ʻO nā Snakes (lat. Sеrrents) he ʻelele o kahi suborder no ka papa Reptiles a me ka Scaly order. ʻOiai ʻo ka ʻano o kekahi ʻano nāhesa he mea ʻawaʻawa, i kēia manawa ka hapa nui o nā mea kolo o kēia suborder no ka mahele o nā holoholona koko anu ʻole ʻona.
Ka wehewehe ʻana i nā nahesa
Ua manaʻo ʻia nā kūpuna o nā moʻo he moʻo, ʻo nā moʻo e like me nā iguana-like a me nā moʻo o fusiform o kēia manawa... I ke kaʻina hana o ka nahesa, ua loli ka nui i ʻike ʻia i nā ʻano kūwaho a me nā lāhui like ʻole o nā ʻelele o ka suborder mai ka papa Reptiles.
ʻIke, kala
He kino elongated ko nā moʻo, me ka ʻole o nā lālā, me ka awelika o 100 mm a hiki i ka 700 cm, a ʻo ka ʻokoʻa nui mai nā ʻāpana wāwae ʻole o nā moʻo e hōʻike ʻia e ke alo o kahi iwi ā hiki, e ʻae ai ka mea kolo ke ale i kāna mea pio a pau. Ma waena o nā mea ʻē aʻe, nele nā moʻo i nā lihilihi hoʻoneʻe, kahi pepeiao pepeiao, a me kahi kāʻei poʻohiwi i haʻi ʻia.
Uhi ʻia ke kino o ka nahesa i ka ʻili wili a maloʻo. ʻO nā ʻano o nā mea kolo e ʻike ʻia e ka adaptability o ka ʻili i loko o ka ʻōpū e hoʻopaʻa i ka pipili i ka honua, kahi e kōkua nui ai i ka neʻe. Hoʻololi ka ʻili i ke kaʻina hana o ka ihi a i ʻole ka ninini ʻana i hoʻokahi papa a ma ka manawa like, e like me ke kaʻina o ka hoʻohuli ʻana i ka waihona i ka ʻaoʻao hewa.
Hoihoi ia! Uhi ʻia nā maka me nā unahi unahiʻole a i kapa ʻia paha nā eyelids paʻa ʻole, no laila, he hāmama mau lākou, ʻoiai ke hiamoe nei ka nahesa, a ma mua koke o ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana, e uliuli nā maka a lilo i ao.
Nui nā ʻano loli i ke kinona a me ka huina helu o nā unahi i loaʻa i ke poʻo, ke kua a me ka ʻōpū, i hoʻohana pinepine ʻia no ka ʻike pono ʻana i kahi kope no nā hana ʻauhau. Loaʻa i nā moʻo nā mea hoʻomohala ākea nā kaha ākea o nā unahi dorsal e pili ana i ka vertebrae, no ka mea hiki ke helu i nā vertebrae āpau o ka holoholona me ka wehe ʻole.
Hoʻololi nā mākua i ko lākou ʻili i hoʻokahi manawa a i ʻole ʻelua mau manawa i hoʻokahi makahiki. Eia nō naʻe, no nā ʻōpio e hoʻomau e ulu ikaika, he ʻano ia e hoʻololi i ka ʻehā mau manawa o ka makahiki. ʻO ka ʻili i hoʻokahe ʻia i ke kaʻina o ka moulting e kahi nahesa kahi kiʻi kūpono o ka uhi waho o ka mea kolo. Mai ka ʻili i hoʻokahe ʻole ʻia, ma ke ʻano he kūlana, hiki ke hoʻoholo maʻalahi i ka pili ʻana o ka nahesa i kekahi ʻano loli.
ʻO ke ʻano a me ka nohona
Pili nā hiʻohiʻona a me nā ʻano nohona i ke ʻano o ka mea kolo kolohe... ʻO kahi laʻana, ʻike ʻia nā moʻo wili e kahi ʻano semi-burrowing o ke ola, e neʻe ana i ka lepo palupalu, e nānā ana i nā lua o haʻi, e piʻi ana ma lalo o nā aʻa o nā mea kanu a i ʻole nā māwae i ka honua.
