ʻO ka grouse ʻeleʻele kahi manu i kamaʻāina mai ka wā kamaliʻi. Nui nā pepelika, nā ʻōlelo a me nā kaʻao e pili ana i kēia hulu noho o ka nahele, a ʻo ka mea nui i makemake ʻia ʻo "The Fox and the Black Grouse." Hōʻike ʻia ʻo ia ma ke ʻano he akamai, kūpono a kāohi ʻia, a ʻo ka mea hope loa, hoʻopakele iā ia mai nā mea hoihoi o ka ʻalopeke. ʻO nā mea hoʻonaninani wale nō e aʻo i kēia manu a me nā mea ʻimi holoholona, i waena o lākou ka ʻeleʻele ʻeleʻele i manaʻo ʻia he pāʻani nui ia mai ka wā kahiko, a nāna i hoʻokumu i nā ʻano akamai o kēia manu, i hoʻomohala i nā ʻano naʻau akamai o ka ʻimi holoholona ʻana i kēia nani o ka ululāʻau, e ʻike e pili ana i ka mea like, ʻo ia hoʻi ka ʻeleʻele ʻeleʻele maoli.
ʻO ka wehewehe grouse ʻeleʻele
ʻO ka grouse ʻeleʻele kahi manu nui o ka ʻohana pheasant, ka mea ākea a noho i nā ululāʻau, ululāʻau a me, hapa, i ka steppes o Eurasia, me Russia. ʻO ke kumu, alakaʻi ke kahawai ʻeleʻele i kahi nohona noho, ʻoi aku, makemake ia e noho ma nā lihi o ka ululāʻau, e pili ana i ka nahele a me nā awāwa o nā kahawai.
Helehelena
ʻO ka grouse ʻeleʻele kahi manu nui nui, ʻo kona nui e pili ana i ka wahine hiki mai 40 a 58 cm, a me ke kaumaha - mai 0.7 a 1.4 kg, i kēlā me kēia.... Liʻiliʻi kona poʻo, me ka nuku pōkole. Nui aʻe ke kino, akā ʻaʻole nui loa, ua lawa ka ʻāʻī, me ka piʻo maikaʻi. Ikaika nā wāwae, ʻike maka, ma muli o nā manamana wāwae e uhi ana iā lākou i ke kumu, ua mānoanoa lākou.
Hoihoi ia! ʻO kahi hiʻohiʻona hiʻohiʻona o ka ʻaihue ʻeleʻele ko lākou leo. I ka wā moena, hana nā kāne i nā leo e like like me ka ʻūlū ʻana a me ka namunamu ʻana. A cackle wahine e like me nā moa maʻamau.
He ʻehā manamana wāwae ko ka gruse ʻeleʻele ma kēlā me kēia wāwae, ʻekolu o lākou e kuhikuhi i mua, a ke kūʻē nei ka hā iā lākou. Lawa lawa nā māiʻuʻu. Ikaika nā ʻeheu, uhi ʻia me nā hulu lōʻihi, ʻaʻole hiki i ka manu ke hana me ka ʻole i ka wā o nā lele.
Hana, nohona nohona
ʻO nā grouse ʻeleʻele nā manuahi kaiapili e makemake e mālama i nā hipa nui i nā manawa āpau, koe wale no ka wā male, a ʻoi aku, hiki i 200-300 mau kānaka i ka ʻohana. ʻO ka pinepine, hui ʻia nā pūʻulu grouse, ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o ka poʻe kahi i loaʻa nā kāne wale nō, akā ʻo nā holoholona he hapa o nā wahine he kākaʻikahi loa. Kūlehu kēia mau manu, a i ke kauwela, ke wela nui i ka lā, hana lākou i ke kakahiaka a me ke ahiahi ma mua o ka napoʻo ʻana o ka lā.
