ʻO ia wale nō ka pōpoki nui e noho kiʻekiʻe ma nā mauna, kahi e hoʻomaha mālie ai ka hau mau. ʻAʻole ia me ke kumu ʻole i loaʻa ai ke poʻo inoa semi-official "Snow Leopard" e nā poʻe piʻi i hiki ke lanakila i nā kuahiwi kaulana ʻelima o ʻehiku kaukani mika o ka Soviet Union.
Ka wehewehe ʻana o ka leopadi hau
ʻO Uncia uncia, e noho nei ma nā mauna kiʻekiʻe o Central Asia, kapa ʻia ʻo ka leopadi hau a i ʻole irbis.... Ua hōʻaiʻē ka poʻe kalepa Lūkia i ka huaʻōlelo hope loa ma ka palapala unuhi "irbiz" mai nā poʻe ʻimi holoholona Turkic i hoʻi i ka makahiki 17, akā i hoʻokahi kenekulia wale nō ua "hoʻolauna" ʻia kēia holoholona nani i ko ʻEulopa (ma ke kiʻi wale nō. Ua hana ʻia kēia ma 1761 e Georges Buffon, ka mea i hele pū me ke kaha kiʻi ʻana me ka ʻōlelo e hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻia ʻo Once (snow leopard) no ka hopu holoholona a loaʻa ma Peresia.
ʻO ka wehewehe ʻepekema mai ka mea kūlohelohe Kelemania ʻo Johann Schreber i kū iki ma hope, i ka 1775. I loko o nā kenekulia e hiki mai ana, ua aʻo ʻia ka leopadi hau e ka poʻe loea a me nā huakaʻi nui e like me ko mākou Nikolai Przhevalsky. ʻO nā Paleogenetics, no ka laʻana, ua loaʻa ka leopadi hau i ka laha kahiko i hōʻike ʻia ma ka honua ma kahi o 1.4 miliona mau makahiki i hala.
Helehelena
He pōpoki koʻikoʻi ia, e like me ka leopadi, akā ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi a me ka nui o ka squat. Aia kekahi mau hōʻailona ʻokoʻa i ka leopadi hau mai ka leopadi: kahi lōʻihi (3/4 kino) ka huelo mānoanoa a me kahi ʻano ʻē o nā rosette a me nā kiko. Ulu ka leopadi hau makua a hiki i 2-2.5 m (me ka huelo) me kahi kiʻekiʻe ma kahi e mae ai ma kahi o 0.6 m. ʻOi aku ka nui o nā kāne ma mua o nā wahine a kaupaona 45-55 kg, ʻoiai ke kaumaha o ka hope i loli i ka laulā o 22-40 kg.
ʻO ka leopadi hau he poʻo liʻiliʻi a poepoe me nā pepeiao pōkole a poepoe. ʻAʻohe o lākou kālani, a i ka hoʻoilo kanu lākou i nā pepeiao i ka huluhulu mānoanoa. He maka maka ko ka leopadi hau (e kūlike me ka ʻahu) a me 10-centimeter vibrissae. Noho nā lālā pōkole e pili ana i nā paws ākea me nā maiuu retractable. Ma kahi a ka leopadi hau i hala ai, aia nā ala poepoe me ka ʻole o nā māiʻuʻu kui. Ma muli o kaʻaʻahu lahilahi a kiʻekiʻe, ʻoi aku ka mānoanoa o ka huelo ma mua o kona, a hoʻohana ʻia e ka leopadi hau ma ke ʻano he kaulike ke lele.
Hoihoi ia! He mānoanoa a palupalu ka leopadi hau, kahi e hoʻomehana ai i ka holoholona i nā hoʻoilo koʻikoʻi. ʻO ka lauoho ma ka hope i hiki i 55 mm. I ka ʻōlelo o ka mānoanoa o ka palule, ʻaʻole kokoke ka leopadi hau i ka nui, akā i nā pōpoki liʻiliʻi.
