I ka uē weliweli o nā manu, ua lohe nā Slav i ka uē o nā makuwahine a me nā wahine kāne make ʻole, ʻo ia ke kumu i mahalo nui ʻia ai nā pale. ʻAʻole pāpā ʻia e hoʻomake wale iā lākou, akā e luku pū i nā pūnana.
Hōʻike o ka lapwings
ʻO Vanellus (lapwings) kahi ʻano manu o ka ʻohana plover a he ʻumikūmālua kālani ʻano e noho kokoke ana ma ka honua holoʻokoʻa. I ka ʻohana plover, kū i waho nā lapwings no ko lākou nui a me ko lākou leo nui.
Helehelena
ʻO ka mea i ʻike nui ʻia i ke ʻano o ka lapwings ʻo Vanellus vanellus (lapwings), i ʻike ʻia ma ko mākou ʻāina ma lalo o ka inoa ʻelua o ka puaʻa... Kāhea ka poʻe kamaʻāina o nā ʻāina ʻEulopa iā lākou i kā lākou ala ponoʻī: no Belarusians he kigalka ia, no nā ʻekeknia - he pigichka a i ʻole he kiba, no nā Kelemania - kiebitz (kibits), a no ka poʻe Pelekania - peewit (pivit).
He one nui kēia (e hoʻohālikelike ʻia i ka manu nūnū a i ʻole jackdaw), me kahi kikoʻī i ʻike ʻia ma ke kua o ke poʻo - kahi puʻupuʻu lōʻihi o nā hulu ʻeleʻele. Piʻi ka nūnū i 30 knm me ke kaupaona o 130-330 g a me ka ʻēheu o 0.85 m. I ka lele ʻana, ʻike ʻia ke ʻano o nā ʻēheu ākea.
ʻEleʻele ka lapwing ma luna, me ka poni a me ke keleawe-ʻōmaʻomaʻo, ma lalo o ke keʻokeʻo, a i lalo i ka "shirt-front" ʻeleʻele ma ka hua a me ka umauma, he pala pala ka mea underta. I ka hoʻoilo, huli ke keʻokeʻo o ka plumage i keʻokeʻo. ʻEleʻele ka nuku o ka manu a me nā maka, a poni nā lālā.
Hoihoi ia! ʻOi aku ka nui o ka lapwing koa ma mua o ka pigalica (kaupaona ʻo 450 g me ka lōʻihi o 35 cm) a ʻokoʻa iā ia i ke kala - pena ʻia ka ʻaoʻao kiʻekiʻe o ka plumage i ka ʻoliva ʻeleʻele, ka ʻaoʻao haʻahaʻa - keʻokeʻo. ʻAʻohe o ka manu kahi kiko kiko, a me ka nuku a me kahi ʻāpana o ke poʻo i ka maka he melemele ʻōlinolino.
ʻO ka lapwing hina kahi plumage brownish luna a me kahi poʻo hina, keʻokeʻo iki ma lalo a ʻeleʻele hoʻi ma nā kihi o ka huelo, ma ka umauma a ma ka piko o ka nuku. Hoʻohilohi ʻia ka background inexpressive āpau me ka melemele o nā lālā, nuku a outline a puni nā maka.
Ua pena ʻia ka steppe pygmy (lapwing) i nā leo beige i kāohi ʻia, kōkua ʻia e ka ʻeleʻele ma ka nuku, ma luna o ke poʻo, ma ka hiʻu a ma ke kaʻe o nā ʻeheu. ʻAʻole ulu ka spur lapwing ma mua o 27 knm a kokoke i ka pigalice i ke kala, ʻoiai ʻaʻole hiki iā ia ke kaena i kona kiko momona, akā he ʻie ʻeleʻele ākea e iho i lalo mai ka nuku a i waenakonu o ka pahu.
ʻO kekahi o ka mea i hōʻike nui loa i ka genus ka lapwing i hoʻonani ʻia, nona ka luna brown brown (me ka sheen metallic sheen) e hoʻopili ʻia me kahi kalaunu ʻeleʻele, nā umauma ʻeleʻele / hulu mua, a me nā hulu keʻokeʻo keʻokeʻoʻeleʻele. He ʻūlū melemele kona mau wāwae lōʻihi a me nā kaha ʻulaʻula mānoanoa e holo ana mai ke kumu a ka nuku i nā maka.