I ka lā ua makemake lākou e noho i nā kumulāʻau, i waena o ka hōʻuluʻulu ʻana o nā lālā: ma laila i waiho ai ka ʻaihue ʻeleʻele i ka lā a ma laila lākou e pakele ai mai ka hapa nui o nā mea ʻānai ʻāina.... ʻO ka hapa nui o nā grouse ʻeleʻele he sedentary. I nā hola o ka hana, hele wāwae lākou ma ka honua no ka manawa lōʻihi, hiki iā lākou ke noho i ka pō ma laila, i ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana o nā mānoanoa o nā nāhelehele a i ʻole kahi poho ma kahi hummock. ʻOiai, ʻo ka mea nui, makemake ʻia nā kumulāʻau e like me nā wahi moe: ʻoi aku ka mālie a ʻoi aku ka palekana ma laila ma mua o ka honua.
Piʻi maikaʻi lākou i nā kumulāʻau, i hiki ai iā lākou ke kāhea ʻia nā manu kūwaho a me nā manu arboreal me ka hoʻāpono like. He mea kupaianaha ia, akā hiki i nā ʻeleʻeleʻeleʻele ke noho wiwo ʻole ma nā lālā lahilahi hiki ʻole ke kākoʻo i ko lākou kaumaha. ʻO kēia mau mea akahele me ka hoʻolohe maikaʻi a me ka hihiʻo, ʻoiai ʻoi aku ke akahele o ka wahine ma mua o nā kāne a inā he mea weliweli lākou ka mea mua e hāʻawi i nā hōʻailona hōʻailona, a laila lawe ʻia ka ʻohana holoʻokoʻa mai kahi a lele i kahi ʻē aʻe.
Hoihoi ia! ʻO Grouse, ʻoiai kona nui nui, lele wikiwiki: ʻo kona wikiwiki lele hiki ke 100 km / h, a inā he weliweli, hiki iā ia ke lele i kahi mamao o nā mile he ʻumi.
I ka hoʻoilo, kūkulu kēia mau manu i kahi pale ma lalo o ka hau, kahi i nā hau hau hiki iā lākou ke noho i waho no hoʻokahi lā holoʻokoʻa. No ka hana ʻana i kēia, pinepine me ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka pō ahiahi, he luʻu ʻeleʻele mai kahi lālā lāʻau e luʻu i loko o kahi hohonu, akā hemo hau ʻole a, e huki ana i ka hau, a e hoʻokuʻi hoʻi iā ia me kona kino, hana i kahi tunnel i loko a 50 cm ka hohonu.
He puʻuhonua hilinaʻi loa kēia, ʻoiai ʻoiai ʻo ka grouse ʻeleʻele, aia i loko o kā lākou mau tunnels, e hoʻolohe pono i nā ʻanuʻu o kahi neʻe e hele mai nei a, inā pono, he manawa e haʻalele i ko lākou mau hale noho a lele aku ma mua o ka hoʻokokoke ʻana i kahi mamao weliweli.
ʻO ka pilikia koʻikoʻi wale nō i hiki ke kali i ke ʻaʻa ʻeleʻele i loko o kāna mau tunnels he hoʻomehana manawa wale nō a me ka hoʻokumu ʻana o kahi pahu hau i ka hau, ʻaʻole ia he hana maʻalahi no ka manu e wāwahi. Me ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka pūnāwai, hemo nā holoholona, a hoʻomaka nā kāne e ʻākoakoa ma nā kahawai, kahi, e kakali ana i nā wahine, lele lākou i nā kukuna o ka lā puna mua.
Ehia mau grouse ʻeleʻele e ola nei
I ka nahelehele, ʻo ka awelika o ke kahakaha ʻeleʻele he 11 a 13 mau makahiki, i ke pio ʻana hiki ke ola lōʻihi kēia mau manu.
Dimorphism moekolohe
Hoʻolahalaha ʻia ka dimorphism moekolohe i ka ʻeleʻele ʻeleʻele: ʻaʻole ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o nā wahine ma mua o nā kāne i ka nui, akā ʻokoʻa loa hoʻi iā lākou i ke kala o kā lākou plumage. ʻO ka plumage o ke kāne kāne ʻeleʻele ʻōniʻoniʻo, me kahi aniani o nā aka ʻōmaʻomaʻo a poni paha ma ke poʻo, ka ʻāʻī, ka ʻāʻī a me ka pūhaka. Loaʻa iā ia nā kuʻemaka ʻulaʻula hohonu ma luna o kona mau maka. He ʻeleʻele ke kua o ka ʻōpū, me nā wēlau hulu keʻokeʻo. Keokeo ka undertail, ʻokoʻa. Aia kekahi mau kiko keʻokeʻo liʻiliʻi i kapa ʻia he "aniani" ma nā hulu lele ʻeleʻele ʻeleʻele. Kūlou ikaika nā hulu o ka huelo i nā ʻaoʻao, ma muli o ke ʻano o ka huelo e like me ke lira. ʻEleʻele ko lākou kala me kahi kala poni ma ka piko.
