Buffalo - ʻo kēia ka mea maʻa mau a ka ʻAmelika ʻAkau i ke kāhea ʻana i ka bison. Hoʻomaopopo ʻia kēia bipi ikaika ma ke ʻano he holoholona hihiu a holoholona hoʻi i nā ʻāina ʻekolu - Mexico, USA a me Kanada.
Hōʻike o ka bison
ʻO ka bison ʻAmelika (Bison bison) no ka ʻohana bovids mai ke kauoha o artiodactyls a, me ka bison ʻEulopa, no ka genus Bison (bison).
Helehelena
ʻAʻole ʻokoʻa ka bison ʻAmelika mai ka bison inā ʻaʻole ia no kahi poʻo haʻahaʻa a me kahi mane mānoanoa, ʻike ʻia kona mau maka a hana i kahi ʻumiʻumi shaggy ʻumiʻumi ma ka auwae (me kahi kokoke i ka ʻāʻī). Ke ulu nei ka lauoho lōʻihi loa ma ke poʻo a me ka ʻāʻī, hiki i ka hapalua mika: ʻoi aku ka pōkole o ka pale, e uhi ana i ka puʻu, nā poʻohiwi a me kekahi hapa o nā wāwae mua. Ma ka laulā, ʻo ka mua o ke kino (e kūʻē i ke kua o ka hope) i uhi ʻia me ka lauoho lōʻihiʻO Yu.
Hoihoi ia! ʻO ke poʻo poʻo haʻahaʻa loa, i hui pū ʻia me ka mane matte, hāʻawi i ka bison i kahi nui kūikawā, ʻoiai me ka nui o ia mea ʻaʻole pono - ulu nā kāne kāne makua a 3 m (mai ka waha a i ka hiʻu) ma 2 m i nā maloʻo, e loaʻa ana ma kahi o 1.2-1.3 tone o ke kaumaha.
Ma muli o ka nui o ka lauoho ma ke poʻo lae ākea ākea, ʻike maka ʻole ʻia nā maka ʻeleʻele nunui a me nā pepeiao hāiki, akā e ʻike ʻia nā pepeiaohao manoanoa pōkole, e heʻe ana i nā ʻaoʻao a huli aʻe i luna i luna. ʻAʻole kino kūlike ka bison, ʻoiai ka ʻaoʻao mua i hoʻomohala ʻia ma mua o ka hope. Pau ka scruff me kahi puʻu, ʻaʻole kiʻekiʻe nā wāwae, akā ikaika. ʻOi aku ka pōkole o ka huelo ma mua o ka bison ʻEulopa, a ua hoʻonani ʻia i ka hopena me kahi palaki huluhulu mānoanoa.
ʻO ka lole ʻeleʻele hina-ʻeleʻele a ʻeleʻele paha, akā ma ke poʻo, ka ʻāʻī a me nā forelegs e pouli ʻike ʻia, e hōʻea ana i ka pala-ʻeleʻele. ʻO ka hapa nui o nā holoholona ʻeleʻele a ʻeleʻele i ka kala, akā hōʻike kekahi mau bison i nā kala atypical.
ʻO ke ʻano a me ka nohona
ʻOiai ua hoʻopau ʻia ka bison ʻAmelika ma mua o ka hoʻopaʻa ʻia ʻana, paʻakikī e hoʻokolokolo i kona ʻano nohona. ʻIke ʻia, no ka laʻana, hoʻohana like ka bison i nā kaiāulu nui a 20 mau poʻo. Mālama ʻia nā bison o kēia wā i nā holoholona liʻiliʻi, ʻaʻole i ʻoi aku i nā holoholona 20-30. Aia he hōʻike e hōʻike nā bipi a me nā bipi wahine me nā bipi keiki i nā hui kaʻawale, e like me kā lākou e ʻōlelo nei, ma ka wahine.
Loaʻa ʻia ka ʻike kūʻē e pili ana i ka hierarchy herd: ua ʻōlelo ʻia kekahi mau zoologists ʻo ka bipi ʻike nui ka mea nāna i mālama i ka pipi, ʻo kekahi poʻe ʻē aʻe aia ka pūʻulu ma lalo o ka pale o nā bipi kāne kahiko. ʻO hoihoi ʻo Bison, ʻoi aku ka poʻe ʻōpio: hoihoi kā lākou nānā i kēlā me kēia mea hou a kamaʻāina ʻole paha. Pale ka poʻe mākua i nā holoholona ʻōpio i kēlā me kēia ʻano hiki, i ka lewa i nā pāʻani waho.
