Kingfishers (lat. Wahi a ka moʻolelo hoihoi loa, ke kumu o ka inoa ma muli o ka inoa kekeʻe o ka manu e ola ana a hoʻokomo i nā moa i nā lua lepo - shrew.
Ka wehewehe o nā kingfishers
ʻO Kingfishers (Аlsedinidae) kahi ʻohana manu nui, akā ʻo nā manu e noho ana i nā wahi tropical a subtropical o kā mākou honua ʻike ʻia e nā ʻano nui loa o nā laha. ʻIke pinepine ʻia kekahi ʻano a i nā latitude anuanu ma ʻAmelika Hema a me ʻAkau ʻĀkau.
Helehelena
Loaʻa i ka ʻohana Kingfisher ka hapa nui o nā manu liʻiliʻi, pinepine manuahi a nani hoʻi.... ʻO ka hiʻohiʻona nui o ia mau manu e hōʻike ʻia e ka nuku nui a ikaika, a me nā wāwae pōkole hoʻi. Hoʻololi ke ʻano ma muli o ke ʻano o ka lawaiʻa, no laila, he nuku ʻoi a pololei hoʻi ka poʻe e hānai ana i ka iʻa, ʻoiai ma kookabara he ākea ia a ʻaʻole lōʻihi loa, ua hoʻopili ʻia no ka ʻānai ʻana i nā mea ʻai ma ke ʻano o nā māmala a me nā amphibians liʻiliʻi. ʻO nā ʻano laha e loea i ka hopu ʻana i nā ilo a me nā kamaʻāina o ka honua i kahi nuku me kahi kihi ʻano lou.
Hoihoi ia! ʻO ke kū ʻana o ke kala ʻalani alani ma ka ʻōpū ma muli o ke kū ʻana o nā pigment carotenoid kūikawā i ka hulu, a ʻo nā hulu ʻē aʻe me kahi hanana kino kūikawā e hōʻike ana i kahi nui o ka spectrum ʻike ʻia, no laila he kala polū a me ka sheen metallic.
Nānā ʻole i nā laha, ʻike ʻia nā lālā a pau o ka ʻohana Kingfisher e nā wāwae pōkole loa me nā manamana wāwae i hoʻopili ʻia ma luna o kahi ʻāpana nui o ka lōʻihi. Nui ka nui o nā manu o Alcedinidae. ʻO kahi laʻana, ʻo nā manu liʻiliʻi e hōʻike ʻia e ka lāhui ʻApelika ulu manu dwff (Ispidina lacontei). ʻAʻole i ʻoi aku ka lōʻihi o kēia manu ma 10 cm me ke kaupaona o 10 g. Ma waena o nā lālā nui o ka ʻohana ʻo Pied Giant Kingfisher (Megaseryle makhima), a me kookabara ʻakaʻaka (Daselo novaeguineae), a hiki i ka lōʻihi o 38-40 cm me ke kaumaha o 350-400 g.
Ka nohona a me ka lawena
Noho nā mōʻī makua i ko lākou ʻāina ʻāina ma ka hapa nui. ʻO ia ʻāpana e pili pū ana i kahi kahakai o kahi kahakai ma kahi o hoʻokahi kilomita ka lōʻihi. Kipaku ʻia kekahi malihini i kahi i pale ʻia i ka wā o ka hakakā. Me ka hoʻomaka o ka hoʻoilo, haʻalele nā mōʻī i ko lākou ʻāina, neʻe kokoke i ka hema a hiki i ka puna.
Ehia mau mōʻī e ola
ʻO ka awelika o ke ola o kahi mōʻī wahine i nā kūlana kūlohelohe, i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i kēia lā, ma kahi o ʻumikūmālima mau makahiki.
