Sandpiper (Limicolae) - pili i ke kauoha o Charadriiformes, kahi e hui ai i ʻohana 6: plovers, kala ʻalani, ʻōlio, ʻōhiʻa, snipe a me tirkushkovye. Wahi a ke alahaka, hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā wahi noho o nā wahie i loko o nā mākeke, mauna, nā one a me nā manu nahele. ʻO kēia ka pūʻulu manu nui loa o ke kani ʻana o nā manu. Kaulana, loaʻa i nā wahi āpau a me nā ʻano like ʻole e hoʻolilo i nā waders i ka makana i ʻimi nui ʻia no nā poʻe ʻimi holoholona ma Lūkia (woodcock, snipe nui, snipe)
Hōʻike Sandpiper
Sandpipers - nā manu o nā hiʻohiʻona like ʻole... Loaʻa ka lōʻihi o ke kino mai 14 a 62 centimetres, ke kaumaha o ke kino - mai 30 gram a 1.2 kilokilo.
Hoihoi ia! Aia kekahi mau manaʻo i nā ʻokoʻa i ka helehelena a me nā ʻano o ke ola e koi ai i ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i nā waders i ʻelua mau hui kūʻokoʻa: ʻo ka mea mua - plovers, shylobeak, ʻoystercatchers, lua - snipe, yakan a me ka snipe kala.
Hiki ke hoʻomaʻamaʻa maʻalahi ʻia kēia mau manu. Hoʻomaʻamaʻa koke lākou i kahi kanaka, pane i ka mālama, hoʻololi i nā ʻano nohona i manaʻo ʻia a me nā meaʻai home.
Helehelena
ʻO ka hapa nui o nā waders he manu kokoke i ka wai. Hoʻoholo kēia i nā hiʻohiʻona o ko lākou helehelena. He lokomaikaʻi ke kino, lahilahi, mānoanoa. ʻO nā ʻēheu he lōʻihi lōʻihi, he ololi pinepine a ʻoi hoʻi. Pōkole nā wāwae o nā mea mālama (plovers, lapwings, snacks), lōʻihi (manu, curlews), a lōʻihi loa paha (stilts). ʻEkolu a ʻehā mau manamana wāwae paha o nā wāwae (hoʻomohala maikaʻi ʻole ʻia ka manamana ʻehā).
I kekahi mau lunamakaʻāinana o ke kauoha (webpeders toed webed, kala snipe), pili nā kumu o nā manamana lima e nā membrane, i nā manu lana, aia nā scallops ʻili ma nā ʻaoʻao o nā manamana lima. ʻO ka wāwae ma waena o ka tibia a me nā manamana wāwae (tarsus) a me ka ʻaoʻao haʻahaʻa o ka tibia ʻaʻole hulu. ʻEleʻele, hina, ʻōmaʻomaʻo, melemele a me ka ʻulaʻula nā wāwae o nā mea mālama.
Pili ke kinona o ka nuku i ka wahi a me ke ʻano o ka loaʻa ʻana o ka meaʻai. Hiki ke lōʻihi a lahilahi kēia mea kani, pololei a ʻōwili paha i lalo, a i kekahi manawa piʻi i luna. A i kahi ʻano e like me ka sandpiper ihu kekee, ʻūlū ʻaoʻao ka nuku. Aia nā manu me ka nuku o ka lōʻihi waena, e like me ka nū nū: kahi ʻāpana nui i ʻuwī ʻia, aia nā puka ihu i nā wahi ākea o ka ʻili palupalu.
Aia kekahi ʻano o ka nuku - pālahalaha ma luna, no ka laʻana, ma tirkusha, kulichka, ʻeke, plovers, kao holo. He maʻalahi ka nuku ma muli o ka nui o nā mea loaʻa, a no laila lawelawe ʻo ia ma ke ʻano he kōkua kōkua no ka manu i ka ʻimi ʻana i ka meaʻai. Hoʻohui ʻia, hoʻohana nā manu i ko lākou nuku e kiʻi i ka meaʻai mai ka lepo palupalu a haki ka pūpū ikaika o nā crustacea, e huki mai ana i kahi mollusk mai laila. I nā ʻūlū o nā mollusks, hiki i ka sandpiper ke neʻe i kahi pōhaku i ʻoi ʻole ka haʻahaʻa i ka manu iā ia iho.
