ʻO Wagtails (Motacilla) he ʻelele o ka genus o songbirds e pili ana i ka ʻohana wagtails a me ke kauoha Passeriformes. ʻO ka mea mele hulu kupaianaha kahi hōʻailona o Latvia, e hōʻailona ana i ka maikaʻi a me ka laki maikaʻi i nā ʻāina he nui.
Hōʻike o ka wagtail
He ʻokoʻa iki ka Motacilla ʻike ʻia mai nā lālā ʻē aʻe o ka ʻohana wagtail.... Lōʻihi a liʻiliʻi ka huelo, ʻoki pololei, me nā hulu waena ʻelua, ʻoi aku ka lōʻihi o ka hulu i ka hulu ʻaoʻao. ʻO nā hulu lele mua loa he mea pōkole ia ma mua o ka hulu ʻelua a me ke kolu. ʻO ke kū ʻana o kahi māiʻuʻuku i kāʻei ʻia i ka manamana hope.
Helehelena
ʻO nā Lunamakaʻāinana o ka genus aie i ko lākou inoa i nā ʻano pilikino o ka hoʻoneʻe huelo. ʻO nā hiʻohiʻona o ka wehewehe kūwaho e pili ana i nā ʻano nui o ka wagtail:
- Piebald wagtail - kahi manu me ka lōʻihi o ke kino o 19.0-20.5 cm, me ka lōʻihi o ka ʻēheu o 8.4-10.2 cm a me ka lōʻihi o ka huelo - ʻaʻole i ʻoi aku ma mua o 8.3-9.3 knm. He ʻeleʻele ke kino o luna, a keʻokeʻo ka puʻu a me ka auwae;
- Kolepa keʻokeʻo - kahi manu me ka huelo elongated a me ka lōʻihi o ke kino o 16-19 cm. ʻO ka nui o ke kala hina ma ka ʻaoʻao kiʻekiʻe o ke kino, a me nā hulu keʻokeʻo ma ka ʻaoʻao haʻahaʻa. ʻEleʻele ka puʻu a me ka pāpale;
- Kaʻa holo mauna - ka mea nona ke kino waena a me ka huelo lōʻihi. ʻO ka helehelena o ka manu e like me ka wehewehe ʻana o ka huakaʻi melemele, a ʻo ka ʻokoʻa nui ke kū ʻana o nā "ʻaoʻao" keʻokeʻo, e ʻokoʻa ana me ka umauma melemele ʻōlinolino a undertail;
- Kaʻa holo poʻo melemele - kahi manu helehelena lohi me ka lōʻihi o ke kino o ka nui ma mua o 15-17 cm me ka ʻēheu o 24-28 cm. I kona kala a pau, i ka laulā, ʻano like ia me ka huakaʻi melemele.
ʻO nā ʻelele liʻiliʻi loa o ka genus nā Yellow Wagtails, a i ʻole Pliski, nona ka lōʻihi o ke kino i ʻoi aku ma mua o 15-16 cm a kaupaona ma kahi o 16-17 g.
ʻO ke ʻano a me ka nohona
Loaʻa i kēlā me kēia mākua kona ʻāina ponoʻī, kahi e ʻimi ai ʻo ia i ka mea pio. Inā ʻaʻohe meaʻai i loko o ka pūnaewele, a laila hele ka manu e ʻimi i kahi hou, a i ka puka ʻana i laila, hoʻomaopopo ia i kona hōʻea ʻana me ka uē nui. Inā ʻaʻole pane ka mea nona ka ʻāina i kēia uē ʻana, a laila hoʻomaka ka manu i ka hopu holoholona.
He mea ʻokoʻa loa ka aggressiveness no nā wagtails ma ke ʻano, akā i ka pale ʻana i nā palena o kona panalāʻau, hiki i kēlā manu ke hoʻouka i kāna iho ponoʻī, a lilo pinepine i kumu o ka make o ka manu. Noho nā lunamakaʻā o ka genus i nā pūʻulu liʻiliʻi e pili ana i ka nui o nā kānaka, a ke kū mai kahi mea ʻino ma ka panalāʻau o kahi mea ʻaihue, holo wiwo ʻole nā manu āpau iā ia e pale i nā palena o ko lākou ʻāina.