ʻO ka hope a me nā ʻāpana luna o nā ʻaoʻao i pena ʻia i kahi hina hina (mālama i ke keʻokeʻo) kala, akā ʻo ka ʻōpū, nā ʻaoʻao dorsal o nā lālā a me nā ʻaoʻao haʻahaʻa e ʻoi aku ka māmā ma mua o ka hope. Hoʻokumu ʻia ke kumu hoʻohālikelike e ka hui ʻana o nā rosette ʻano nui ke komo lima (i loko o laila he mau kiko liʻiliʻi) a me nā kiko ʻeleʻele / ʻeleʻele hina hina. ʻO nā kiko liʻiliʻi e hoʻonani i ke poʻo o ka leopadi hau, hāʻawi ʻia nā mea nunui ma luna o ka ʻāʻī a me nā wāwae. Ma ka hope o ke kua, huli ke kīnā i ke kahakaha ke hui pū nā kiko me kekahi, e hana ana i nā kaha lonikū. Ma ka hapa lua o ka huelo, pili mau nā kiko i loko o ke apo piha ʻole, akā ʻeleʻele ka piko o ka huelo mai luna mai.
Hinahina ka hulu hoʻoilo, me ka mohala ʻana o ka uahi (ʻoi aku ka ʻōlelo ma ka hope a ma luna o nā ʻaoʻao), i kekahi manawa me ka hoʻopili ʻia o ka ʻōmole ʻōlinolino.... Hoʻonohonoho ʻia kēia kala e uhi maka i ka leopadi hau ma waena o ka hau, nā pōhaku ahinahina a me ka hau. I ke kauwela, mae ke kumu nui o ka hulu i keʻokeʻo, kahi e ʻike maopopo ʻia ai nā kiko ʻeleʻele. ʻO nā leopadi o ka hau ʻōpio ke ʻoi aku ka nui o ke kala ma mua o ko lākou mau hoahānau.
ʻO ke ʻano a me ka nohona
He holoholona teritori kēia i hiki i ka mehameha: ʻo nā wahine wale nō me nā keiki kittens e ulu ana nā pūʻulu pili. He wahi pilikino ko kēlā me kēia leopadi hau, nona ka ʻāpana (ma nā wahi like ʻole o ka laulā) mai 12 km² a 200 km. Kaha nā holoholona i nā palena o ko lākou ʻāina ponoʻī me nā kaha ala, akā mai hoʻāʻo e pale aku iā ia i nā hakakā. Hānai maʻamau nā leopadi hau i ka wanaʻao a i ʻole ma mua o ka napoʻo ʻana o ka lā, emi iki i ka lā. ʻIke ʻia ʻo nā leopadi hau e noho ana i ka Himalayas e hele i ka hopu holoholona i ka wā ahiahi.
I ka lā, hoʻomaha nā holoholona ma nā pōhaku, me ka hoʻohana pinepine ʻana i hoʻokahi ana no kekahi mau makahiki. Hoʻonohonoho pinepine ʻia ka lair i loko o nā ana pōhaku a me nā ana, i waena o nā mea paʻa pōhaku, ʻoi aku ka makemake e peʻe ma lalo o nā pā. ʻ saidlelo nā mea ʻike maka ua ʻike lākou i nā leopadi hau i ke Kyrgyz Alatau, e noho ana i luna o nā junipers kūnewa i nā pūnana o nā ʻeue ʻeleʻele.
Hoihoi ia! Hōʻalo ʻo Irbis i kekahi manawa i kāna wahi ponoʻī, ke nānā nei i nā kahua hoʻomoana / nā wahi hānai o nā ungulate hihiu a me ka pili ʻana i nā ala maʻamau. ʻO kāna ala maʻamau (ke iho i lalo mai nā piko a i ka pāpū) holo ma ka pali mauna a i ʻole ke kahawai / kahawai.