Hoihoi ia! ʻO ka lōʻihi o nā wāwae i kekahi manawa ʻoi aku ka nui ma mua o ka nui o ke kino. No laila, he lōʻihi ka wāwae o ka Stilt (Himantopus) ma kahi o 20 mau kenimika, ʻoiai ka nui o ka nui o ke kino he 40 kenimika.
Paʻapu ka hulu o kēia mau manu, me ka ʻole o nā kala ʻōlinolino. ʻO nā kala nui keʻokeʻo, hina, ʻulaʻula. ʻO kēlā kapa haʻahaʻa ke ʻano o ka waders, ʻoiai i ke kau moʻo. ʻAʻole ʻokoʻa ke kala o nā kāne a me nā wahine. Akā ʻo kekahi o nā ʻelele o ka ʻoka e hoʻohālikelike i nā plumage ʻōlinolino, no ka laʻana, turukhtans, ka hapa nui o nā lapwings, nā ʻōtio, muries, kamenshark, shiloklyuvka, a me greece.
Hoʻololi nā manu i ka plumage i ʻelua mau manawa o ka makahiki... Hiki ke kāhea ʻia ke molt kauwela, lōʻihi loa - mai ke kauwela a i ka hoʻoilo. I ka hopena o ka hoʻoilo, aia kahi molt piha ʻole ma mua o ka male. Hoʻopili pū nā hoʻolilo manawa like i ka maikaʻi o nā lole: aia kahi ʻokoʻa ma waena o ke kala o ke kauwela a me nā hulu hoʻoilo o kekahi mau waders. Pōkole ka huelo o ka sandpiper, hiki i kekahi mau manu ke wīwī iā ia, ʻaʻole naʻe e hāpai ʻia i luna. Nui nā maka, hiki i nā manu ke hana nui i ka pō. He maka maikaʻi loa ko lākou a he lohe.
Ka nohona a me ka lawena
Sandpiper - manu kula... ʻO nā kolone o nā manu i ʻākoakoa e pūnana a i hoʻomākaukau paha e lele, he mau tausani mau kānaka. Aia ma waena o lākou ka poʻe nomadic a me ka sedentary. Holo wikiwiki nā manu a pau o kēia kauoha, lele maikaʻi, hiki i kekahi ke ʻauʻau a luʻu hoʻi. Manaʻo ʻia he maʻalahi ka maʻalahi o ka sandpiper.
Pehea ka lōʻihi o ke ola o nā waders
ʻO ka awelika ke ola o nā manu he 20 mau makahiki. ʻO ka manawa hope loa o kahi hipa o Eskimo curlew, kahi i noho i ka tundra o ʻAmelika Hema a me ka hoʻoilo i ka Hema, i ʻike hope ʻia i ka pūnāwai o 1926. I loko o 30 mau makahiki wale nō, ma muli o ka nui o ka ʻimi holoholona a me ka palau ʻana o ka ʻāina, ua hoʻopau loa ʻia kēia ʻano.
ʻAno Kulikov
Eia kekahi ʻano:
- Zuyki. ʻO kahi manu liʻiliʻi me kahi poʻo liʻiliʻi, nuku pōkole pololei, wāwae pōkole, akā lōʻihi ka huelo a me nā ʻeheu. ʻO ke kaumaha o ke kino mai 30 a 70 gram. ʻO ka ʻūheu he 45 kenimika.
- Ulits... Medium a me nā manu nui i kā lākou hoʻonohonoho me nā wāwae lōʻihi a me nā nuku lōʻihi, i ʻōwili iki i luna. ʻO ke kaumaha ma kahi o 200 gram.