Hoihoi ia! ʻO Bison, i loko o kā lākou kumukānāwai ikaika, hōʻike i ka wikiwiki o ka wikiwiki i ka makaʻu, ke hele nei i kahi ala i ka wikiwiki o 50 km / h. Kupanaha, akā ʻauʻau maikaʻi ka bison, a kīkēkē i nā parasites mai ka huluhulu, holo pinepine i ke one a me ka lepo.
He ʻano pilau ka bison, kahi e kōkua ai e ʻike i ka ʻenemi ma kahi mamao a 2 km, a me kahi kino o ka wai - ma kahi mamao a 8 km.... ʻAʻole koi ka lohe a me ka hihiʻo, akā hoʻokō lākou i kā lākou kuleana i ka ʻehā. Hoʻokahi ka nānā ʻana i ka bison e lawa e mahalo ai i kona ikaika hiki, a pālua ia i ka wā e ʻeha a kihi ʻia ai ka holoholona.
I kēlā kūlana, ʻaʻole i huhū koke ka bison kino ʻole, makemake i kahi hoʻouka i ka lele. Hiki ke ʻike ʻia kahi huelo kū aʻe a me kahi ʻala ʻoʻala, musky me he hōʻailona lā o ka pīhoihoi nui. Hoʻohana pinepine nā holoholona i ko lākou leo - kani lākou i ka leo a ʻaʻū paha i nā kani ʻokoʻa, keu hoʻi ke neʻe nei ka pūʻulu.
Pehea ka lōʻihi o ke ola ʻana o ka buffalo
I ka nahele hihiu a ma nā ʻĀkau ʻAmelika Hema, ola ka bison i ka awelika o 20-25 mau makahiki.
Dimorphism moekolohe
ʻOiai ʻo ka ʻike maka, ʻoi aku ka haʻahaʻa o nā wahine i nā kāne i ka nui, a, eia hoʻi, ʻaʻohe o kahi genital genital o waho, i hāʻawi ʻia i nā bipi kāne āpau. Hiki ke ʻimi i kahi ʻokoʻa hou aʻe i ka anatomy a me nā hiʻohiʻona o ka ʻahu o nā ʻāpana ʻelua o ka bison ʻAmelika, i hōʻike ʻia ʻo Bison bison bison (steppe bison) a me Bison bison athabascae (bison forest).
Mea nui! Ua ʻike ʻia nā ʻaoʻao lua i ka hopena o ke kenekulia ʻumikūmāiwa. Wahi a kekahi mau zoologists, ʻo ka bison o ka nahele he mea ʻē aʻe ma mua o nā ʻāpana o ka bison primitive (Bison priscus) i ola a hiki i kēia lā.
Nā kikoʻī o ke kumukānāwai a me ka lole i ʻike ʻia i ka bison steppe:
- ʻoi aku ka māmā a me ka liʻiliʻi (ma waena o ka makahiki / male like) ma mua o ka lāʻau bison;
- ʻo ke poʻo nui he "pāpale" lauoho huluhulu ma waena o nā pepeiaohao, a ʻo nā pepeiaohao iā lākou iho he kakaʻikahi e puka aʻe ma luna o kēia "pāpale";
- kahi kapa huluhulu i wehewehe pono ʻia, a ʻoi aku ka māmā o ke kala ma mua o ka bison ululāʻau;
- ʻo ka piko o ka hump ma luna o ka forelegs, ʻo ka ʻumiʻumi puʻupuʻu a me ka mane i haʻi ʻia ma ka ʻāʻī e hoʻonui ʻia ma waho o ka iwi ʻaoʻao.
ʻO nā nuances o ke kino a me ke kapa, i kaulana i ka bison ulu lāʻau.
- ʻoi aku ka nui a me ke kaumaha (ma waena o ka makahiki a me ka wahine like) ma mua o ka bison steppe;
- kahi poʻo ikaika ʻole, aia nā pūlau o nā kaula e kau ana ma luna o ka lae a me nā pepeiaohao e kū ana ma luna ona;
- haʻi iki i ka ahuula, a ʻoi aku ka pouli o ka huluhulu ma mua o ka bison steppe;
- piʻi ka piko o ka hump i ka forelegs, lahilahi ka ʻumiʻumi, a me ka mane ma ka ʻāʻī he mea mua.