ʻO ke ʻano a me ka nohona
Hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā lapwings ma ke ʻano he hemerophiles, ʻo ia hoʻi, i kēlā mau holoholona kahi e pono ai ka hana anthropogenic. Ma ke ʻano he rula, loaʻa iā lākou kekahi mau mea maikaʻi mai nā loli o ke ʻano kūlohelohe, ʻo ia ke kumu e makaʻu ʻole ai lākou e hāhai i ke kanaka.
Pili mālie ʻo Lapwings i ke alo kokoke o ka poʻe a noho ʻoluʻolu i ka ʻāina mahiʻai, kūkulu hale ʻana i nā pūnana ma nā māla wai a me nā kula, kahi e nui ai ka hana o kēlā me kēia lā.
Inā hoʻokokoke kekahi i kona hale noho, hemo ka lapwing (hoʻāʻo e luʻu i ke kanaka) a ʻuwā nui, akā ʻaʻole haʻalele i ka pūnana.
Hoihoi ia! Noho ʻo Lapwings i mau hui kūʻokoʻa a i ʻole nā kolone liʻiliʻi i hoʻopuehu ʻia, kahi nona kēlā me kēia manu manu kāna kihi ponoʻī. ʻAʻole nā lapwings āpau i ka diurnal, no ka laʻana, mālama ʻia nā lapwings i hoʻonani ʻia i ka pō.
E like me nā waders ʻē aʻe, lohi loa ka lapwing a walaʻau hoʻi. ʻO ka "uē" kaulana o ka hāle ʻana he mea ʻē aʻe ia he hōʻailona hōʻailona, a hoʻāʻo ia e kipaku aku i nā mea komohewa i hele a kuhi hewa paha i ka pūnana me nā keiki makaʻu makaʻu.
He ʻokoʻa ke ʻano o ka lele ʻana o ka lapwings ma mua o nā manu ākea a me nā manu nāhelehele: ʻaʻole hiki i ka lapwing ke lele, lele mau ʻo ia i kona mau ʻeheu... Ma ke ala, i nā lapwings lōʻihi lākou a ʻōpala i nā wēlau, ʻoiai i ka hapa nui o nā waders kuhikuhi lākou. Ke lele ʻana, ua like nā ʻeheu me nā kāwele: inā hoʻololi koke ka lapwing i kāna ala hele, hoʻomaka ʻo ia e piʻo i luna a i lalo a hema a me ka ʻākau, me he mea lā e hina ana. Ma muli o ka haʻalulu o ka plumage, ʻike ʻia nā kani "cosmic" ma nā ʻeheu, e lohe maopopo ʻia i ka waiho ʻana i ke ahiahi.
Pehea ka lōʻihi o ke ola o nā lapwings
Ua hōʻike ke kani ʻana o nā lapwings i loko o ka nahelehele ola pinepine lākou a 19 mau makahiki.
Hoihoi ia! ʻO ka inoa "lapworm" (ma mua "kibitz") i hāʻawi ʻia i ka puaʻa Lūkini mahalo i nā linguists Kelemania, a Catherine II i hāʻawi aku ai i ka hopuna'ōlelo o ka ʻōlelo Lūkini.
ʻO ka pepeiao kūloko i ʻike ʻia i loko o ka manu weliweli e uē i ka nīnau "No wai ʻoe, e nā daimonio?", Hoʻomanaʻo loa i ka inoa hou o ka genus - lapwings. Me he mea lā i ko mākou poʻe e kamaʻilio nei nā manu i kēia huaʻōlelo i nā gourmets haole, i maʻa i ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana i nā hua manu i ka puna.
I Kelemania, ua manaʻo ʻia nā hua lapwing he meaʻono a hāʻawi wale ʻia i ka poʻe hanohano, ʻokoʻa i nā hua moa i manaʻo ʻia no nā mea ʻaihue. ʻIke ʻia ua loaʻa iā Otto von Bismarck 101 mau hua lapwing mai iā Jever (Lower Sakona) no kēlā me kēia lā hānau. I ka manawa a ke Kuhina Nui i hoʻomaikaʻi aku ai i nā kamaʻāina ma ka hāʻawi ʻana iā lākou i ke kīʻaha pia pia me kahi uhi e like me ke poʻo o ka lapwing.