ʻAno Kingfisher
Wahi a ka manaʻo o nā mea kākau like ʻole, helu ʻokoʻa nā ʻano laha i ka genus Alsedo, akā e like me ka International Union of Ornithologists:
- ʻO Kingfisher maʻamau a polū paha (lat. Hihihihihihihihihi) He manu liʻiliʻi ia, ʻoi aku ka nui ma mua o kahi manu liʻiliʻi i ka nui. ʻO nā lunamaka'āinana o kēia laha he plumage ʻōlinolino, hinuhinu a ʻōmaʻomaʻo ʻōmaʻomaʻo ma luna, me nā kiko liʻiliʻi ma nā ʻeheu a me ke poʻo. Hoʻopuka ka manu i kahi ʻūlū waena e like me "tyip-tyip-tyip". Hoʻopili kēia ʻano i ʻeono mau ʻāpana - noho a me ka neʻe;
- Nā mōʻī mōlina (lat. Аlcedо Еuryzona) - ʻO nā manu ʻAsiatic me kahi ʻāʻī keʻokeʻo, poʻo polū ʻeleʻele a me luna o nā ʻeheu, keʻokeʻo a i ʻole alani umauma, ʻōpū a ma lalo o nā ʻeheu. Hoʻopili kēia ʻano i nā ʻāpana ʻelua;
- Nā mōʻī polū nui (lat. Аlcedо hеrсules) - Nā manu ʻĀkia, nā lunamakaʻāinana nui loa o ka genus. Hoʻohanohano ʻia ka manu e kahi nuku ʻeleʻele, poʻo uliuli, ʻaoʻao ʻeleʻele uliuli o luna o nā ʻeheu, keʻokeʻo keʻokeʻo, umauma ʻulaʻula, ʻōpū a ma lalo o nā ʻeheu;
- Aliʻi ʻuli ʻuli polū (lat. ʻO Alcedo méninting) - Nā manu ʻĀsia, ʻano like me ka kingfisher maʻamau i ka helehelena. Hōʻike ʻia ka ʻokoʻa nui e nā plumage polū ma ke kino o luna a me nā hulu ʻalani alohilohi ma ke kino haʻahaʻa. Hāʻawi ʻia ʻeono ʻāpana i kēia ʻano;
- ʻO Turquoise Kingfisher (lat. Аlcedо quаdribrаhys) He manu ʻApelika me ka nuku ʻeleʻele, poʻo polū, ʻaoʻao ʻeleʻele uliuli o nā ʻeheu, keʻokeʻo keʻokeʻo, umauma ʻulaʻula, ʻōpū a ma lalo o nā ʻeheu. Hoʻopili kēia ʻano i nā ʻāpana ʻelua.
Eia kekahi, na ka poʻe loea o ka International Union of Ornithologists, ʻo ka genus Alsedo e komo pū ana me ka Small Blue Kingfishers (Alsedo coerulesens) a me ka Cobalt, a i ʻole kingfisher semi-collared (Alsedo semitorquata).
Kahi noho, nā wahi noho
ʻO nā ʻāpana o ka kingfisher maʻamau i ma Eurasia, ma ke komohana ʻākau o ʻApelika, ma Nūhōlani a me Indonesia, a ma New Guinea a me nā mokupuni ʻo Solomon. Kūleʻa ʻia nā kingfisher onionio i nā ululāʻau humuhumu i ka Hikina Hema ʻo Asia.
Hoihoi ia! ʻO ka ʻaneʻane āpau o nā ʻelele o ka genus Kingfisher he mea maʻamau a noho i ka panalāʻau o ʻApelika, nā ʻaoʻao hema o ʻEulopa a me ʻAsia, ʻAukekulia a me Nūkini Hou, a me nā Mokupuni ʻo Solomon Ma ka panalāʻau o ko mākou ʻāina, aia he ʻelima mau lāhui i kū ʻia e kekahi mau mea lawelawe.
Noho nā mōʻī uliuli nui i nā kahawai a me nā ululāʻau kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe ma ka Hikina Hema ʻo Asia. Hoʻonui ka laulā o kēia ʻano mai ka Himalayan Sikkim a i ka moku Kina o Hainan. ʻO nā lunamakaʻāinana o nā ʻāpana āpau o ka Blue-eared Kingfisher noho i nā wahi kokoke i nā kahawai a me nā kino wai, makemake i nā ululāʻau mau loa. Noho nā mōʻī Turquoise i ka ululāʻau pulu o ʻApelika Waena a me ʻApelika Komohana.
Meaʻai Kingfisher
Hōʻike ʻia kahi ʻāpana nui o ka papaʻai a ka kingfisher e nā iʻa liʻiliʻi, e like me ka barbel, ka hina, sculpin, char a me minnow. Huli nā manu i kēlā mea pio mai kahi hoʻohālua. Inā hiki, hopu ʻiʻo nā lawaiʻa hulu i nā crustacea liʻiliʻi, nā kolo, nā rana a me nā ʻūhā... Noho ʻo Kingfisher me ka neʻe ʻole ma luna o nā lālā a me nā lau o ka mauʻu e kau ana ma luna o ka wai, a hoʻohana paha i nā pōhaku a me nā kahawai o ke kahakai e like me kahi hoʻohālua.
Hoihoi ia! Hoʻopili ʻia ka mea pio i hopu ʻia e kekahi mau hahau ikaika ma nā lālā, a ma hope ua keʻakeʻa ka mōʻī me kona nuku a ale i ke poʻo i mua. Hoʻopili hou ʻia nā iwi iʻa a me nā unahi i ka manawa e ka mōʻī.
Hiki ke nānā ʻia ka mea pio no kahi manawa lōʻihi loa, a ma hope e hele koke ka manu i loko o ka wai a luʻu koke. Me ka hopu pio i kona nuku, hoʻi ka mōʻī i kona lua a i ʻole kia kia. Mahalo i ka lele ikaika o nā ʻeheu ikaika a pōkole hoʻi, hiki i ka manu ke ala aʻe wikiwiki i ka lewa.