Hoihoi ia! Hoʻomaopopo ʻia ka manu i ka manawa o kona lele i ka hema e nā homone i hana ʻia e ka pituitary gland o ka manu, a ʻo ka lōʻihi o ke ao e hoʻonāuki i ka ʻano hana o ka neʻe ʻana o ka manu.
Ua hōʻea mai nā Lunamakaʻāinana o ka genus me ka hoʻomaka o ka puna mua me nā lapwings lehulehu. I loko o kēia wā, ʻaʻole ʻike ʻia ka nui o nā makika, a ʻike ʻole ʻia nā mea kolo ʻē aʻe, no laila ke hoʻāʻo nei nā wagtail e noho kokoke i nā kahawai, kahi e ʻike ʻia ai ka wai ma nā kahakai a me nā ʻāpana hau i haki. Aia ia ma nā wahi i "hoʻomaloʻo" nā holoholona like ʻole.
Ehia mau wagtails e noho nei
ʻO ke ola maʻamau o nā lunamakaʻāinana o ke ʻano i hoʻokumu ʻia e nā mea i ʻike ʻia ma kahi o ʻumi mau makahiki, akā me ka mālama pono ʻana i ka hoʻopaʻa pio ʻana, noho mau ia mau manu i nā makahiki ʻelua aʻe.
Dimorphism moekolohe
Hoʻomaopopo koke ʻia kahi dimorphism koʻikoʻi i kekahi ʻano... ʻO kahi laʻana, ʻo nā kāne o kēia ʻano Wagtail poʻo poʻo ʻeleʻele i ka wā o ka male ʻana he velvet-ʻeleʻele luna o ke poʻo, kaulahao a me luna o ka ʻāʻī, a i kekahi manawa ka ʻaoʻao mua o ka hope. ʻO ka manu ʻōpio ma hope o ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana i ka wā o ka lau e like me ka wahine. ʻO ke kala o ka ibex kāne i ka wā hānau e hōʻike nui ʻia e nā kani hina ma ka ʻaoʻao kiʻekiʻe o ke kino holoʻokoʻa, a he melemele kona kala ma ka ʻaoʻao haʻahaʻa, a ʻokoʻa ʻokoʻa ka ʻāʻī, ʻeleʻele.
ʻAno Wagtail
ʻIke ʻike o nā lunamakaʻāinana o ka genus Wagtail
- M. feldegg, a i ʻole Wagtail poʻo poʻo ʻeleʻele;
- M. aguimp Dumont, a i ʻole piebald wagtail;
- M. alba Linnaeus, a i ʻole White Wagtail;
- M. capensis Linnaeus, a i ʻole ʻo Cape Wagtail;
- M. cinerea Tunstall, a i ʻole Mountain Wagtail me nā subspecies M.c. cinerea Tunstall, M.c. melanope Pallas, M.c. robusta, M.c. ʻO Patriciae Vaurie, M.c. schmitzi Tschusi lāua ʻo M.c. canariensis;
- M. citreola Pallas, a i ʻole Wagtail poʻo poʻo Yellow me nā ʻāpana ʻo Motacilla citreola citreola a me Motacilla citreola qassatrix;
- M. clara Sharpe, a i ʻole ke kaʻa huelo lōʻihi;
- M. flava Linnaeus, a i ʻole Yellow Wagtail me nā subspecies M.f. flava, M.f. flavissima, M.f. thunbergi, M.f. iberiae, M.f. cinereocapilla, M.f. pygmaea, M.f. feldegg, M.f. lutea, M.f. beema, M.f. melanogrisea, M.f. plexa, M.f. tschutschensis, M.f. angarensis, M.f. leucocephala, M.f. taivana, M.f. macronyx a me M.f. simillima;
- M. flaviventris Hartlaub, a i ʻole ʻo Madagascar Wagtail;
- M. grandis Sharpe, a i ʻole huakaʻi Kepani;
- M. lugens Gloger, a i ʻole Kamchatka wagtail;
- M. madaraspatensis J. F. Gmelin, a i ʻole ke keʻokeʻo huluhulu keʻokeʻo.
