-75 kg, i loko o ʻeono mau mahina a i hoʻokahi makahiki kaupaona lākou ma kahi o 80–95 kg, a i ka makahiki 2 mau makahiki ma ka liʻiliʻi 140-180 kg.
He 4 mau mahina ka hānai ʻana o ka waiū, akā mau ka manawa a 1 makahiki a ʻoi paha, no ka laʻana, i nā wahine hānau hānau hope. I ka makahiki o hoʻokahi pule, hoʻāʻo ka bipi keiki i nā ʻūlū a me nā palaoa mauʻu, a ma hope o hoʻokahi mahina ua hoʻololi ʻia i ka nāhelehele, i kākoʻo ʻia e ka waiū o ka makuahine.
Mālama ka bipi i ke keiki bipi a hiki i nā mahina he 12. Hoʻohui ʻia nā keiki bipi kauo no ka pāʻina, a hōʻuluʻulu ʻia nā wahine a alakaʻi i ka hoʻokumu ʻia ʻana o kahi pūʻulu bipi me nā holoholona ʻōpio. I nā wahi hānai waiwai, ʻike ʻia nā keiki i kēlā me kēia makahiki, i nā wahi hānai haʻahaʻa - ʻo ka hapalua o ka manawa, ma hope o hoʻokahi makahiki. ʻOiai ka helu like o nā kāne / wahine i waena o nā keiki hānau hou, ʻoi aku ka nui o nā bipi ma mua o nā bipi i nā heluna makua.
ʻEnemi kūlohelohe
Ua lawa ka ikaika a ikaika hoʻi nā bipi Musk e pale pono ai i ko lākou mau ʻenemi kūlohelohe, e hoʻopili pū ana me:
- ʻīlio hae;
- bea (ʻeleʻele a keʻokeʻo);
- ʻīlio hae;
- kanaka
ʻIke i ka weliweli, hele nā bipi musk lohi i kahi holo a holo, akā inā ʻaʻole holo kēia, hana nā mākua i kahi pōʻai, hūnā i nā keiki bipi ma hope o ko lākou kua. Ke hoʻokokoke ka mea ʻino, hōʻole hou kekahi o nā bipi iā ia a hoʻi hou i ka pūʻā. Kūpono ka pale āpau i nā holoholona, akā makehewa loa a hōʻeha hoʻi ke hui pū ka pūʻā me nā mea ʻimi holoholona, ʻoi aku ka ʻoluʻolu o ka pā ʻana i kahi pahuhopu paʻa nui.
Heluna a me ke kūlana o kēia ʻano
Ua helu ʻia ka bipi musk i loko o ka IUCN Red Data Book ma lalo o ke kūlana o ka "hopohopo liʻiliʻi", akā naʻe, ua hoʻolaha ʻia he ʻano pale i ka Arctic.... Wahi a ka IUCN, ke kokoke nei ka heluna nui o ka bipi musk i ka 134-137 tausani mau holoholona makua. ʻO Alaska (2001-2005) kahi home o 3,714 mau bipi musk i ʻike maka ʻia mai nā wahi lewa a me nā kahua honua. Wahi a nā manaʻo IUCN, ka nui o nā holoholona ma Greenland (a ʻo 1991) he 9.5-12.5 tausani mau holoholona. Ma Nunavut, aia he 45.3 tausani mau bipi musk, a he 35 tausani ka nui o lākou i noho ma nā mokupuni ʻo Arctic wale nō.
Ma nā wahi komohana komohana o Kanada mai 1991 a 2005, aia he 75.4 tausani mau bipi musk, ka hapa nui o ia (93%) e noho ana ma nā mokupuni nui ʻo ʻAtika.
ʻIke ʻia nā mea hoʻoweliweli nui i ka laha:
- ʻaihue holoholona
- hau hau;
- predation o grizzly bea a me nā ʻīlio hihiu (ʻAmelika Hema);
- hoʻomehana honua.
Hoihoi ia! Hānai nā kahu holoholona i nā bipi musk no kaʻiʻo e like me ka pipi a me ka momona (a hiki i 30% o ke kaumaha o ke kino), hānai nā holoholona no ka hoʻoilo. Hoʻohui ʻia, ma kahi o 3 kg o ka fluff mehana i hoʻopaʻa ʻia mai hoʻokahi bipi musk.
Ua helu nā Zoologists ma muli o ka hau o ka hau, ka mea i ʻae ʻole e haki i ka mauʻu mauʻu, a hiki i 40% o nā holoholona i make ma kekahi mau mokupuni Arctic i ka wā hoʻoilo. Ma Greenland, mālama ʻia ka hapa nui o nā holoholona i loko o nā palena o ka National Park, kahi e pale ai lākou mai ka hopu holoholona. ʻO nā bipi Musk e noho ana ma ka hema o ka paka e kī ʻia ma ke ʻano kuota wale nō.