Hoihoi ia! ʻO ke kala o nā manu ʻōpio, me ka nānā ʻole i kā lākou moekolohe, like ia: ʻo nā kāne a me nā wahine i ka wā ʻōpio ua hoʻololi i nā plumage, me nā ʻeleʻele ʻeleʻele, brownish-melemele a me nā kaha keʻokeʻo a me nā kiko e kūlike ana.
ʻO ka wahine o ka grouse ʻeleʻele i kala ʻia me ke akahai loa: ʻulaʻula ʻulaʻula ʻo ia me nā kahakaha hina, melemele a ʻeleʻele-brown. He mau aniani pū kekahi kāna ma nā ʻēheu lele, akā naʻe, i ke ʻano ʻulaʻula māmā, nānā lākou i ka liʻiliʻi o ka hoʻohālikelike ma mua o ke kāne. He wahi notch iki ko ka wahine ma ka huelo, a, e like me ke kāne, pena ʻia keʻokeʻo kāna keʻokeʻo.
Nā ʻano o ka grouse ʻeleʻele
I kēia manawa, ʻike ʻia ʻelua ʻano ʻeleʻele ʻeleʻele e noho nei i ʻEulopa: ʻo kēia ka grouse ʻeleʻele, kahi i kapa ʻia ʻo grouse kahua, a me ka grouse ʻeleʻele Caucasian. I ka manawa like, hoʻokaʻawale nā ʻepekema ʻehiku a ʻewalu paha subspecies o ka grouse ʻeleʻele e noho ana i nā wahi like ʻole o kona wahi noho. Ma waho, ua ʻano like kēia mau ʻano ʻelua, koe wale nō ka liʻiliʻi o ka grouse ʻeleʻele Caucasian: ʻaʻole ʻoi aku kona nui ma mua o 50-55 cm, a ʻo kona kaupaona he 1.1 kg.
ʻIke ʻia nā ʻokoʻa o ke kala o ka plumage: i ka grouse ʻeleʻele Caucasian he puʻupuʻu, aneane nele i ka ʻālohilohi, me ka ʻole o ke aniani ke kala, a ʻaʻohe "aniani" ma nā ʻeheu... ʻOkoʻa ka huelo o kēia ʻano i ke ʻano: he kinona ke ʻano, akā i ka manawa like e forked ai. He haiki ka hulu o ka huelo, akā i ka manawa like ʻoi aku ka lōʻihi o ka hulu ʻeleʻele. ʻO nā wahine o ka grouse ʻeleʻele Caucasian i kala ʻia i kahi motley, ʻulaʻula-ʻeleʻele kala, i hoʻonani ʻia me nā kaha ʻeleʻele.
Noho kēia ʻano i ka Caucasus ma Lūkia a me Turkey. ʻIke pū ʻia ma Azerbaijan, Armenia a me Georgia. ʻO kāna mau wahi punahele kahi rhododendron a me nā kumu pua rose hihiu; noho pū kēia manu i nā ulu ulu liʻiliʻi, ulu nui ʻia me ka birch a me ka juniper. ʻAi ʻo Caucasian ʻeleʻele grouse i nā mea kanu lau nahele, nā hua, nā kolo. I ka hoʻoilo, ʻai lākou i nā ʻōpuʻu birch a me nā catkey, nā hua a me nā hua.