Alakaʻi nā boas Earthen i kahi huna a i ʻole ka lua, i kapa ʻia he ʻano burrowing o ke ola, no laila ua maʻa lākou i ka hoʻolilo ʻana i kahi ʻāpana nui o ko lākou manawa ma lalo o ka honua a i ʻole ka lua ʻana i ka papahele o ka nahele. Hele mai kēlā nahesa i luna wale nō i ka pō a i ʻole i ka ua. Hiki i kekahi ʻano o nā ʻāpana honua ke kolo maʻalahi a wikiwiki hoʻi i nā lāʻau kiʻekiʻe a i ʻole nā lāʻau.
Noho nui nā Pythons i nā savannas, nā wahi ulu lāʻau tropika a me nā wahi ulu, akā noho kekahi mau ʻano i nā wahi wao akua. ʻO ka pinepine, loaʻa nā pythons i kahi kokoke i ka wai, hiki iā lākou ke ʻauʻau maikaʻi a luʻu pū kekahi. Piʻi maikaʻi nā ʻano laha he nui i nā kumu lāʻau; no laila, ʻike nui ʻia nā ʻano laha lāʻau e hana nei i ke ahiahi a i ʻole ka pō.
Alakaʻi nā moʻo nāhesa i kahi semi-underground, i kapa ʻia he ala burrowing o ke ola, no laila i ke ao makemake lākou e hūnā ma lalo o nā pōhaku a i nā lua hohonu paha. ʻO ka pinepine, ʻo nā mea kipi koko koko e ʻūlū ma lalo o ka ululāʻau a haki paha i nā tunnels i ka lepo palupalu, mai kahi e hele ai i ka honua i ka pō wale nō. ʻO nā lālā o ka ʻohana he kamaʻāina maʻamau ia o nā ululāʻau hou, nā māla maʻamau a i ʻole nā māla laiki.
Hoihoi ia! He ʻano pale kūikawā kā kekahi mau laha, no laila ke kū mai kahi makaʻu, wili lākou i loko o kahi pōpō paʻa a hoʻohana i ke "bloodletting manawaleʻa", kahi e hoʻokuʻu ʻia ai nā kulu a me nā kahe o ke koko mai nā maka a me ka waha.
No nā nahesa ʻAmelika e like me ka nahesa, he ʻano ia o ka noho ʻana ma lalo o ka ululāʻau a i ʻole nā kumu lāʻau i hāʻule, a ʻaʻole ʻae ka nohona malū iā mākou e hoʻoholo pololei i nā ʻano biological a me ka huina o ia mau moʻo.
Ehia mau nahesa e ola nei
Manaʻo ʻia he hiki i kekahi ʻano nāhesa ke noho a hiki i ka hapalua kenekulia, ʻoiai nā mea kolo kope koko wale i mālama ʻia i ke pio e lilo i mau ʻāʻī lōʻihi. Wahi a nā ʻike he nui, ola nā pythons ma mua o hoʻokahi haneli mau makahiki, a me ka hapa nui o nā ʻano nāhesa - ma kahi o 30-40 mau makahiki.
Lāʻau make nahesa
Ma nā panalāʻau o ko mākou ʻāina, he ʻumikūmāhā mau ʻano nāhesa i kēia manawa no ka papa o nā holoholona koko anu ʻona. ʻO ka pinepine, ʻeha ke kanaka mai ka nahu ʻana o ka viper a i ʻole nā ʻelele o ka ʻohana Aspid. ʻO ka hui ʻana o ka wai ʻawa nahesa me nā protein a me nā peptides me nā pae like ʻole o ka paʻakikī, a me nā amino acid, lipids a me nā mea ʻē aʻe he nui. Eia kekahi, loaʻa i ka lāʻau ʻawa nahesa nā enzyme i hiki ke haki maʻalahi i nāʻiʻo o ke kanaka, ma muli o kā lākou hopena ʻona.
Hāpai ka enzyme hyaluronidase i ka haki o nā mea hoʻopili a me ka luku ʻia o nā capillaries liʻiliʻi. ʻO kahi hiʻohiʻona o phospholipase ka cleavage o ka lipid layer o erythrocytes me ko lākou luku hope. ʻO kahi laʻana, loaʻa ka ʻona o ka viper i nā enzyme ʻelua, no laila he hopena luku ia i ka ʻōnaehana holoholo me ke ʻano o ke kahe o ke koko a me ka haki ākea o ke kahe o ke koko.... ʻO nā neurotoxins i loko o ka lāʻau make e kumu koke i ka maʻi lōlō o nā mākala hanu, kahi e hoʻonāukiuki ai i ka make o ke kanaka ma muli o ka hopena.