Dimorphism moekolohe
Hōʻike maikaʻi ʻole ʻia nā ʻano moekolohe ma ka hapanui o nā lapwings. No laila, ʻaʻole lōʻihi nā wahine o ka pygaly e like me nā kāne, ka weluwelu a me ka liʻiliʻi o ka sheall metallic sheen o nā hulu. I kekahi mau laha, e like me ka ʻulaʻula hina, ʻoi aku ka nui o nā kāne ma mua o nā wahine.
Nā ʻano o ka lapwings
I kēia manawa, ʻo ka genus Vanellus (lapwings) he 24 mau ʻano:
- ʻO Andean piglet - hōʻano hou ʻo Vanellus;
- puaʻa poʻo keʻokeʻo - Vanellus albiceps;
- puaʻa keʻokeʻo keʻokeʻo - Vanellus leucurus;
- kau ʻia ka lei aliʻi - Vanellus coronatus;
- holo wāwae wāwae lōʻihi - Vanellus crassirostris;
- cayenne piglet - Vanellus chilensis;
- lapwing umauma ʻulaʻula - Vanellus superciliosus;
- cayenne plover - Vanellus cayanus;
- gyrfalcon - Vanellus gregarius;
- Pāleka Malabar - Vanellus malabaricus;
- lapwing ʻokoʻa - Vanellus melanocephalus;
- mea hana manu puaʻa - Vanellus armatus;
- hina hina - Vanellus cinereus;
- koa hele wāwae - Vanellus mile;
- Pua puaʻa Senegalese - Vanellus senegallus;
- kanikau ʻiʻo - Vanellus lugubris;
- hoʻonani ʻia lapwing - Vanellus dictus;
- lapwing ʻeleʻele-ʻeleʻele - Vanellus tricolor;
- puaʻa ʻeleʻele ʻeleʻele - Vanellus melanopterus;
- ʻeleʻele lele ʻia - Vanellus tectus;
- lapwing - Vanellus vanellus;
- kuʻi wāwae - Vanellus spinosus;
- ʻO Vanellus macropterus lāua ʻo Vanellus duvaucelii.
Hoʻokaʻawale ʻia kekahi ʻano o ka lapwings i nā mea lawelawe.
Kahi noho, nā wahi noho
Hoʻolahalaha ʻia nā lapwings a puni ka honua, mai ka ʻAkelanika a hiki i ka Moana Pākīpika (ma ka hema o ka Arctic Circle). I kekahi mau ʻāpana o ka pae he manu kūmau loa ia, akā ma ka panalāʻau o Rūsia (a ʻaʻole ma aneʻi wale nō) he manu neʻe ia. No ka hoʻoilo, lele nā lapwings "Lūkia" i ke Kai Kaiwaenahonua, i India a me Asia Minor.
Noho ʻo Gyrfalcon i nā wahi ākea nui o Kazakhstan a me Rūsia, e hele ana i ka hoʻoilo i Israel, Sudan, ʻAtiopia, komohana komohana ʻo India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka a me Oman. ʻO ka pūʻali koa e moe ana i nā pūnana ma Tasmania, Australia, New Zealand a me New Guinea, ʻoiai nā pūnana ʻōhulu hina i Iapana a me Kina hikina hikina.
Hoihoi ia! Noho ka spur lapwing ma Turkey, ma ka hikina a me ka ʻākau o Suria, i Israel, ʻIraka, Ioredane, a me ʻApelika (Hikina a me Komohana). Ua ʻike ʻia kēia mau lapwings ma ʻEulopa Hikina, e like me Kelemania a me Sepania.
Koho ʻo Lapwings i nā wahi hānai, nā māla, nā mauʻu mauʻu haʻahaʻa i nā kahawai, nā wahi hakahaka, nā kula i nā ʻanepapa (kokoke i nā loko a me nā estuaries) a me nā wahi kai paʻakai me nā mea ulu ulu ʻole no ka pūnana ʻana. Noho lākou i kēlā me kēia manawa i kahi mauʻu mauʻu hulu mauʻu, a i ka taiga - ma nā lihi o nā mauʻu mauʻu a i ʻole nā kūpeʻe peat hāmama. Aloha i nā wahi pulu, akā pili pū kekahi i nā wahi maloʻo.
Papaʻai lapwings
E like me nā Sandpipers ʻē aʻe, hāʻawi kūlohelohe ʻia ka lapwings me nā wāwae lōʻihi e kōkua ai e hele wāwae i nā wahi wai - nā mauʻu pulu a me nā poho.
Ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, he nuku ko ka lapwings ʻaʻole lōʻihi ka lōʻihi me nā waders maʻamau, ʻo ia ke kumu e kiʻi ai nā manu i ka meaʻai mai ka papau a i ʻole ka papa. Lapwings, hana i nā hola o ke kakahiaka, e hele e ʻimi i ka meaʻai i ka wanaʻao e hopu i nā nalo ʻeleʻele i ka pō (ma mua o ka hūnā ʻana i nā pale o ke ao).
ʻO ka papaʻai maʻamau o ka lapwings me nā mea kolo (ʻaʻole wale):
- nā nalo lepo, pinepine pinepine i nā nalo honua a me nā weevil;
- slug a me nā ilo;
- larva o ka nalo beetles (wireworms);
- filly a me nā ʻūhini (i ke ʻāpana steppe).
Hoihoi ia! ʻO ka spur lapwing, me ka hoʻohui ʻana i nā nalo, ʻai i nā ants a me nā makika me kā lākou larvae. ʻAʻole ia e hōʻole i nā ilo, nā spider, nā tadpoles, nā mollusks a me nā iʻa liʻiliʻi hoʻi. Hele ka lapwing i kāhiko ʻia e ʻimi holoholona i ka pō e ʻimi nei i nā invertebrates, e laʻa me nā naonao, nā nalo, nā ʻūhini a me nā poʻe kau. Ma ke ala, ʻahaʻaina ia i nā ilo, molluscs a me nā crustacean.
Hoʻohua a me nā keiki
Holo wikiwiki ʻo Lapwings me ka moʻo ʻana, no ka mea pono e hānai i nā moa ma mua o ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka wela, ʻoiai e pulu ka honua: nui nā ilo / larva i loko ona a, ʻo ka mea nui loa, maʻalahi lākou e hele i waho. ʻO kēia ke kumu e hoʻāʻo ai nā lapwings e hoʻi mai ka hema i ka wanaʻao, a me nā starling a me nā kai, i ka manawa ma mua o Malaki.
Hoʻopili ʻia nā lā hānau i ka hopena o ka wai kiʻekiʻe, i ʻike ʻia ma ʻApelila. Kūleʻa mau ke aniau, a make mau nā paʻa mua i ka hau a i ʻole ka wai kiʻekiʻe, akā ʻaʻohe makemake ka poʻe lapwings i ka wela mau. ʻAneʻane hiki koke mai, ua hoʻokaʻawale nā manu i nā pālua, e noho ana i kēlā me kēia pūnaewele.
Hana ke kāne i ke koho ʻana o ka pūnaewele, e hoʻohui i ka ana ʻana i ka ʻāina me ke au hānau. Hoʻopiʻi ikaika ka ʻūhā o kēia wā i kona mau ʻeheu, hoʻololi ikaika i ke ala lele, iho i lalo a lele i luna, e neʻe ana mai kēlā ʻaoʻao a i kēia ʻaoʻao a me ka hana pū ʻana me nā leo heahea.
Hoihoi ia! I ka hemo ʻana i waho o ka hoʻolālā, ʻeli ke kāne i nā lua pūnana, āna i hōʻike ai i ka mea i wae ʻia. Kū ʻo ia ma ka ʻaoʻao o ka fossa i hōʻike ʻia, e hāpai ana i ke kua o ke kino a hoʻoluliluli iā ia me ka leo. Inā kokoke ka wahine mare, alakaʻi ke kāne i ka huelo i kāna ala.
Loaʻa i kekahi mau kāne kāne nā harem mini o ʻelua a i ʻole ʻekolu mau ipo wahine. Inā nui nā lapwings, hana lākou i nā noho kolone kahi i paʻa ai nā paʻa paʻa kokoke kekahi i kekahi.
Aia ka pūnana Lapwing ma ka honua / hummock haʻahaʻa a kahi kaumaha i hoʻopili ʻia me ka mauʻu maloʻo: maloo a nalo paha ka mauʻu mauʻu. I ka paʻa he 4 mau hua ʻoliva-ʻeleʻele i like me ka cone me nā kiko ʻeleʻele, kau ʻia me nā poʻo haiki i loko.