Kahi noho, nā wahi noho
Noho ʻo Grouse ʻeleʻele i nā ululāʻau, ululāʻau a me steppe o Eurasia, mai nā Alps a me nā mokupuni Pelekane ma ka palena komohana o kona palena a hoʻopau me ka moku ʻo Ussuri a me ka Peninsula Korea ma ka hikina
I ka manawa like, he kūlana nā palena o ka pae, no ka mea pili lākou i ka nui o nā manu a me nā loli moʻomeheu i nā kāʻei. A i kekahi mau wahi kahi i pālahalaha nui ai ka ʻeleʻele ʻeleʻele ma mua, ua nalowale loa lākou i kēia manawa ma muli o ka hana hoʻokele waiwai kanaka, e like me, no ka laʻana, i hana ʻia ma ka Hikina Sudetenland.
Ma nā panalāʻau o Rūsia, noho kēia manu mai ke Kola Peninsula a me ka moku ʻo Arkhangelsk ma ka ʻākau a hiki i ke Kursk, Voronezh, Volgograd a me nā pae o Altai ma ka hema. ʻOi aku ka makemake o ka grouse ʻeleʻele e noho i nā ulu ulu, nā kope liʻiliʻi a me nā ulu lāʻau, kahi e nui ai nā hua. Loaʻa pū ia i nā awāwa kahawai, ma nā palena o nā kahawai, nā wahi pāpū a i ʻole nā ʻāina mahiʻai. Hoʻāʻo lākou ʻaʻole e noho i loko o nā ululāʻau nui, akā hiki iā lākou ke koho i kahi kō nui a i ʻole kahi kahi o kahi ahi e ulu ai a ʻaʻole i loaʻa i nā lāʻau ka manawa e ulu ai.
Hoihoi ia! Makemake nui kēia mau manu i ka noho ʻana i nā ululāʻau birch a makemake iā lākou i nā wahi āpau ʻē aʻe. Akā ma ʻEulopa Komohana, ua koho lōʻihi ʻia ke kahawai ʻeleʻele e like me nā wahi i noho ʻia e heather heathlands, a ma Ukraine a me Kazakhstan - nā mānoanoa ulu lāʻau.
Papaʻai grouse ʻeleʻele
ʻO ka grouse ʻeleʻele kahi manu nāhelehele, ma ka liʻiliʻi makemake nā mākua e ʻai i ka meaʻai lau. I loko o nā mahina mehana, ʻai lākou i nā blueberry, blueberry, cranberry a i ʻole lingonberry a me nā mea kanu lau nahele e like me ka clover a i ʻole ka hawk. ʻAi lākou i nā māla kahi e ulu ai nā mea kanu, a makemake nui lākou i nā hua o ka palaoa a me ka mila.
I ka hoʻoilo, hānai ka ʻeleʻele ʻeleʻele e noho ana i nā ululāʻau birch i nā wana birch, nā ʻōpuʻu a i ʻole nā catkey. A ʻo nā manu e noho ana ma nā wahi ulu ʻole ʻo ka birch pono e ʻoluʻolu me nā meaʻai ʻē aʻe: nā nila spruce a me nā juniper, nā pua larch, nā pine pine ʻōpio, a me nā ʻōpuʻu alder a willow paha.
Hānai nui nā holoholona ʻōpio o kēia mau manu i nā mea kolo, akā ma hope, i ko lākou oʻo ʻana, kuapo lākou e kanu i ka meaʻai.
Hoʻohua a me nā keiki
Mai ka hoʻomaka ʻana o nā kāne puna o ka grouse ʻeleʻele e ʻākoakoa ana ma nā kahe i kapa ʻia, kahi a lākou e koho ai i nā lau nahele, nā kauhale o nā kahawai a i ʻole nā aniani o nā ululāʻau mālie. Ma hoʻokahi glade, hiki i ʻelua mau kakini kāne ke ʻākoakoa, a i kekahi manawa hou aku. ʻO ka piko o ka moʻa ʻana i ka grouse ʻeleʻele i ka hapa lua o ʻApelila - Mei mua. I kēia manawa, hoʻāʻo kēlā me kēia kāne e noho i kahi pūnaewele ma ka pūnaewele i kēia manawa kokoke i ka waena o ka nāhelehele, akā ʻo nā pūnaewele ʻoi loa, ʻoiaʻiʻo, e hele i nā mea ikaika loa o lākou.