I ka huina, aia ma kahi o ʻumikūmālima mau ʻano o nā wagtails e noho ana i ʻEulopa, ʻAsia a me ʻApelika. I ka CIS, aia ʻelima mau ʻano - keʻokeʻo, melemele-kua ʻia a melemele, a me nā poʻo melemele a me nā wagtails mauna. No nā poʻe noho o ka waena waena o ko mākou ʻāina, ʻike maopopo ʻia nā lunamaka o ka White Wagtail.
Kahi noho, nā wahi noho
Ma ka panalāʻau o ʻEulopa, ʻike ʻia ka hapa nui o nā ʻano o nā wagtails, akā ʻike ʻia ka Yellow Wagtail i kekahi genus kūikawā (Budytes). ʻO ka wagtail poʻo poʻo ʻeleʻele he kamaʻāina o nā wahi pulu a me nā kahakai i piha i nā ʻohe ākea a i ʻole nā mauʻu kiʻekiʻe e kū ana me nā ululāʻau. He manu kamaʻāina Noho ka piebald wagtail ma kahi kokoke i ka nohona kanaka, aia wale nō ma nā ʻāina ʻĀina o Sah-ʻĀpana. ʻO ka wagtail melemele, a i ʻole pliska, e noho ana i nā panalāʻau nui o ʻAsia a me ʻEulopa, Alaska a me ʻApelika, ua pālahalaha ʻia ma kahi o ke kāʻei ʻo Palaearctic holoʻokoʻa.
ʻO ka pihi keʻokeʻo keʻokeʻo ma ʻEulopa a me ʻAsia, a ma ʻApelika ʻĀkau hoʻi, akā hiki ke loaʻa nā ʻelele o nā laha i Alaska. ʻO ka wagtail mauna kahi kamaʻāina maʻamau o nā Eurasia āpau, a me kahi ʻāpana nui o ka heluna kanaka e moe mau i nā kauwela ma ʻApelika a me ʻAsia wale nō. ʻO nā manu o kēia ʻano e hoʻāʻo e pili i nā biotopes kokoke i ka wai, e hāʻawi ana i ka makemake i nā kapa o nā kahawai a me nā kahawai, nā kula pulu a me nā poho.
Hoihoi ia! Manaʻo ʻia ʻo ka ʻāina hānau o ka wagtails ka ʻāina ʻo Mongolia a me Siberia Hikina, a ma hope wale nō ua hiki i nā manu mele ke hoʻokau i loko o ʻEulopa a kū ma ʻApelika ʻĀkau.
I ke kauwela, aia nā pūnana huakaʻi melemele i nā kula maʻu ma Siberia a me ka tundra, akā me ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka hoʻoilo e neʻe ka manu i ka panalāʻau o ʻAkia Hema. ʻO ka Wagtail huelo lōʻihi, a i ʻole Mountain Wagtail, ʻike ʻia e kahi ākea ākea ma ʻApelika a me ʻApelika sub-Saharan, e like me Angola a me Botswana, Burundi a me Cameroon. Noho nā ʻelele āpau o nā laha i nā kahakai o nā kahawai ʻino ma loko o nā subtropics a i ʻole nā wahi nahele maloʻo maloʻo, a loaʻa pū ʻia hoʻi i nā subtropics nāhelehele a i ʻole tropics o nā ululāʻau mauna.
Papaʻai Wagtail
ʻAi wale nā lunamakaʻāinana a pau o ka ʻohana Wagtail i nā mea kolo, ʻoiai hiki i nā manu ke hopu iā lākou i ka wā lele. ʻAno manu ʻole ka hānai manu, a ʻo ka butterflies i hopu ʻia e wāwahi mua ʻia i kā lākou ʻeheu, a ma hope e ʻai koke ʻia ka mea pio.... ʻO ka pinepine no ka hopu holoholona, koho nā wagtails i nā kapakai o nā waihona wai, kahi e lilo ai nā larva o nā mollusks liʻiliʻi a i ʻole caddisflies i kā lākou waiwai pio.
ʻO ka hānai ʻana i nā wagtails ka mea nui i hōʻike ʻia e nā dipteran liʻiliʻi, e komo pū ana me nā makika a me nā nalo, e ale wale ʻia e nā manu. Eia hou, ua ʻoluʻolu nā ʻelele o ka genus e ʻai i nā lū āpau a me nā lele caddis. I kekahi manawa hiki i kēlā mau manu waena ke ʻoliʻoli i nā hua liʻiliʻi a i ʻole nā mea kanu mea kanu.