- Nā kāʻei... Manu nui. Kaupaona a 270 gram. Lōʻihi nā wāwae, lōʻihi ka nuku, pololei. ʻO ke kala e ʻulaʻula. Noho maʻamau i nā kula ma nā kahawai i nā kolone liʻiliʻi.
- Kālepa... He lunamakaʻāinana nui loa o kāna hui. ʻO ke kaumaha o kahi manu makua mai 500 gram a 1.2 kilokilo. Lōʻihi loa ka nuku a hāwili i lalo. Hoʻokahi kahakai keʻokeʻo lahilahi o ka huelo ʻeleʻele. No ke ola koho ʻo ia i nā waika i ulu nui ʻia me ka mauʻu haʻahaʻa, nā kahawai kahawai.
- Nā Pahu Kahiko. ʻAno like loa me ka manu liʻiliʻi. ʻO kahi manu liʻiliʻi maikaʻi. Kupa o ka tundra. ʻIke i ka meaʻai i ka lepo lepo. Hoʻoikaika nui ia i ka pō.
- Turukhtan... ʻOkoʻa i ke kala ʻōlinolino. I ke kau moʻo, ʻike ʻia kahi kola fluffy. He paʻakikī e loaʻa nā kāne me ke kala like i loko o ka ʻohana. ʻO nā kiniko metallic o ke gula, polū, ʻeleʻele, ʻōmaʻomaʻo e hana i ka lole o nā kāne kū hoʻokahi.
- Snipe... ʻO kahi manu waena - ʻo ka lōʻihi o ke kino 25-27 kenimika, ke kaumaha mai 80 a 170 gram.
- Nā Plovers... ʻO kahi wader nui me nā wāwae lōʻihi a me ka nuku pōkole.
Kahi noho, wahi noho
ʻOi aku ka makemake o nā Sandpipers e noho ma nā wahi e pili kokoke ana i nā kino wai: ma ke kahakai o nā kai, nā kahawai, nā loko. Ma waena o nā lunamakaʻāinana o kēia kauoha aia kekahi e pūnana i nā wahi maloʻo a me nā wao akua. Ke noho nei nā mea mālama i ka nahele.
Hoihoi ia!Ma nā ʻāina āpau, koe wale no ka Antarctica, hiki iā ʻoe ke hui me nā mea lawe wai: ma nā mokupuni anuanu o ka Moana ʻAtika, ma nā wao nahele o ʻAsia Asia a kiʻekiʻe ma nā kuahiwi ʻo Pamir.
Ma Rūsia, hiki ke loaʻa nā lunamaka o kēia ʻoka manu nui loa i nā wahi āpau: mai nā palena hema a hiki i ka Arctic. ʻO nā mea kanu lāʻau, nā lapwings, nā halihali, nā plovers liʻiliʻi, pūnana lāʻau i ka hema o ka Hikina hikina. I Primorye, aia nā pale kiaʻi a me nā spindles snipe like Asiatic snipe, a he wahi punahele nā kahawai kuahiwi no Uslouri plovers.
Hiki ke ʻike wale ʻia ka snipe Kepani a me nā plovers kai ma kahakai. Ma ka moku ʻo Amur kahi wahi e hoʻomoana ai nā ulits nui a me nā Okhotsk, ʻo ia hoʻi, nā one lōʻihi a me nā snipe maʻamau.
ʻO ka hapanui o nā waders he manu neʻe. I ka wā o ka neʻe ʻana, piʻi lākou i kahi kiʻekiʻe ma luna o 6,000 mau mika. ʻO ka hapa nui o nā lālā o ka squadron e lele i kahi mamao loa: mai ka polar Siberia a i New Zealand a me Australia, mai Alaska a i ka hema o ʻAtenitina. Hiki ke kapa ʻia kēia mau manu he poʻe malihini mamao - lele lele lākou a hiki i 11,000 mau kilomita, ke kū nei i ka mamao o ka wai ma ka wai, nā wao akua, a me nā pae mauna.