Eia nō naʻe, ʻona hake, kahi wai ʻole, ʻaʻohe ona, wai wai melemele, he nui nā ʻano lāʻau. No nā kumu olakino, hoʻohana ʻia nā mea ʻona e huna ʻia e ka cobra, gurza a me ka viper. Hoʻohana ʻia nā aila a me nā inikopa i ka mālama ʻana i nā pathology e pili ana me ka ʻōnaehana musculoskeletal, e mālama ai i nā ʻeha a me nā ʻeha, ka rumatika a me ka polyarthritis, a me ka sciatica a me ka osteochondrosis. ʻO ka lāʻau ʻona ʻo Viper a me gyurza kahi ʻāpana o nā lāʻau hemostatic, a ʻo ka ʻona cobra kahi o nā painkillers a me nā mea hoʻohiamoe.
Ke alakaʻi nei nā ʻepekema i kahi moʻo o nā hoʻokolohua e kuhikuhi ana i nā hopena o ka lāʻau make o ka nahesa ma nā ʻōpū maʻi maʻi. Manaʻo ʻia nā waiwai o ia ʻano waiwai i mea e kū ai a pale aku ai i ka ulu ʻana o ka puʻuwai puʻuwai. Eia nō naʻe, ʻo ka hoʻohana lāʻau lapaʻau nui o ka lāʻau ʻawa nahe ka hana ʻana i nā serum, i ʻami ʻia me nā nahu o nā mea kolo kipi. I ke kaʻina o ka hana sera, hoʻohana ʻia ke koko mai nā lio i ʻami ʻia me nā kaha liʻiliʻi o ka lāʻau make.
Nā ʻano o nā nāhesa
Wahi a The Rertile Database, i ka hoʻomaka o ka makahiki i hala aku nei aia ma kahi o 3.5 tausani mau ʻano nāhesa, i hui pū ʻia ma mua o ʻelua mau ʻumikūmālua mau ʻohana, a me nā ʻohana nui ʻeono. Eia kekahi, ʻo ka helu o nā laha o nā nahesa ʻino he 25% o ka nui.
ʻO nā ʻano kaulana loa:
- ʻohana monotypic Aniliidae, a i ʻole nā moʻo ʻo Kalkovate - he kino cylindrical me kahi huelo pōkole a blunt hoʻi, i uhi ʻia me nā unahi liʻiliʻi;
- ka ʻohana Volyeriidae, a i ʻole Mascarene boas, hoʻokaʻawale ʻia e ka iwi maxillary, i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia i ʻāpana o nā ʻāpana, e pili ana me ka ʻoniʻoni i kekahi i kekahi.
- ʻohana Tropidorhiidae, a i ʻole Nā boas honua - nā holoholona anu-anuanu i loaʻa ʻole kahi māmā hema i ke alo o kahi tracheal lung;
- ka ʻohana monotypic Acroshordidae, a i ʻole nā moʻo warty - e uhi ʻia kahi kino me nā unahi nunui a liʻiliʻi e uhi ʻole kekahi i kekahi, no laila hiki iā ʻoe ke nānā i ke alo o nā wahi o ka ʻili hānau;
- ka ʻohana monotypic Cylindrophiidae, a i ʻole nā moʻo Cylindrical - ʻike ʻia e ka loaʻa ʻole o nā niho ma ka iwi intermaxillary, a me ke alo o nā maka liʻiliʻi a hoʻomohala maikaʻi ʻia, ʻaʻole uhi ʻia e ka pale kaua;
- ʻohana Uroreltidae, a i ʻole nā moʻo Shield-tailed - he neʻe maikaʻi a me ka waihoʻoluʻu kino o ke kino me ka sheen metallic;
- ka ʻohana monotypic Loxosemidae, a i ʻole Mekiko ethhen pythons, ʻike ʻia e kahi kino mānoanoa a muscular hoʻi, poʻo ʻākala a spatulate, ʻeleʻele ʻeleʻele a i ʻole nā unahi hina-ʻeleʻele me kahi aniani poni;
- ʻohana Pythonidae, a i ʻole Pythons - ʻike ʻia e nā kala like ʻole, a me ke alo o nā rudiment o nā lālā hope a me ke kāʻei pelvic;
- ʻo ka ʻohana monotypic Xenoreltidae, a ʻo nā nahesa ʻo Radiant, he kino cylindrical a me kahi huelo pōkole, kahi poʻo i uhi ʻia me nā pale kaua nui, a me nā unahi paheʻe a hinuhinu hoʻi me ke ʻano iridescent tint;
- ʻo ka ʻohana Voidae, a i ʻole nā moʻo wāwae wāwae wahaheʻe - pili i nā moʻo nui loa ma ka honua, e ʻaneʻane kokoke i hoʻokahi haneli kilokika ke kaupaona, me ka anaconda;
- ʻo Colubridae ʻohana ka nui loa, a i ʻole ʻano Sag-ʻano ʻokoʻa i ka awelika o ka lōʻihi a me ke kino.
