ʻO Frogs (Rana) kahi inoa i hoʻohana mau ʻia a hoʻolaha ʻia e hoʻohui i kahi hui holoʻokoʻa o nā holoholona i pili i ke ʻano amphibians Tailless. I ke ʻano ākea, pili kēia huaʻōlelo i nā ʻelele i pili i ke kauoha Tailless, a ma kahi ʻano hāiki, pili wale ka inoa i ka ʻohana o nā rana ʻoiaʻiʻo.
Ka wehewehe ʻana i nā rana
ʻIke loa ʻia kekahi mau lunamaka o nā rana e ka loaʻa ʻole o ka ʻāʻī i haʻi ʻia, a ʻo ke poʻo o ia mau holoholona amphibian e ulu pū me kahi kino pōkole a ākea hoʻi. ʻO ka nele loa o kahi huelo i nā rana e hōʻike pololei ʻia i ka inoa o ke ʻoka, kahi e hoʻohui ai i nā amphibians āpau. Hoʻomaopopo ʻia he mau hiʻohiʻona ʻokoʻa kā nā rana, no laila ʻaʻole lākou e pani i ko lākou mau maka ke hiamoe nei, a hiki nō hoʻi ke nānā i mua, i luna a i ka ʻaoʻao i ka manawa like.
Helehelena
He poʻo nui a pālahalaha ko ka rana, ma ka ʻaoʻao kahi e waiho ai nā maka i puka.... Me nā vertebrates terrestrial ʻē aʻe, aia nā eyelids o luna a me lalo o nā rana. Loaʻa i kahi membrane blinking ma lalo o ka eyelid lalo o kahi amphibian, i kapa ʻia ʻo "eyelid kolu". Ma hope o nā maka o kahi amphibian aia kahi wahi kūikawā i uhi ʻia me kahi ʻili lahilahi, i kapa ʻia ka eardrum. Aia nā puka ihu ʻelua me nā kiwikā kūikawā ma luna o ka waha nui me nā niho liʻiliʻi.
Hōʻike ʻia nā forepaws o ka rana e ke kū ʻana o nā manamana wāwae ʻehā a pōkole hoʻi. ʻO nā wāwae hope o ka holoholona he ikaika a hoʻomohala maikaʻi ʻia, hoʻomākaukau ʻia me nā manamana lima ʻelima, ka wahi ma waena e hoʻopaʻa paʻa ʻia e kahi membraneʻili. ʻAʻohe loa nā māiʻuʻu ma nā manamana o ka holoholona. Aia ka ʻaoʻao puka ma ka ʻaoʻao hope o ke kino o ka rana a ua pani ʻia e ka mea i kapa ʻia ʻo ka wehe ʻana o ka ʻoka. Uhi ʻia ke kino o ka rana me ka ʻili ʻōlohelohe, ʻeleʻele loa ʻia me nā ʻūhū kūikawā, kahi e hūnā nui ʻia e nā gland subcutaneous kūikawā o ka holoholona.
Hoihoi ia! Aia ka nui o nā rana ma muli o ka laha, no laila ʻaʻole i ʻoi aku ka nui o nā rana ʻEulopa ma mua o hoʻokahi decimeter, a ʻo nā rana ʻApelika goliath kekahi ʻano o nā mea hoʻopaʻa moʻolelo e pili ana i ka nui, no laila, i ka hapalua mika o lākou, he kaupaona ko lākou.
ʻO ka nui o ka rana a nā mākua e like me ka loli, akā ʻokoʻa ka hapa o 0.8-32 cm. He ʻokoʻa hoʻi ke kala o ka ʻili a hiki ke ʻeleʻele, melemele, ʻōmaʻomaʻo a i ʻole nā ʻano ʻokoʻa ʻokoʻa. Nui nā lālā o ka ʻohana e makemake e hūnā iā lākou iho me he mauʻu lau nahele, lau a i ʻole nā lālā, no laila he ʻano ʻōmaʻomaʻo, hina a hina hina ʻōmaʻomaʻo.
Paipai pū mākou: pehea eʻokoʻa ai ka rana mai kahi toad
ʻO ke kala ʻana o ke kaua, ma ke ʻano he rula, hōʻike i ka onaona o ka rana, i wehewehe ʻia e ke kū ʻana o nā gland kūikawā ma ka ʻili e hoʻopuka i nā mea ʻona a me nā mea ʻino i ke olakino kanaka a holoholona paha. Māmā maʻalahi kekahi mau rana, ke hoʻohālike nei i nā amphibians weliweli e pakele ai i nā ʻenemi.