I kēia manawa, ʻike ʻia ka bison ululāʻau ma nā ululāʻau ulu lāʻau ulu wale e ulu ana i nā kīʻaha o ke kahawai ʻo Buffalo, Peace a me Birch (e kahe ana i loko o nā loko Bolshoye Slavolnichye a me Athabasca).
Kahi noho, nā wahi noho
I nā kenekulia i hala aku nei, ua ʻike ʻia nā ʻāpana ʻelua o ka bison, ka huina nui o nā holoholona i 60 miliona, kokoke i loko o ʻAmelika Hema. I kēia manawa, ʻo ka laulā, ma muli o ka luku ʻole ʻia o nā lāhui (i hoʻopau ʻia e 1891), ua hoʻopili i nā wahi he nui ma ke komohana a me ka ʻākau o Missouri.
Hoihoi ia! I kēlā manawa, ua heleleʻi ka helu o nā bison ululāʻau i kahi waiwai koʻikoʻi: 300 wale nō holoholona i ola i noho ma ke komohana o ka Slave River (hema o ka Big Slave Lake).
Ua hoʻokumu ʻia i ka wā ma mua loa, ua alakaʻi ʻo bison i kahi ola nomadic maʻamau, ma ka pō o ke anuanu anuanu, e hele ana i ka hema a hoʻi mai mai laila me ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka mehana. ʻAʻole hiki i nā neʻe lōʻihi o ka bison i kēia manawa, no ka mea, kau palena ʻia nā palena o ka laulā e nā pāka aupuni, i hoʻopuni ʻia e nā ʻāina mahiʻai. Koho ʻo Bison i nā ʻano ʻāina like ʻole no ka noho ʻana, me nā ulu lāʻau, nā pā ākea (puʻu a pālahalaha), a me nā ululāʻau, pani ʻia i kekahi kekelē a i ʻole.
ʻAiʻai bison ʻAmelika
Hānai ʻo Bison i ke kakahiaka a me ke ahiahi, i kekahi manawa e hānai ana i ke ao a i ka pō hoʻi... Paʻa ka steppe i ka mauʻu, e ʻohi ana a 25 kg i kēlā me kēia lā, a i ka hoʻoilo e hoʻololi lākou i nā ʻūpā mauʻu. ʻO ka nahele, me ka mauʻu, hoʻololi i kā lākou papaʻai me nā mea kanu ʻē aʻe:
- ʻōpuʻu;
- lau;
- lichens;
- limu;
- nā lālā o nā kumulāʻau / nāhelehele.
Mea nui! Mahalo i ko lākou huluhulu mānoanoa, ʻae maikaʻi ka bison i nā hau hau 30-kekelē, e ʻimi ana i kahi kiʻekiʻe o ka hau a 1 m. Ke hele nei e hānai, nānā lākou i nā wahi me ka hau liʻiliʻi, kahi e hoʻolei ai lākou i ka hau me ko lākou mau puʻupuʻu, e hoʻonui ana i kahi lua i ke kaʻapuni ʻana i ke poʻo a me ka waha (e like me ka hana a bison).
Hoʻokahi manawa i ka lā, hele nā holoholona i ka lua wai, e hoʻololi nei i kēia maʻamau i nā hau hau ʻino, ke paʻahau ʻia nā waihona wai me ka hau a ʻai ka bison i ka hau.
Hoʻohua a me nā keiki
Kū mau ka rut mai Iulai a Sepatemaba, ke hui ʻia nā bipi a me nā bipi i mau bipi nui i kahi hierarchy maopopo. Ke hoʻopau ʻia ka wā hānau, haki hou ka pūʻā nui i nā hui helelei. He polygamous ʻo Bison, a ʻaʻole māʻona nā kāne nui i hoʻokahi wahine, akā hōʻiliʻili i nā harem.
Hele pū ka ʻimi ʻana i nā bipi me kahi halulu, kahi e lohe ʻia i ke anilā no 5-8 km. ʻO ka nui o nā bipi, ʻoi aku ka mahalo o kā lākou mele mele. I nā paio ma luna o nā wahine, ʻaʻole palena nā mea noi i ka serenades moena, akā komo pinepine i nā hakakā kolohe, kahi e hoʻopau ai i kahi mau manawa ʻeha a i ʻole ka make o kekahi o nā duelists.