Hoihoi ia! ʻO nā manu liʻiliʻi he pōmaikaʻi nui - makemake nui nā wagtails e hānai ma kahi kokoke i nā wahi hānai o nā home a me nā hihiu hihiu a ʻai i nā ʻīlio lio, a me nā mea ʻānai hānai koko a hoʻonāukiuki hoʻi mai kā lākou kua.
ʻO ka papaʻai a Pliski e komo pū ana i nā ʻano invertebrates liʻiliʻi e like me nā nananana a me nā ʻūlū, nā lūlū a me nā coleoptera, nā lele a me nā nalo, nā ʻenuhe a me nā butterflies, nā makika a me nā naonao. Ma ke ʻano he kānāwai, ʻimi nā manu lūlū i kā lākou mea pio wale nō ma ka honua, neʻe wikiwiki a maʻalahi hoʻi i waena o ka mauʻu.
Hoʻohua a me nā keiki
Me ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka puna, hoʻomaka ka wahine a me ke kāne e ʻohiʻohi i nā lālā liʻiliʻi, ka limu, nā aʻa a me nā wana, i hoʻohana ʻia e nā manu i ke kūkulu ʻana i kahi pūnana cone. ʻO ke kūlana nui no ka pūnana ʻana o kahi wagket makua no ka loaʻa ʻana o ka wai ma kahi kokoke.
Hoʻomaka ka wahine e hoʻomoe i nā hua manu mai nā makahiki mua he ʻumi o Mei, a i loko o ka lālau loaʻa pinepine ʻia mai ʻehā a ʻehiku mau hua, a ʻo nā moa hū i loko o ʻelua mau pule paha, a hoʻolei koke ka wahine i ka pūpū holoʻokoʻa mai ka pūnana.
Mai Mei a Iulai, hiki i ka wagtail ke hana i ʻelua paʻa. ʻO nā keiki hānau hou he hina, melemele a keʻokeʻo-ʻeleʻele plumage.
Hoihoi ia! Mālama ʻo Wagtails i kekahi mau manawa i ke kauwela, e hoʻohana ana no kēia mau kumu nā māwae i nā paia, ka ʻōnaehana rafter ma lalo o nā alahaka, nā kaumaha o ka lepo, nā lua a me nā aʻa o nā mea kanu, a he leʻaleʻa ka pūnana i wili ʻia me nā lauoho a i ʻole nā ʻulu o ka hulu hipa mai loko.
Mālama nā mākua ʻelua i ka hānai ʻana i kā lākou mau moa, a huli lākou i ka hopu ʻana i nā ʻelala. Ma hope o kekahi mau pule ʻelua, ke holo ʻē nei nā moa a lilo koke i ka ʻēheu. I ka hopena o Iune a me ka mua o Iulai, me ko lākou mau mākua, hoʻomaka nā pīpī makua e aʻo e lele, a me ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ke kauwela, holo kiki manu i ka hema.
ʻEnemi kūlohelohe
ʻO nā ʻenemi maʻamau o ka wagtail nā pōpoki kūloko a me nā ʻīlio hihiu, nā wea a me nā martens, a me nā ʻalalā a me nā ʻūlū, nā manu lele he nui.... Ke ʻike ʻia nā ʻenemi, ʻaʻole lele nā wagtails, akā, i ka ʻaoʻao ʻē, e hoʻomaka e walaʻau me ka leo nui. I kekahi manawa lawa kēia hana e hoʻokuke aku i nā ʻenemi mai ka pūnana a i ʻole ka ʻohana.
Heluna a me ke kūlana o kēia ʻano
ʻO ka hapa nui o nā laha ʻaʻole pili i ka mahele o nā mea ʻaneʻane a ʻino paha, a ke emi nui nei ka heluna kanaka o kekahi ʻelele o ka genus. Ma nā panalāʻau o ka moku ʻo Moscow, hoʻolaha ākea a ākea loa nā ʻano laulā. Wahi a ko lākou kūlana, ʻo nā lunamaka o nā laha i ke kolu o ka mahele - nā manu palupalu o Moscow.