Ma muli o ka lōʻihi o ke ala, hele i ka huli ke hala i mau lā, e wehewehe ana i ka helehelena o ka holoholona ma kahi kiko. Hoʻohui ʻia, hoʻolohi ka hau hohonu a hoʻokuʻu i kāna neʻe: ma ia mau wahi e hana ai ka leopadi hau i nā ala paʻa mau.
Pehea ka lōʻihi o ka noho ʻana o nā irbis
Ua hoʻokūpaʻa ʻia e noho ana nā leopadi hau i ka nāhelehele ma kahi o 13 mau makahiki, a ʻaneʻane ʻoi aku ka lōʻihi o ka lōʻihi i nā pāka Zoological. ʻO ka maʻamau o ke ola ma ka noho pio ʻana he 21 mau makahiki, akā ua hoʻopaʻa ʻia kahi hihia i ka wā i ola ai ka leopadi wahine i 28 mau makahiki.
Kahi noho, nā wahi noho
ʻIke ʻia ʻo Irbis ma ke ʻano he ʻano ʻĀsia wale nō, nona ka laulā (me ka nui o 1.23 miliona km²) e holo ana ma nā wahi mauna o Central a me ʻAkia Hema. ʻO ka ʻāpana o nā makemake nui o ka leopadi hau me nā ʻāina e like me:
- Rusia a me Mongolia;
- ʻO Kyrgyzstan a me Kazakhstan;
- Uzbekistan a me Tajikistan;
- Pakistan a me Nepal;
- Kina a me Afghanistan;
- India, Myanmar a me Bhutan.
ʻO Geograpically, hele ka wahi mai ka Hindu Kush (ma ka hikina o Afghanistan) a me ka Syr Darya a hiki i South Siberia (kahi e uhi ai iā Altai, Tannu-Ola a me Sayan), e hele ana i Pamir, Tien Shan, Karakorum, Kunlun, Kashmir a me Himalayas. Ma Mongolia, loaʻa ka leopadi hau i ka Mongolian / Gobi Altai a i nā kuahiwi ʻo Khangai, ma Tibet a i ke kūkulu ʻākau o Altunshan.
Mea nui! ʻO Lūkia ka helu no 2-3% wale nō o ka pae honua: ʻo kēia nā ʻaoʻao ʻākau a me komohana komohana o ka ʻano holoholona. I ko mākou ʻāina, ʻo ka nui o ka noho ʻana o ka leopadi hau e hoʻokokoke ana i 60 tausani km2. Hiki ke loaʻa ka holoholona ma ke Teritori ʻo Krasnoyarsk, Tuva, Buryatia, Khakassia, ka Lepupalika Altai a ma nā kuahiwi Sayan Hikina (me nā kuahiwi ʻo Munku-Sardyk a me Tunkinskie Goltsy).
ʻAʻole makaʻu ʻo Irbis i nā kuahiwi kiʻekiʻe a me ka hau mau, ke koho ʻana i nā pāpū hāmama, nā pali mālie / pali a me nā awāwa liʻiliʻi me nā mea kanu alpine, i hoʻopili ʻia me nā kahawai pōhaku a me nā puʻu pōhaku. I kekahi manawa pili nā holoholona i nā wahi pālahalaha me nā kumulāʻau a me ka scree, hiki ke hūnā mai nā maka prying. Noho ka leopadi o ka hau i ka hapa nui ma luna o ka palena o ka ululāʻau, akā mai kēlā manawa kēia manawa komo lākou i ka nahele (maʻamau i ka hoʻoilo).
ʻAi leopadi hau
Hana maʻalahi ka predator me ka mea ʻai i ʻekolu mau manawa ke kaupaona. ʻO Ungulate kahi hoihoi gastronomic mau i ka leopadi hau:
- nā kao mauna mauna ʻo Siberia nā pepeiaohao;
- Argali;
- nā hipa kāne polū;
- nā pahu lawe a me nā ipu;
- argali a me gorals;
- dia musk a me dia;
- serau a me nā dia roe;
- nā puaʻa hihiu a me nā dia.