Hoihoi ia! Lawe ʻia ka hānau he 9 mau mahina, a ma hope o ka hānau ʻana o ka bipi i hoʻokahi bipi keiki. Inā ʻaʻohe ona manawa e ʻimi ai i kahi kihi hūnā, ʻike ʻia ka hānau hānau i waenakonu o ka pua. I kēia hihia, hele mai nā holoholona āpau i ka bipi keiki, poni a palu iā ia. Hānai ke keiki bipi i ka momona (a hiki i 12%) ka waiū umauma no ka makahiki hoʻokahi.
I nā pāka Zoological, ʻaʻole pili ka bison wale nō me nā ʻelele o kā lākou ʻano ponoʻī, akā me ka bison hoʻi. Hoʻopau pinepine nā pilina hoalauna maikaʻi me ke aloha, moʻa a me ke ʻano o ka bison liʻiliʻi. ʻOkoʻa ka mea hope loa i nā hybrids me nā holoholona, no ka mea he momona nui ko lākou.
ʻEnemi kūlohelohe
Manaʻo ʻia ʻaʻohe mea like ma ka bison, inā ʻaʻole ʻoe e noʻonoʻo i nā ʻīlio hae e luku i nā keiki bipi a i ʻole nā ʻelemākule loa. ʻOiaʻiʻo, ua hoʻoweliweli ʻia ka bison e nā Indians, nona ka nohona a me nā loina i pili i kēia mau holoholona ikaika. Ua ʻimi nā ʻōiwi ʻAmelika i ka bison ma luna o ka lio (i kekahi manawa i ka hau), me ka mea kaua, me ke kakaka, a me ka pū. Inā ʻaʻole i hoʻohana ʻia ka lio no ka hopu holoholona, hoʻokuʻi ʻia ka bison i ka hohonu a i ʻole nā pā.
ʻO ka elelo a me ka puʻu momona momona i mahalo nui ʻia, a me kaʻiʻo maloʻo a me ka ʻeli (pemmican), a nā Indians i mālama ai no ka hoʻoilo. Ua lilo ka ʻili o bison ʻōpio i mea no ka lole o waho, ua lilo nā ʻili manoanoa i rawhide a me ka ʻili tanni, kahi i ʻokiʻoki ʻia ai nā pā.
Ua hoʻāʻo ka Indians e hoʻohana i nā ʻāpana a me nā ʻaʻa o nā holoholona, e kiʻi ana:
- ʻili bison - nā noho lio, nā tepe a me nā kāʻei;
- mai nā olonā - ka pae, ka ʻau a me nā mea hou aku;
- mai nā iwi - nā pahi a me nā kīʻaha;
- mai hooves - kāpili;
- mai ka lauoho - nā kaula;
- mai ka lepo - wahie.
Mea nui! Eia nō naʻe, a hiki i ka makahiki 1830, ʻaʻole ke kāne ka ʻenemi nui o ka buffalo. ʻAʻole hoʻohuli ʻia ka helu o nā laha e ka ʻimi holoholona ʻana o nā ʻInia, a i ʻole i ke kī ʻana o ka bison e nā kolone keʻokeʻo i loaʻa nā pū.
Heluna a me ke kūlana o kēia ʻano
ʻO ka pilina ma waena o ke kāne a me ke kūlohelohe e uhi ʻia e kekahi mau ʻaoʻao kaumaha, ʻo kekahi o ia ka hopena o ka buffalo... I ka wanaʻao o ke kenekulia 18, he nui nā pua bipi (ma kahi o 60 miliona mau poʻo) e holoholo ana i nā kula ma ʻAkau ʻAmelika ʻĀkau ʻole - mai nā loko ʻākau o Erie a me ka Great Slave a i Texas, Louisiana a me Mexico (ma ka hema), a mai nā kapakai komohana o nā Pōhaku Pohaku a hiki i ka ʻaoʻao hikina o ka Moana ʻAkelanika.