ʻO ke ʻano a me ka nohona
Hiki i nā rana ke neʻe pono i ka ʻāina, a me nā lele nui wale, piʻi i nā kalaunu o nā lāʻau kiʻekiʻe a ʻeli i nā lua o lalo. Hoʻohālikelike ʻia kekahi ʻano e ka hiki ʻole ke ʻauʻau maikaʻi wale nō, akā holo pū kekahi, hele wāwae, piʻi piʻi i nā kumulāʻau a lele maʻalahi hoʻi mai kahi kiʻekiʻe.
ʻO kahi hiʻohiʻona hoihoi loa o nā rana ka omo o ka oxygen ma o ka ʻili. Lawe maikaʻi ʻia kēia kaʻina hana ma ka ʻāina a i ʻole ka wai, no ka holoholona i pili i ka mahele o nā amphibians. Eia nō naʻe, ʻo nā rana lau nahele ʻEulopa, ʻike nui ʻia i ko mākou ʻāina, hoʻokokoke i nā kino wai wale nō i ka manawa o ka hana kope.
Hoihoi ia! ʻOkoʻa nā ʻōkuhi hana no nā ʻano ʻokoʻa a me nā mea ʻohana, no laila makemake kekahi o kēia mau amphibians e ʻimi wale i ka pō, akā aia kekahi mau lunamaka ʻālohilohi e noho luhi ʻole i nā hola he iwakāluakumamāhā i ka lā.
ʻO kahi mea hoihoi ka pono o nā akemāmā no nā rana i mea e kani ai nā leo a ʻano ʻē i kapa ʻia he ʻūlū.... Kōkua nā huʻa kani a me nā resonator i ka amphibian e hana i ka laulā o nā kani, i hoʻohana pinepine ʻia e hoʻowalewale i ka wahine ʻē aʻe i ka wā hānau.
I kēlā me kēia manawa, hoʻokahe nā rana makua i ko lākou ʻili, ʻaʻole ia he lālā pono no ke ola o kahi holoholona amphibian, a laila ʻai ia i ke kakali ʻana o ka ulu hou ʻana o nā integuments o ka ʻili hou. Ma ko lākou ʻano o ke ola, he noho mehameha nā rana maoli āpau, maʻalahi i ka neʻe manawa pōkole ma kahi mamao aku i ka wā hānau. ʻO nā ʻano mea e noho ana i ke kahona wela e hele i ka hibernation me ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka hoʻoilo.
Ehia mau rana e noho nei
ʻO nā holoholona ʻokoʻa, nā lunamakaʻāinana koʻikoʻi o ke kauoha ʻo Tailless amphibians, he ola ʻokoʻa ko lākou. Lawe ʻia kāna hoʻoholo i loko o vivo e ke ʻano o skeletochronology, i hiki ai ke loiloi pono i ka helu ulu o kēlā me kēia a me ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka wā ʻōpio.
Hoihoi ia! Wahi a nā kānaka ʻepekema, noho kahi ʻāpana nui o nā ʻano rana i ke kūlohelohe no nā makahiki he ʻumi a keu, akā ua hōʻike ʻia he nui o nā mea i ʻike ʻia he ola pōkole ko kekahi mau laha a me nā subspecies he kanakolu mau makahiki.
Dimorphism moekolohe
ʻO ka dimorphism moekolohe mau a me nā kau kahi ʻano maʻamau i nā amphibians he nui, e like me kekahi mau ʻano o nā rana. No kekahi mau rana ʻaʻa make, hoʻonui ʻia ka pads o nā manamana lima i nā kāne ke ʻano, i hoʻohana ʻia e nā amphibians ke kīkē ʻana i ka honua a hāʻawi i ka hoihoi o nā wahine. Hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā kāne o kekahi ʻano e ka nui eardrums hoʻonui nui. Hoʻokumu ʻia ka dimorphism kau e ka loaʻa ʻana o nā homone gonadotropic i kapa ʻia i loko o ke kino o ka holoholona.
Hoihoi ia! Aia kekahi mau laha, ma ka nānā ʻike ʻana i hiki ʻole ke hoʻoholo i ka moekolohe e like me hoʻokahi ʻano, no laila koi ʻia e hoʻohālikelike i nā ʻano morphological i ka manawa hoʻokahi.
ʻO kekahi o nā hiʻohiʻona moekolohe a koʻikoʻi hoʻi i hōʻike ʻia i ke ʻano o nā rana kāne e hōʻike ʻia e ka hoʻokumu ʻia ʻana o nā pale moena ma ke ʻano he pane i nā loli i ka moʻo hormonal o nā testes.