Me ka emi nui o nā ungulate hihiu, hoʻololi ka leopadi hau i nā holoholona liʻiliʻi (squirrels ground and pikas) a me nā manu (pheasants, snowcock, a me chukots). I ka nele o ka meaʻai maʻamau, hiki iā ia ke hoʻokahuli i kahi bear brown, a me ka hoʻopau ʻana i nā holoholona - hipa, lio a me nā kao.
Hoihoi ia! ʻAi ka mea hānai makua i 2-3 kg o ka ʻiʻo i ka manawa. I ke kauwela, lilo ka ʻai ʻana i ka ʻiʻo i mea ʻai āpau ke hoʻomaka ka leopadi o ka hau e ʻai i ka mauʻu a me nā ulu ulu.
ʻO ka leopadi hau e ʻimi wale, e kiaʻi ana no nā ungulate kokoke i nā lua wai, nā liki a me nā ala: kaʻi i luna, mai kahi pali, a i ʻole e kolo ana ma hope o nā hale. I ka hopena o ke kauwela, i ka hāʻule a me ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka hoʻoilo, hele nā leopadi hau i ka hopu holoholona i nā hui e pili ana i ka wahine a me kāna pua. Lele ka mea ʻaihue mai kahi hoʻohālua ke hoʻemi ʻia ka mamao ma waena ona a me ka mea pio e hiki ai iā ia me nā lele ikaika. Inā heʻe ka mea, nalo koke ka leopadi hau iā ia a hāʻule paha ma hope, holo ʻo 300 mau mika.
Hāʻawi pinepine nā leopadi o ka hau nui i ka ʻāʻī a laila kui a haki paha i ko lākou ʻāʻī. Kauō ʻia ke kupapaʻu ma lalo o kahi pōhaku a i loko o kahi malu palekana, kahi e hiki ai iā ʻoe ke ʻai mālie. Ke piha, hoʻolei ia i ka mea pio, akā moe kekahi manawa ma kahi kokoke, e kipaku ana i nā mea heʻe, no ka laʻana, nā ʻalā. I Lūkia, ʻo ka papaʻai o ka leopadi hau i hana ʻia me nā kao mauna, dia, argali, dia a me nā dia.
Hoʻohua a me nā keiki
He paʻakikī loa e nānā i ke ola o ka leopadi hau i ka nahelehele, ma muli o ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa a me kahi e noho ai o nā ʻano (hau, mauna a mamao loa mai nā kānaka). Kupaianaha, ʻaʻole i hōʻike piha nā mea noiʻi i nā mea pohihihi o ka leopadi hau, me nā ʻano he nui o kāna hana hou ʻana. ʻIke ʻia ka wehe ʻana o ke kau moʻa i nā holoholona i ka hopena o ka hoʻoilo a i ʻole ka mua o ka puna. I loko o ka wā rutting, hana nā kāne i mea kani e hoʻomanaʻo ai i kahi meow bass.
Lawe ka wahine i keiki i hoʻokahi manawa i kēlā me kēia 2 mau makahiki, e hāpai ana i nā keiki mai 90 a 110 mau lā... Hoʻomoʻa ka lua i nā wahi i hiki ʻole ke kiʻi ʻia. Ma hope o ka moekolohe maikaʻi, haʻalele ka kāne i ka hoa, kau i nā hopohopo āpau o ka hānai ʻana i nā keiki ma luna ona. Hānau ʻia nā kittens i ʻApelila - Mei a Mei - Iune (pili ka manawa i ka wahi o ka laulā).
Hoihoi ia! I kahi ʻōpala, ma ke ʻano he rula, aia ʻelua a ʻekolu paha mau keiki, ʻemi iki pinepine ʻia - ʻehā a ʻelima paha. Aia kekahi ʻike e pili ana i nā hua hou aku, i hōʻoia ʻia e nā hālāwai me nā ʻohana o 7 mau kānaka.