Ka luku ʻana i ka bison
Ua hoʻomaka ka luku nui loa ʻana o ka bison i nā makahiki 30 o ke kenekulia 19, e loaʻa ana kahi pālākiō i ʻike ʻole ʻia i nā makahiki 60, i ka wā i hoʻokumu ʻia ai ke ala kaʻa transcontinental. Ua hoʻohiki ʻia ka poʻe ohua i kahi ʻano hoihoi - ke kī ʻana i ka buffalo mai nā puka aniani o kahi kaʻaahi e hala ana, a waiho iho i nā holoholona heʻe koko he haneli.
Hoʻohui ʻia, hānai ʻia nā limahana o ke alanui i ka ʻiʻo buffalo, a hoʻouna ʻia nā ʻili no ke kūʻai aku. Nui loa nā buffalo i nānā pinepine ʻole ka poʻe hahai holoholona i kā lākou ʻiʻo, ʻoki ʻana i nā alelo wale nō - ua heleleʻi ʻia kēlā mau kupapaʻu ma nā wahi āpau.
Hoihoi ia! Ua alualu ʻole nā mākaʻi o nā mea pana pana i ka bison, a ma ka 70 o ka nui o nā holoholona i kī ʻia i kēlā me kēia makahiki i ʻoi aku ma mua o 2.5 miliona.
I kekahi mau makahiki ma hope mai, pono pū kekahi i nā iwi bison, heleleʻi ʻia i loko o nā tona ma nā kula nui: ua ʻike ʻia nā hui e ʻohiʻohi i kēia mea maka, i hoʻouna ʻia i ka hana ʻana i nā pena ʻeleʻele a me nā mea momona. Akā, ua pepehi ʻia ka bison ʻaʻole wale no ka ʻai no ka hale ʻaina o ka poʻe hana, akā e hoʻomake pū i nā ʻohana ʻInia, i kūʻē ʻē i ka noho kolone ʻana. Ua hoʻokō ʻia ka pahuhopu e ka hoʻoilo o 1886/87, i ka manawa i make ai nā tausani Indians i ka pōloli. ʻO ka helu hope loa ka makahiki 1889, i ka manawa wale nō 835 o nā miliona miliona i ola (me 2 mau haneli holoholona mai Yellowstone National Park).
Ke ala hou ʻana o Bison
Ua holo wikiwiki nā luna e hoʻopakele i nā holoholona i ka wā o ka laha ma ka lihi - i ka hoʻoilo o 1905, ua hoʻokumu ʻia ka American Bison Rescue Society. Hoʻokahi pākahi (ma Oklahoma, Montana, Dakota a me Nebraska) i kūkulu ʻia i nā keʻena kapu kūikawā no ka noho maluhia o ka buffalo.
I ka makahiki 1910, ua pāpālua ka holoholona, a ma hope o 10 mau makahiki, ua hoʻonui ʻia kona helu i 9000 mau kānaka... Ua hoʻomaka kāna neʻe e hoʻopakele i ka bison ma Kanada: i ka 1907, ua kūʻai ka mokuʻāina i nā holoholona he 709 mai nā ona ponoʻī, lawe iā lākou iā Wayne Wright. I ka makahiki 1915, ua hoʻokumu ʻia ʻo Wood Buffalo National Park (ma waena o ʻelua loko - Athabasca a me Great Slave), i manaʻo ʻia no ka bison ululāʻau e ola nei.
Hoihoi ia! I ka 1925-1928. ma kahi o 6 tausani stepison bison i lawe ʻia mai i laila, kahi maʻi maʻi tuberculosis i loaʻa i ka maʻi. Eia hou, ua hui pū nā malihini me nā ʻōpala ulu a ʻaneʻane "ale" i ka hope, e hoʻonele iā lākou i kā lākou kūlana subspecies.
Ua loaʻa nā bison o ka nahele ʻo Purebred ma kēia mau wahi wale nō ma 1957 - 200 mau holoholona i hānai ʻia i ka ʻaoʻao komohana ʻākau o ka pā. I ka makahiki 1963, ua hemo ʻia he 18 mau bison mai ka ʻohana bipi a hoʻouna ʻia i kahi mālama ma ʻō aku o ka muliwai. Mackenzie (kokoke i Fort Providence). Ua lawe ʻia kekahi 43 mau bison ulu lāʻau hou i Elk Island National Park. I kēia manawa maʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa aia ma kahi o 10 tausani bison hihiu, a ma Kanada (nā mālama a me nā pāka aupuni) - ʻoi aku ma mua o 30 tausani, a he 400 ma ka ulu lāʻau.