I ka rana, ua hana ʻia ia mau pads ma ka ʻaoʻao haʻahaʻa o ka forelimbs, ma nā manamana lima a kokoke i ka waha, ma muli o ka male ʻia ʻana o nā kāne kāne moekolohe me ka wahine me ka neʻe ikaika o ka wai a i ʻole ka hoʻouka ʻana o nā holoholona ʻē aʻe.
ʻAno palaka
I kēia lā, ʻoi aku ka nui o nā ʻano amphibian o 550 i kapa ʻia nā rana.... Hōʻike ʻia nā rana ʻoi loa e nā ʻohana ʻohana i ka manawa hoʻokahi: ka ululāʻau ʻo ʻApelika, discopal a me toad-like, dwarf a maoli, a me nā rana hoʻi i pale ʻia.
Nui nā ʻano laha e mahalo nui ʻia me nā amphibians o loko a mālama ʻia e like me nā holoholona ʻē. Hōʻike ʻia nā ʻano hoihoi loa:
- Rana lāʻau Dominican;
- Rana laau Australia;
- kekahi o nā rana dart a i nā rana ʻawahia;
- rana mānoanoa a manu paha aibolite;
- rana lau maka ʻulaʻula;
- rana Lake;
- he rana helehelena koʻikoʻi;
- kālika.
ʻO nā ʻano rana ʻoi loa i kēia lā e laʻa me ka rana aniani a aniani paha, ka rana coco ʻawahia, nā rana huluhulu a lele hoʻi, ka rana bipi, a me ka rana clown a me ka rana lāʻau kuhikuhi.
Hoihoi ia! Hiki i nā ʻano loli ke loaʻa nā ʻokoʻa nui i ka hanana. ʻO kahi laʻana, he pālahalaha ko nā kopana copepod, me he mea lā ua haki ʻia ke kino, ʻoiai nā puaʻa puaʻa, i ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, ʻano ʻia e kahi kino momona.
Kahi noho, nā wahi noho
Pālahalaha ʻo Vertebrates ma aneane o nā ʻāina a me nā ʻāina āpau, a loaʻa pū ʻia i loko o ka hau ʻo ʻAtika. Akā hāʻawi nā rana i ka makemake i nā wahi nahele ulu lāʻau, kahi ma laila wale nō ka nui o nā ʻano laha a me nā subspecies o ia ʻano amphibians. Noho nui nā rana i nā kino wai hou.
ʻO nā rana maoli nā lālā o ka ʻohana Tailless Amphibian (Anura), kahi kokoke i nā wahi āpau, koe wale nō o ʻAmelika Hema, ka hema o Australia a me New Zealand. Noho ʻia ko mākou ʻāina e ka mauʻu mauʻu (Rana temporaria) a me ka loko iʻa (Rana esculenta).
E hoʻomanaʻo paha ʻo ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i kekahi mau mea ʻāpana a me nā ʻano o nā rana, e kaupalena ʻia paha e nā kumu kūlohelohe, e like me nā muliwai, nā pae mauna a me nā wao akua, a me nā mea i hana ʻia e ke kanaka e like me nā ala nui a me nā ʻauwaha.
I nā kūlana tropical, ʻoi aku ka nui o nā ʻano amphibian ma mua o nā wahi i hoʻohālikelike ʻia e nā anuanu a me nā anuanu. Hiki i kekahi ʻano laha a me nā ʻāpana o nā rana ke noho i loko o ka wai paʻakai a i ʻole ma ʻō aku o ka Arctic Circle.
ʻAiʻai Frog
ʻO nā rana insectivorous no ka mahele o nā holoholona holoholona... ʻAi kēlā ʻano amphibians me ka leʻaleʻa nui i nā makika, a me nā ʻano butterflies a me nā invertebrates liʻiliʻi. ʻO nā kānaka insectivorous makua makua nui ʻaʻole e hoʻowahāwahā i nā mea pio i ʻoi aku ka nui, i hiki ke hōʻike ʻia e kekahi ʻano o nā rana holoholona a me nā ʻohana liʻiliʻi o kā lākou ponoʻī.
Hoihoi ia! ʻO nā rana o nā ʻano laha he pōmaikaʻi nui i nā kānaka. Hoʻopau a ʻai lākou i nā ʻenuhe he nui, nā ʻūpā a me nā kolo āpau e weliweli a weliweli i nā kānaka a me nā mea kanu.