Noho hou ka wahine ma ka pūnana - hoʻololi pinepine ke kāne iā ia. ʻO kāna hana nui ka pale ʻana i nā keiki o ka wā e hiki mai ana (inā koʻikoʻi ka hoʻoweliweli, hele pū mai ka wahine e kōkua i ke kāne). Hoʻomoʻa nā moa i nā lā 25-29, a i ka mua hoʻomehana ka makuahine iā lākou i ke anuanu a me ka pō, a lawe pū me ia i nā mākua i ka ʻimi ʻana i ka meaʻai. Lawe ka wahine i nā keiki mai nā kula a me nā māla, e ʻimi nei i nā wahi pulu me ka nui o nā meaʻai.
ʻO nā pīpī, mahalo i ko lākou kāmeʻa camouflage, ʻike maka ʻole ʻia i ke kua o nā mea kanu e pili ana, a, eia kekahi, ʻike lākou i ka hana akamai e hūnā (hoʻomākeʻaka i nā "kolamu", e like me nā penguins). Piʻi wikiwiki ka brood a ma hope o hoʻokahi mahina ua lawe ʻo ia i kona ʻeheu. I ka hopena o ke kauwela, hipa ka lapwings i loko o ka nui (a hiki i kahi mau haneli manu) mau hipa, e hoʻomaka ana e holoholo a puni nā wahi, a ma hope e haʻalele no ka hoʻoilo.
ʻEnemi kūlohelohe
Hoʻoweliweli ʻia ke ola ʻana o ka lapwings e ka nui o nā ʻaihue terrestrial a me ka hulu, ʻo ka mea hoʻi maʻalahi i ka paʻa manu. ʻO nā ʻenemi kūlohelohe o ka lapwings nā:
- nā ʻīlio hae;
- ʻīlio hae;
- ʻīlio hānai;
- manu lele, ʻo ia hoʻi ʻo nā hawk.
Hoihoi ia! Hoʻomaopopo maʻalahi ʻo Lapwings i ke kēkelē o ka makaʻu - ʻā lākou a puni i ka ʻuwā ʻana ke kū mai nā ʻaka, ʻīlio a kanaka paha, akā moe lākou i lalo i ka honua, makaʻu e neʻe ke ʻike lākou i kahi goshawk i ka lani.
Hoʻoweliweli ʻia nā pūnana o Lapwings e nā ʻalalā, nā ʻūlū, nā ʻululā, nā iʻa a ... nā poʻe noho o ʻEulopa. Ua pāpā aku nā mokuʻāina ʻo EU i ka luku ʻia ʻana o ka lapwings: ʻo ka hōʻuluʻulu mana hope loa o nā hua manu no ka papa ʻaina aliʻi i mālama ʻia ma 2006 ma ka ʻākau o Netherlands. ʻAʻole hoʻolohe nā poʻe mahiʻai Kelemania i ke kānāwai a i ka wā puna e hoʻomau lākou e ʻimi i nā mahinaʻai e pili ana, e ʻimi ana i nā hua hua. Ua hoʻolaha ʻia ka mea mua i ʻike i ka lālau i mōʻī a hele aku i kahi hale lawaiʻa kokoke e hoʻolauleʻa ai, hoʻopuni ʻia e nā hoa kamaʻāina hauʻoli.
Heluna a me ke kūlana o kēia ʻano
Wahi a ka IUCN Red List, ʻo ka lālani lapewing rarest loa ʻo Vanellus gregarius (steppe piglet), nona ka heluna kanaka ma 2017 ʻaʻole i ʻoi aku i ka 11.2 tausani poʻo. ʻAʻole pili nā lapwings ʻē aʻe i nā hopohopo o nā ʻoihana mālama, ʻoiai ke emi iki ʻana o ka lehulehu mai ka hopena o ke kenekulia 20.
Hōʻike nā Ornithologists i kēia me ka neoneo o nā māla mahiʻai a me ka hōʻemi ʻana o nā holoholona i ka hānai ʻana, kahi e alakaʻi ai i ka ulu ʻana o nā nāhelehele me nā nāhelehele a me nā laʻalāʻau, kahi hiki ʻole i nā lapwings ke pūnana hou. ʻO ka ʻimi haʻuki no lākou, ʻaʻole i hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻia ma Rūsia, akā hoʻonohonoho ʻia, no ka laʻana, ma Sepania a me Palani, alakaʻi pū ʻia hoʻi i ka hōʻemi ʻana o ka nui o nā lapwings. Hoʻohui pū, luku pinepine ʻia nā pūnana lapwing i ka wā o ka palau a me nā hana mahiʻai ʻē aʻe.