- ʻo ka ʻohana nui ʻo Elapidae, a i ʻole Aspidaceae - e hana i ka puʻupuʻu, nā unahi dorsal laulā, kahi waihoʻoluʻu like ʻole a me nā scute symmetrical nui ma ke poʻo;
- ʻohana Vireidae, a i ʻole Viper - nāhesa ʻawahia, i hōʻike ʻia e ke alo o kekahi mau ʻīlio loloa a lōʻihi loa i hoʻohana ʻia e kinaʻi i nā mea ʻawaʻawa i hana ʻia e nā glands kūikawā;
- ʻohana Anomalerididae, a i ʻole nā moʻo ʻAmelika e like me ka worm - liʻiliʻi i ka nui a me nā holoholona koko anu ʻole-ʻona, ʻaʻole ʻoi aku ma mua o 28-30 cm ka lōʻihi;
- ʻO ka ʻohana Tyrhlopidae, a me nā nahesa makapō, he nahesa liʻiliʻi like me ka huelo pōkole a mānoanoa, poepoe hoʻi, a ʻo ka hopena ma kahi ʻōiwi ʻoiʻoi.
Hoihoi ia! ʻO ka symbiosis o nā nahesa makapō me nā pueo ka mea i ʻike nui ʻia, nāna lākou e lawe i loko o kahi lua me nā moa. Hoʻopau nā nahesa i nā mea kolo hulu e ulu ana i loko o ka hale, mahalo i nā ʻōlani e ulu a olakino a ikaika hoʻi.
ʻO nā ʻohana make o nā moʻo e like me Madtsoiidae, me Sanajeh indisus, i ola ma mua o kanaono miliona mau makahiki i hala.
Kahi noho, nā wahi noho
ʻAneʻane ua hoʻomalu ʻia nā wahi āpau o ko mākou honua e nā moʻo. Hoʻolahalaha nui ʻia nā mea kolo koko anu i nā tropika o ʻAsia a me ʻApelika, ma ka ʻaoʻao hema o ʻAmelika a me ʻAukekulia.
- Nā Valky Serpents - ʻAmelika Hema;
- Bolierids - Mokupuni Pae kokoke i Mauritius;
- Nā boas honua - Mekiko hema, ʻAmelika Waena a me ʻAmelika Hema, Antilles a me Bahamas;
- Nā nahesa ʻo Warty - ka hema a me ka hema hikina o ʻAsia, Nūkini, ʻAukekulia a me ʻInia;
- Nā nahesa huelo pale - Sri Lanka, India subcontcent a me ʻAsia Hikina Hema;
- Nā pythons ʻĀina Waooa - nā waoakua tropical a me nā awāwa maloʻo;
- Nā nahesa lele - ma ka Hikina Hema ʻo ʻAsia, ka pae ʻāina ʻo Malay a me ka Pilipino;
- Nā moʻo wāwae wāwae hewa - tropical, subtropical and partly temperate zones in the hikina a me komohana hemispheres;
- Kūkulu ʻia - aia ʻole i nā wahi polar o ko mākou honua;
- ʻO ʻAsopa nā tropika a me nā ʻāina subtropical i nā wahi āpau o ka honua koe ʻo ʻEulopa;
- Nā nahesa like kohu ʻAmelika - ʻAmelika waena a hema ʻo ʻAmelika.