ʻAiʻai Sandpiper
ʻO ka papa kuhikuhi a ka wader kahi o nā wai liʻiliʻi a me nā kahuli kahuli i ʻike ʻia ma ka honua a i ʻole ka wai: nā ilo, nā ʻūlū, nā molluscs, nā crustacea, nā ʻelala. ʻO nā mea kanu mea kanu Vegetarian me nā hua wale o nā hua a me nā hua. He ʻūhini ka meaʻai ʻoluʻolu o nā waders. Ua luku ʻia i ka lele i nā helu he nui. ʻO nā hua, ʻoi aku ka makemake o ka sandpiper i nā blueberry. ʻAi hauʻoli nā ʻano manu ʻoi aku ka nui o nā manu i nāʻiole a me nā rana. E makemake nā lawaiʻa lawaiʻa i nā iʻa liʻiliʻi i nā ipu ʻē aʻe.
ʻEnemi kūlohelohe
ʻO nā manu lele he ʻenemi ia o ka wahie... ʻO ka helehelena o ka falcon ke kumu o ka makaʻu ma waena o ka poʻe waders: ʻuā lākou me ke kaumaha a hoʻolei iā lākou iho i loko o ka wai. Ma ka luʻu ʻana, loaʻa i nā manu kahi manawa e pakele ai. I ka wai pāpaʻu, ʻaʻole hiki ke pakele i ka poʻe alualu. ʻO nā ʻalopeke Arctic, martens, wolverine, nā ʻalalā, nā buzzards e ʻimi naʻaupō a ʻaʻole wikiwiki loa i nā moa, a hoʻopau pū ka skuas i nā hua.
Hoihoi ia! Mālama wiwo ʻole nā makua waders i kā lāua keiki. Inā hoʻokokoke nā hipa hānai i ka pūnana, hoʻouka nā manu i ka hoʻoweliweli kūpono me ka ikaika e holo ai nā hipa me ka makaʻu.
Hoʻohua a me nā keiki
I ʻApelila, hoʻomaka ka wā moena no nā waders. I kēia manawa, ua hoʻopuehu nā manu i ko lākou wahi noho. Noho kekahi mau ʻano i nā kolone, ka hapa nui o nā manu - i nā pālua hoʻokahi. Noho lākou i nā hui nui a mele paha. Ke lele nei ma luna o ka wahi moe, hana nui me ka loaʻa ʻana o kahi hoa, hana lākou i nā leo e huki ai ka manaʻo iā lākou. ʻOkoʻa kēia ʻano maʻamau i nā ʻano ʻokoʻa.
I ka wā mua, holo wikiwiki nā plovers kai me nā trill, a laila, aia i ka honua, e hohola ana i ko lākou huelo i kahi peahi, alualu lākou i nā wahine. ʻO Lapwings, i mea e ʻumeʻume ai iā lākou iho, e lele i luna i luna, a laila e hoʻolālā i lalo, e hoʻololi i ka ʻaoʻao o ka lele i kekahi ala a i ʻole. Lele nā plovers liʻiliʻi i nā pōʻai ākea; i ka iho ʻana i ka honua, holo nā kāne ma hope o nā wahine. ʻO nā wili mamao loa o Hikina Hikina, ke piʻi nei i kahi kiʻekiʻe o 30-40 mau mika, e wehewehe i nā semicircles a, i ka manawa like, ke kani nei me ke kani a me ke aloha.
ʻOkoʻa nā Sandpipers mai nā manu ʻē aʻe i nā ʻano o nā pilina male. Hoʻohālikelike ʻia lākou e ka monogamy, polygyny, a me ka polyandry.
- Monogamy. Ke ʻano maʻamau o ka pilina. Pākuʻi nā mākua no ke kau a hatch i nā hua pākahi, e mālama pū ana i nā pua.
- ʻO Polgyny. ʻO nā kāne kāne me nā wahine he nui i hoʻokahi kau a ʻaʻole lawe i ka incubation o nā hua manu a ʻaʻole mālama i ka pua i ka wā e hiki mai ana.