ʻEnemi kūlohelohe
ʻO nā lunamakaʻāinana o ka ʻohana Kingfisher, ka ʻoka Raksheiformes a me ka genus Kingfisher ʻaneʻane ʻaʻohe ʻenemi, akā ʻo nā manu ʻōpio a makua ʻole hiki ke maʻalahi i ka falcon a me ka hawk. ʻImi ʻimi nā hunts ma kekahi mau ʻāina i nā kingfisher a hana i nā holoholona i hoʻopihapiha ʻia mai kā lākou mau ipu. ʻOiai ʻo ka mea ʻaneʻane ʻaʻohe ʻenemi kūlohelohe o nā kingfishers, ke emi mau nei ka nui o nā manu, ʻo ia ka hopena o ka nāhelehele a me nā kino wai.
Hoʻohua a me nā keiki
No nā ʻāpana o nā manu monogamous nā kingfisher āpau, akā i waena o nā kāne he nui nā kānaka e hānau i kekahi mau ʻohana i ka manawa hoʻokahi. I mea e hana ai kahi pālua, hāʻawi ka kāne i ka iʻa i hopu ʻia i ka wahine. Inā ʻae ʻia kēlā makana, a laila hoʻokumu ʻia kahi ʻohana. Hoʻokumu wale ʻia nā pālua no kahi wā mehana o ka manawa, a me ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka hoʻoilo, hoʻokaʻawale nā kingfishers a lele lele aku no ka hoʻoilo ma kahi kaʻawale. Eia nō naʻe, i ka pūnāwai, hoʻi kēia mau manu i kā lākou pūnana kahiko, a hui hou ka pālua.
ʻEli ka mōʻī i kona pūnana ma kahakai, kahi ʻoi aʻe nā pali, ma kahi kokoke o ka waihona wai. Hūnā ʻia ka lua a i ʻole ke komo ʻana i ka pūnana e nā lālā lāʻau a i ʻole nā kumulāʻau, a me nā aʻa o nā mea kanu. ʻO ka mamao maʻamau ma waena o nā pūnana lepo o nā hui like ʻole 0.3-1.0 km a ʻoi aʻe paha. ʻO kahi pūnana a i ka mika ka lōʻihi, mākaukau loa e neʻe i loko, kahi i hoʻonohonoho i ka pae. ʻO kēia ʻano "lua manu" e hoʻopau pono ʻia me kahi hoʻonui kūikawā - kahi keʻena pūnana, akā me ka ʻole o kahi moe.
ʻO Clutch paha he 4-11 mau hua keʻokeʻo a me nā ʻōlinolino, akā ʻo ka nui o kā lākou helu ʻaʻole i ʻoi aku i 5-8 mau hua... Hoʻokomo ʻia nā hua moa e ʻelua mau mākua a huli no ʻekolu mau pule, a ma hope o ka hānau ʻia ʻana o nā keiki hānai manu ʻole ʻole. Piʻi koke nā manu a loaʻa ke kaupaona, i wehewehe ʻia e ka hoʻonui ʻia ʻana o ka meaʻai i ke ʻano o nā larva o nā ʻano ʻelala āpau.
Hoihoi ia! Ma kahi o hoʻokahi mahina ma hope o ka hānau ʻana, ka ikaika a me ka loaʻa ʻana o ka ikaika, hoʻomaka ka lele ʻana o nā keiki moa mai ka lua o nā mākua. ʻOi aku ka liʻiliʻi o ke kala hulu o nā manu ʻōpio a ʻoi aku ka haʻahaʻa i ka nui i nā mākua.
No kekahi mau lā ʻelua, lele nā holoholona ʻōpio me ko lākou mau mākua, i kēia manawa e hoʻomau i ka hānai ʻana i nā keiki. ʻAe nā kūlana maikaʻi kūpono i nā kingfishers e hana i ka lua o ka paʻa a hānai i hoʻokahi keiki hou aʻe o kā lākou, mākaukau no ka lele kūʻokoʻa mai kahi o ka waena o ka mahina kau i hala.
Heluna a me ke kūlana o kēia ʻano
He kūlana hopohopo ʻole ko ka mōʻī mōʻī maʻamau. Ma kahi o ʻekolu haneli tausani mau kānaka e noho wale ana ma ʻEulopa, a paʻa paʻa ka helu a pau i nā ʻāina he nui. Eia nō naʻe, ua helu ʻia ka mōʻī i ka Red Book o Buryatia, a ʻaʻole ʻike ʻia nā mea e kaupalena ana i ka nui o ka lehulehu i kēia manawa.