Makemake nā moʻo i nā wahi me nā kūlana wela, kahi e hiki ai iā lākou ke noho i nā ululāʻau, nā wao nahele a me nā steppes, ma nā wahi wāwae a me nā wahi mauna.
ʻAiʻai nahesa
ʻAno ʻokoʻa ka ʻai o ka nahesa.... ʻO kahi laʻana, makemake nā moʻo nahesa warty e hānai wale i ka iʻa, a me nā ʻenuhe honua, a me nā moʻo liʻiliʻi he nui, ke kumu o ka papaʻai o nā moʻo nāhesa. ʻO ka meaʻai o ka pythons Mekiko e hōʻike ʻia e nā rodents a me nā moʻo, a me nā hua iguanas. ʻO ka waiwai pio o nā pythons he mau māmela ʻokoʻa loa ia. Hiki i nā pythons nui ke alualu i nā ʻīlio hae a me nā porcupine, nā manu a me kekahi mau moʻo.
ʻAi nā ʻōpiʻi ʻōpio loa i nā rodents a me nā moʻo liʻiliʻi me ka hauʻoli nui, i kekahi manawa e ʻai ana i nā rana. Hopu nā pythons i kā lākou mea pio me ko lākou mau niho, a i ka manawa like e ʻuwī i nā kino me nā apo. ʻO nā moʻo nahesa lele maikaʻi loa lākou i nā holoholona ʻānai, luku lākou i nā moʻo liʻiliʻi, kahi nui o nā rodents, nā rana a me nā manu, a he ʻano like ʻole ka papaʻai a nā ʻelele o ka ʻohana Aspid.
Hiki i nā nahesa i loko o ka ʻohana Elapidae ke ʻai i nā māmele, nā manu a me nā moʻo, nā moʻo a me nā rana, a me nā iʻa, akā hiki i ka hapa nui o lākou ke hānai i kahi ʻano o nā meaʻai kūpono. Lawe pinepine nā invertebrates liʻiliʻi i nā nahesa ʻAmelika e like me nā moʻo.
Hoihoi ia! ʻAi ʻia ʻo Prey e nā pythons āpau, ma muli o nā hiʻohiʻona o nā lako kaua, akā inā pono, hiki i nā mea kolo ke hana me ka ʻole o ka meaʻai no ka makahiki hoʻokahi a me ka hapa.
Hoʻomaopopo ʻia e ale wale nā ʻano nahesa non-ʻona i kā lākou mea pio, akā hiki iā lākou ke pepehi mua i kā lākou mea pio ma ke kaomi ʻana me kā lākou mau ā a koi ikaika aku i ka ʻili o ka honua me ko lākou kino holoʻokoʻa. Makemake nā Boas a me nā pythons i ke kui i kā lākou mea pio i nā apo o ke kino. Hoʻopili nā ʻano mea ʻawa ʻawa me kā lākou mea pio ma ke kī ʻana i ka lāʻau make i loko o kona kino. Komo ka mea make i loko o ka mea make ma o ka niho hoʻomākalakala hoʻowalewale o ia mea kolo kolo.
Hoʻohua a me nā keiki
ʻO kahi ʻāpana nui o nā ʻano nāhesa e hoʻopuka wale ʻia ana ma ka kau ʻana i nā hua, akā no kekahi mau ʻelele o ka suborder no ka papa Reptiles a me ke kauoha Scaly, ke ʻano o ke ʻano o ka ovoviviparous a i ʻole viviparous ke ʻano. ʻO kahi laʻana, ʻo nā moʻo kolo pale-pale he ovoviviparous, a hōʻike ʻia ko lākou palaha e 2-10 cubs... Ke waiho nei nā pythons ʻĀkena Mekiko ma kahi o ʻehā mau hua nui, a ʻo nā moʻo pseudopod e hōʻike ʻia e viviparous a me nā ʻano oviparous.