- Poliandana. ʻO nā wahine wahine me nā kāne a waiho i nā hua manu i nā pūnana ʻokoʻa. I kēia hihia, hoʻoulu nā kāne i nā hua manu a hatch.
- Pūnana ʻālua. Hoʻomoe ka wahine i nā hua i loko o nā pūnana ʻelua, i hoʻokahi - hoʻokomo ʻo ia i nā hua iā ia iho, i ka lua o ke kāne mālama i nā pua. Kōkua nā mākua i nā moa e ulu ʻokoʻa kekahi.
Hoʻokomo nā Sandpipers i ka honua, hoʻomoe ʻia nā hua i loko o ka lua me ka ʻole o ka uhi ʻana. ʻO ka maʻa mau, ʻo kēia mau hua manu i ʻike ʻia e like me ka pear 4 me kahi ʻōmaʻomaʻo ʻōmaʻomaʻo. Noho kekahi ʻano i nā pūnana o nā manu i ka makahiki i hala i nā kumulāʻau.
Hānau ʻia nā ʻikena. Uhi ʻia ko lākou kino i lalo i lalo. Hiki i nā kamaliʻi ke kiʻi i kā lākou meaʻai ponoʻī mai nā lā mua, akā hoʻomau ka mālama mau ʻana o nā mākua i nā keiki - e mahana, pale mai nā pilikia a hōʻike i nā wahi kahi nui nā meaʻai. A lawe ka ʻōpaka i ka meaʻai i kā lākou pūnana. I ka makahiki ʻelua, ua mākaukau nā waders e hoa.
Heluna a me ke kūlana o kēia ʻano
Wahi a nā kumuwaiwai like ʻole, aia mai ka 181 a i ka 214 mau ʻano plovers i ka honua, nona he 94 mau ʻano ma Lūkia. ʻElua mau ʻano: ʻo ka curlew lahilahi a me ka lapwing lapwing aia ma ka palena o ka make. I nā makahiki i hala iho nei, ua emi nui ka heluna kanaka o ka steppe pick a me ka sandpiper. Nui nā ʻano o nā waders i helu ʻia ma ka mokuʻāina Red Data Books.
Mea nui! ʻO ke kumu o ia mau hopena kaumaha, ʻo ka mea mua, ka hana a ke kanaka.
Kūpono nā kahakai o ke kai e hoʻopuni ana iā ʻAsia i kahi weliweli nui i nā manu neʻe a hoʻoilo. Ma aneʻi, ma o ka hoʻoikaika ʻana o ka poʻe, ua hoʻokahe ʻia nā wahi nui o nā shoals kahakai. Hoʻolālā ʻia nā panalāʻau e nā ʻāina o East Asia - Kina a me Korea. Ma muli o ka hopena o ia ʻano hana i nā hana kūlohelohe, ua hoʻonele ʻia nā manawa he nui o nā waders ma nā kapakai o ka Pākīpika i ka manawa kūpono e hoʻonui i ka nui o ka lehulehu a, a ʻo kahi hopena, e hoʻopau ʻia ana e ka make.
Manaʻo nā biologists i mea e mālama ai i ka wader, pono e hoʻāʻo e hānai iā ia i ke pio a laila hoʻokuʻu i nā manu i ke kūlohelohe.... Eia nō naʻe, ʻike ka poʻe loea he paʻakikī loa e mālama a, eia kekahi, hoʻoulu i nā waders i ka pio.
ʻO ka Buke ʻulaʻula o ka International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN CC) e komo pū ana he 7 mau ʻano waders: hina lapwing, Ussuri plover, Okhotsk snail, Japanese snipe, shovel, Asiatic snipe, a me Far East curlew. I loko o ka puke ʻulaʻula o ka Russian Federation, aia he 11 mau ʻano waders (ua kōkua ʻia ka papa inoa mai ka IUCN RC e ka awl, stilt, melemele-niho a me ka ʻoystercatcher). Aia he 14 mau ʻano i ka Red Book of Primorsky Teritory (a me kahi snipe kuahiwi, kahi maʻawe lima a me kahi curlew pēpē).