Mālama maikaʻi nā kāne i kēia mau wahi mai ka hoʻouka kaua ʻana, hiki i kekahi o lākou ke moe i ka pō ma laila, ma ka honua, no ka makaʻu ʻoiai ʻo ia e hoʻi mai ka pō, hiki i kekahi ʻeleʻele ʻeleʻele ke noho i ia wahi. Ma kahi o hoʻokahi hola ma mua o ka wanaʻao, ʻākoakoa nā kāne ma nā kahawai a hoʻomaka e hoʻokuʻu i kāna kani a laila e ʻōhumu ana i nā kani i mea e ʻumeʻume ai ka maka o nā wahine, i ka hōʻea ʻana mai ma hope o kekahi manawa, noho mua lākou a kokoke i ka lihi o nā kahawai, a laila lele i ka waena o ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe, kahi a lākou e koho ai i kā lākou hoa.
ʻO kēia manawa o ka ʻeleʻele ʻeleu kahi mea hoihoi loa i mua. Kūkū kekahi mau kāne i kekahi mea, kūlou i ko lākou ʻāʻī i ka lepo a hohola i ko lākou huelo me nā huelo keʻokeʻo lush. Lele nā poʻe ʻē aʻe i kēia manawa a paʻi ikaika i ko lākou mau ʻeheu. ʻO ke kolu o lākou, ʻaʻole e hoʻokaʻawale i ka wahine wahine a i ʻole kahi, e hui pū i kahi duel, e lele a lele ana kekahi i kekahi. Eia nō naʻe, ʻoiai ʻo ka hakakā pinepine ʻana o nā hakakā ma waena o nā kāne, ʻaʻole nā kumu ʻeleʻele e hōʻino nui kekahi i kekahi.
Ma hope o ka male ʻana, ʻaʻole komo nā kāne o ka ʻeleʻele i ka hopena o kā lākou keiki i ka wā e hiki mai ana: kūkulu ka wahine i ka pūnana iā ia iho, hoʻoulu ʻo ia iā 5-13 mau hua-momona me nā ʻeleʻele ʻeleʻele a me nā brown. Hoʻomaka ka hatching i ka waena o Mei, a ʻo ka pūnana ponoʻī he lua liʻiliʻi ia i ka lepo, i hoʻopaʻa ʻia me nā hulu, nā lau, nā lālā lahilahi a me ka mauʻu maloʻo o ka makahiki i hala.
Hoʻokomo ka wahine i kāna keiki no 24-25 mau lā. Hānau ʻia nā keiki Grouse i uhi paʻa ʻia i lalo a ma hope o kekahi mau hola hiki iā lākou ke ukali i ko lākou makuahine. ʻO nā lā he 10 mua loa o ko lākou ola ka mea weliweli loa: ma hope o nā mea āpau, ʻaʻole ʻike ka moa pehea e lele ai a no laila ma ka honua e hiki ai iā lākou ke lilo i mea maʻalahi no nā mea ʻaihue.
Hoihoi ia! Aia ka wahine i kēia manawa a pau ma hope o kāna keiki a i ka hanana o kahi mea ʻaihue e kū kokoke ana, hoʻāʻo ʻo ia e hoʻopunipuni iā ia, me he mea ʻeha lā. Lele ʻo ia mai kēlā wahi a kēia wahi me he mea lā ʻaʻole hiki iā ia ke hemo a kuʻi nui i kona mau ʻeheu, e pipili nui nei i ka manawa like. He hōʻailona kēia clucking i nā moa e peʻe a peʻe a hoʻi a ko lākou makuahine.
Ke huli ka grouse i 10 mau lā, ʻike lākou i ke ʻano lele, a ma hope o hoʻokahi mahina hoʻomaka lākou e lele... I Kepakemapa, nā kāne ʻōpio, i hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i loko o nā ʻōmole ʻeleʻele, hoʻokaʻawale ʻia mai ko lākou mau ʻohana a noho kaʻawale, akā hoʻāʻo nō nā wahine ʻōpio e noho kokoke i ko lākou mau makuahine. ʻO ka hoʻoilo wale nō ka hoʻomaka ʻana o nā kāne a me nā wahine e ʻākoakoa i nā hipa hui.