Lawe ʻia ka ʻimi holoholona no nā mea i hōʻino ʻia e nā rana me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi alelo paʻa a lawa ka lōʻihi, e hopu pono ana i nā midges, dragonflies, moths a me nā holoholona ʻēheu ʻē aʻe e lele pololei ana. Ma waena o nā lāhui e noho nei i kēia manawa a me nā subspecies o nā rana, ʻike ʻia kekahi amphibians omnivorous, e hoʻohana hauʻoli nei i nā hua a hua paha no ka meaʻai.
Hoʻohua a me nā keiki
Kū ka wā hānau o nā amphibians tropical i ka wā ua, a ʻo nā ʻano mea e noho ana i ka wahi temperate kope wale i ka puna, ma hope koke o ko lākou ala ʻana mai ka hibernation. Me ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ke kau hānau, hana nā rana i nā huhui nui, kahi a nā kāne āpau e noho ai i nā puʻu a i ʻole nā hummocks. I loko o kēia wā, "hīmeni" nā holoholona me ka leo nui, a ʻo ka ʻū ʻana i nā kāne e ʻumeʻume maikaʻi ai nā wahine.
ʻO nā kāne e piʻi i ke kua o nā wahine e hoʻohua i nā hua i hoʻolei ʻia i loko o ka wai a hele hewa i loko o nā puʻupuʻu a paʻa. I ke kaʻina hana o ka ʻōnaehana, ke lālau nei i nā rana e noho ana ma ʻApelika Hema e hoʻokuʻu i kahi mucus nui a ʻōniu hoʻi, e uhi ana i nā hua āpau. Ma hope o ka paakiki o ka hū ʻana o ka huna ʻana, hana ʻia kahi ʻano pūnana ma nā mea kanu, a i loko e hoʻokomo ʻia ai nā hua a hoʻopaʻa ʻia nā ʻelala.
Ke waiho nei nā rana o nā ʻano ʻano like ʻole i nā huamoa, i hiki ke ʻokoʻa mai nā ʻumi mau anakahi a i ka iwakālua tausani hua manu. ʻO ka manawa hoʻouluulu maʻamau o nā hua manu e kau pono ia i ke ʻano mahana o ke kaiapuni, akā ʻo ka hapa pinepine mai ka ʻekolu a i ka ʻumi mau lā. Hoʻolālā wikiwiki nā larvae o kahi holoholona amphibian, no laila lilo mua lākou i mau ʻōpala, a iki iki lilo lākou i mau rana liʻiliʻi. Lawe pinepine ka wā hoʻomohala maʻamau i 40-120 mau lā.
Hoihoi ia! ʻAʻole hōʻike ʻia nā rana e kekahi ʻano ʻohana, no laila ke ʻimi pinepine nei nā ʻano nui i nā amphibians liʻiliʻi a ʻai i kā lākou keiki ponoʻī, akā ʻauʻau mau nā bipi makua makua i ka uē o kā lākou pēpē a hoʻokuke a ʻai i kā lākou lawehala.
ʻEnemi kūlohelohe
ʻO nā ʻenemi kūlohelohe o nā rana ka mea i hōʻike ʻia e nā lehelehe, nā larvae o nā beetle ʻauʻau a me nā dragonflies, a me nā iʻa predatory, me ka pike perch, perch, bream, pike a me nā iʻa. Eia nō naʻe, ʻimi ikaika ʻia nā rana e kekahi ʻano o nā mea kolo, me nā nahesa a me nā moonihoawa. Lilo ka poʻe Amphibians i mea maʻalahi no kahi kikonia makua a me nā heona, nā ʻalalā a me nā ʻāpiki manu, kekahi mau māmela, ʻo ia hoʻi nā desman, nāʻiole a me nā muskrats, nā shrews a me nā ʻelele o nā mustelid.
Heluna a me ke kūlana o kēia ʻano
Hōʻike ka noiʻi i kahi emi nui o ka nui o nā rana... Aia ma mua o ka hapakolu o nā lāhui āpau i ʻike ʻia i kēia manawa i ka hoʻoweliweli o ke kinai piha. ʻO nā kumu maʻamau o kēia kūlana weliweli ka luku ʻana i ka nohona, nā loli kahakaha i ʻike ʻia a me nā mea ʻaihue ʻē.
ʻO nā mea hōʻino a weliweli hoʻi no ka lehulehu o ka rana he mau maʻi lele, i kū ʻia e chytridiomycosis a me ranavirus. Ma waena o nā mea ʻē aʻe, nā amphibians ma ka laulā, a me kekahi mau rana, kikoʻī loa i ka hoʻohaumia o nā wahi o ke kaiapuni, no ka ʻili loa o ka ʻili a me nā hiʻohiʻona pōʻaiapuni.