Hānau ʻia nā keiki hānau (ʻo ka nui o ka pōpoki kūloko) makapō, kōkua ʻole a uhi ʻia me ka lauoho mānoanoa brownish me nā kiko pouli paʻa. I ka hānau ʻana, ʻaʻole kaupaona ke keiki hika ma mua o 0,5 kg me ka lōʻihi o 30 cm. Wehe ʻia nā maka ma hope o 6-8 mau lā, akā hoʻāʻo lākou e kolo i waho o ka lua ma mua o 2 mau mahina. Mai kēia makahiki, hoʻomaka ka makuahine e hoʻohui i nā meaʻai i ka meaʻai mua i ka hānai ʻana.
I ka makahiki 3 mau makahiki, ua hahai nā keiki keiki i ko lākou makuahine, a ma ko lākou 5-6 mau mahina hele pū lākou me ia i ka huli holoholona. Nānā ka ʻohana holoʻokoʻa i ka mea pio, akā ʻo ka pono o ka hoʻolei hoʻoholo e waiho me ka wahine. Loaʻa ke kūʻokoʻa kūʻokoʻa ʻōpio ma mua o ka puna aʻe. Hoʻomaopopo ʻia ka moekolohe ʻana o nā leopadi hau a ʻoi aku ka hope, ma 3-4 mau makahiki.
ʻEnemi kūlohelohe
ʻO ka leopadi hau, ma muli o nā kikoʻī o kona pae, hāpai ʻia i luna o ka pyramid meaʻai a nele i ka hoʻokūkū (ma ke ʻano o kahi kahua meaʻai like) mai nā mea ʻino nui. Pale aku kahi kaʻawale o nā wahi maʻamau i nā leopadi hau mai nā ʻenemi kūlohelohe.
Heluna a me ke kūlana o kēia ʻano
Wahi a ka World Wildlife Fund, aia ma kēia manawa mai 3.5 a 7.5 tausani mau leopadi hau i ke kūlohelohe, a ma kahi o 2 tausani mau mea hou aku e noho nei a hānau i nā zoo.... ʻO ka hāʻule nui o ka heluna kanaka ma muli o ke ʻimi kū kānāwai ʻole ʻana i ka hulu leopadi hau, ma muli o ka hopena i ʻike ʻia ai ka leopadi hau me he mea liʻiliʻi lā, ʻano laha a ʻaneʻane ʻane make.
Mea nui! Ke ʻimi mau nei nā Poachers i nā leopadi o ka hau, ʻoiai ka ʻoiaʻiʻo ma nā ʻāina āpau (kahi e hala ai kāna pae) pale ʻia ka predator ma ka pae mokuʻāina, a pāpā ʻia kāna hana. Ma ka puke ʻulaʻula o Mongolia mai ka makahiki 1997, ua helu ʻia ka leopadi hau ma lalo o ke kūlana o "kākaʻikahi loa", a i loko o ka puke ʻula o ka Russian Federation (2001) ua hāʻawi ʻia kēia ʻano i ka mahele mua "endangered at the limit of its range."
Hoʻohui ʻia, ua hoʻokomo ʻia ka leopadi hau i ka Annex I o ka Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Fauna / Flora. Me kahi huaʻōlelo like, ua hoʻokomo ʻia ka leopadi hau (ma lalo o ka mahele pale kiʻekiʻe loa EN C2A) i ka 2000 IUCN Papa Inoa. ʻO nā hale mālama e nānā ana i ka ikaika o ka ʻili hulu e hoʻokūkū nei i ka hoʻokō ʻole ʻia o nā mea no ka pale o nā laha ma ka honua. Hoʻohui ʻia, ʻaʻole i lawe ʻia nā papahana wā lōʻihi e pili ana i ka mālama leopadi hau.