Ma ke ʻano he rula, i ka makahiki o hoʻokahi makahiki, ʻaʻole komo nā kāne i ka hana hou ʻana, ʻoiai ua ʻelemakule lākou: ʻaʻole ʻae ʻia lākou e hana i kēia e nā ʻeleʻele ʻeleʻele makua, alualu i nā ʻōpio mai kēia au, no laila ʻo nā mea āpau e hui pū me nā kaʻe o ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe a nānā, pehea ka hana a ko lākou mau hoahānau makua a ikaika hoʻi. Ua hopu ʻē nā kāne he 2-3 mau makahiki i kahi pūnaewele no lākou iho mai ka lihi o ke au a hiki ke komo i ka hoʻoulu ʻana, inā, ʻoiaʻiʻo, ua koho ʻia lākou i mau hoa e kekahi o nā wahine.
ʻEnemi kūlohelohe
I kona ʻano maoli, he nui nā ʻenemi o ka grouse ʻeleʻele, i waena o nā ʻalopeke, martens, boars hihiu a me nā goshawks i hiki ke kāhea ʻia. No nā keiki hānai, weliweli hoʻi nā mustelid ʻē aʻe, me nā sables.
Hoihoi ia! ʻO nā ʻenemi kūlohelohe, ʻoiai ka nui o kēia mau manu, ʻaʻole pili iki i ka nui o nā ʻaʻa ʻeleʻele: ʻoi aku ka nui o nā hana hoʻokele waiwai a me nā kūlana o ka manawa i ka hōʻemi ʻana i kā lākou heluna kanaka.
Hana ʻia ia i nā mahina kauwela ua ma muli o ka hypothermia, a hiki i 40% o ka ʻohana o ka grouse ʻeleʻele e make, ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ka nui o nā moa i make mai nā niho a me nā māiʻuʻu o nā mea ʻaihue ʻaʻole nui.
Heluna a me ke kūlana o kēia ʻano
I kēia manawa, nui ka heluna kanaka o ka ʻaihue ʻeleʻele, a ākea ka wahi kahi e noho ai kēia mau manu. ʻO kēia mau kūlana i hiki ai ke hāʻawi i ke kūlana o "Least Concern" i kēia ʻano. ʻOiai no ka grouse ʻeleʻele Caucasian, ma ke ʻano he endemic species, ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ia ma ke ʻano he ʻano "Close to a weak kūlana". Eia kekahi, ʻo ka makaʻu nui iā ia ka hānai bipi a me ka ʻānai ʻana i ka holoholona. Hoʻopili nā holoholona i nā pūnana a me nā moa, akā ʻo nā ʻīlio kahu hipa he mea weliweli loa ia no nā ʻauwa ʻeleʻele, ka mea e haʻalele ʻole i ka manawa kūpono e alualu ai iā lākou.
Hoihoi ia! I kēia manawa, pale ʻia ka grouse ʻeleʻele Caucasian ma ka panalāʻau o kekahi mau waihona nui loa, i waena e hiki ai ke kāhea ʻia nā Caucasian a me Teberdinsky.
ʻO Grouse kahi kamaʻāina maʻamau o nā ulu lāʻau birch a me nā ululāʻau o Eurasia. ʻO ka ʻokoʻa ma waena o nā kāne, pena ʻeleʻele ʻia me nā "aniani" keʻokeʻo a me ka undertail me nā wahine i kā lākou wahine haʻahaʻa, ʻulaʻula ʻulaʻula o nā wahine, he mea kupaianaha loa ia he paʻakikī ke manaʻoʻiʻo he manu lākou o ka ʻano like. Ua ʻumeʻume kēia mau manu i ka manaʻo o ka poʻe e kā lākou lawena a, ʻo ia hoʻi, i kā lākou male ʻana.
ʻO ka poʻe i ʻike pehea i ke kīkē o ka ʻeleu ʻeleʻele i ka wā puna i ka wanaʻao e ʻōlelo he hiʻohiʻona poina ʻole a nani maoli kēia. ʻAʻole ia no ka mea ʻole i loaʻa i ke kiʻi o kēia mau manu i kahi ākea ākea i nā hana noʻeau: no ka laʻana, i nā hulahula alpine, hoʻohana ʻia nā neʻe e like me ka lele a me ke kūlou ʻana, ke ʻano o kahi grouse ʻeleʻele holo.