Hoʻomaka ka nui o nā ʻohana Aspida i ka hana kope hoʻokahi wale nō i kēlā me kēia makahiki, me ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka puna, e hele pū ana me kēia kaʻina me nā hakakā maoli o nā kāne no ka nānā ʻana o nā wahine. ʻO ke ahonui ʻole o kēlā me kēia kāne me kēlā me kēia me ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ke kau moʻa e ʻae iā mākou e ʻike i ka wehewehe ʻana o ka pilina ma waena o nā kānaka, a i ʻole nā snakes i kapa ʻia ʻo "dancing".
Hoihoi ia! Hoʻomaopopo ʻia nā nahesa kolo āpau, mambas, a me nā kraits ʻāina a me ke kai, ka hapa nui o nā cobras a ma kahi o ka hapalua o nā asps Australia i ʻike ʻia i kēia manawa, e waiho ana i nā hua.
ʻAneʻane ʻo nā lāhulu āpau o ka nahesa e hoʻohua wale i ka moekolohe, me ke komo pololei ʻana o ke kāne a me ka wahine, akā ʻo nā ʻelele ponoʻī o nā ʻohana he maʻalahi i ka parthenogenesis - hana kope ʻana me nā hua hua ʻole. Nui a hewahewa nā hoʻokoe i waena o nā nahesa, i hōʻike ʻia e nā hermaphrodites maoli - he mau wahine a kāne paha i ka manawa like.
ʻEnemi kūlohelohe
Ma lalo o nā kūlana kūlohelohe, nui nā ʻenemi o nā moʻo hiki ke luku a hiki i nā ʻano mea ʻino o nā mea kolo.E hakakā i nā nahesa, nā hedgehogs, nā ferrets a me nā wea, martens a me nā manu he nui, e like me nā aeto i ʻike maka ʻia, kahi manu kākau ʻōlelo a me kahi cuckoo liʻiliʻi e holo ana, kahi buzzard a me kahi moa, murie a me nā ʻie, a me nā peacocks, kahi e pili pono ʻole ai i ka lāʻau ʻakehe, hoʻohana pinepine ʻia
E hoihoi pū kekahi:
- ʻO King Cobra
- Nahesa Mōʻī
- Nahesa ʻiole ʻulaʻula
- Mamba ʻEleʻele
Loaʻa i ka Mongooses ka palekana kūlohelohe - kekahi o nā ʻenemi nui, irreconcilable o nā ʻelele o ka suborder no ka papa Reptiles a me ka Scaly order. Ma nā ʻāina o Brazil e ola nei, i kapa ʻia ʻo musurana. ʻO ia ʻano nui ʻole a hoʻopōʻino ʻole hoʻi no nā holoholona holoholona hānai kūleʻa i nā mea kolo, me nā moʻo nāhesa.
Heluna a me ke kūlana o kēia ʻano
I kēia lā, ʻo nā ʻano nahesa ʻoi loa:
- Wiper's viper (Wagner's Virer);
- Alcatraze Lansehead;
- kahi rattlesnake mai ka mokupuni ʻo Santa Catalina (Sаntа Sаtаlаnа Islаnd Rаttlеsnаke);
- Nahesa Antiguan (Antiguan Racer);
- Viper ʻo Darevsky (Darevsky's Virer);
- nahesa kai ihu pōkole (Shоrt-Nоsеd Seа Snake);
- Woody mascarene boa constrictor (Rounde ʻAilana Boa);
- uʻi monochromatic rattlesnake (Aruba Islаnd Rаttlеsnаke);
- ʻ vpoki a Orlov (Orlov's Virer);
- Nahesa Sentlyusian (Sn Lucer Racer Snake).
ʻO nā ʻano āpau i komo i loko o ka ʻohana boa Earthen i kēia manawa i helu ʻia i loko o ka Appendix II o ka CITES Convention ma International Trade. Ma waena o nā mea ʻē aʻe, ua hoʻopau ʻino ʻia kekahi mau ʻano o ka ʻohana Pythons no ka lawe ʻana i ka ʻiʻo a me ka ʻili, a ua hōʻemi ʻia ka nui o nā ʻelele ʻē aʻe ma muli o ka luku ʻia ʻana o nā wahi noho ma muli o nā hana hoʻokele waiwai kanaka, no laila ua hoʻopili ʻia nā mea kolo koko anu ma nā ʻaoʻao o ka IUCN Red List.
