Kupono ka ʻōlelo a ka waha iā lākou. Mai ka wā kahiko mai, ua hoʻolaha mau ke kanaka i nā lono e hōʻike ana i ka toad he mea hoʻowahāwahā ʻia a weliweli hoʻi, ʻo ka hoʻopili ʻana iā ia me ka wart a ma ka nui loa, ka make. I kēia manawa, paʻakikī e loaʻa kahi amphibian ma ka Honua e lawe i nā pono kūpono i nā kānaka e like me ka toad earthen.
Hōʻike o ka toad honua
Ma muli o ka like o waho me ka rana, huikau mau ka toad me ia.... Eia kekahi, i nā ʻōlelo o kekahi mau lāhui, koho ʻia nā lunamakaʻāinana o kēia mau ʻohana ʻelua e hoʻokahi huaʻōlelo, me ka hana ʻole i nā ʻokoʻa puke wehewehe ʻōlelo.
He hilahila nō naʻe! Ma hope o nā mea āpau, ka toad, he toad maoli nō hoʻi ia, no ka papa o nā amphibians, ke kauoha o ka huelo ʻole, ka ʻohana o nā toads a ʻoi aku ma mua o 500 mau ʻano. Hoʻokaʻawale ʻia lākou āpau i 40 genera, hiki ke loaʻa kahi hapakolu o lākou i ka ʻāina ʻo ʻEulopa.
Helehelena
Hoʻolālā ʻia ka toad e like me ka amphibian tailless - he kino manuahi, me ka ʻole o nā contour, kahi poʻo i pālahalaha ʻia, nā maka ʻōpuʻu, nā membrane ma waena o nā manamana wāwae, kahi ʻili lepo, pono ʻole, uhi ʻia me nā tubercles a me nā warts. ʻAʻole kahi nani o ke kino!
Ma muli paha o kēia, makemake ʻole kahi kanaka o ka wā kahiko i ka pēpē? Eia nō naʻe, ʻaʻole pēpē nā pēpē āpau. I ka wā makua, hiki iā lākou ke ulu a 53 cm ka lōʻihi a kaupaona a 1 kg. He mau lālā pōkole ko nā Toads no kēlā kino kaumaha. No kēia kumu, ʻaʻole hiki i nā toads ke lele e like me nā rana a ʻaʻole ʻauʻau maikaʻi.
ʻO nā hiʻohiʻona hiʻohiʻona o ka toka honua:
- ka nele o nā niho i ka iwi ā luna;
- ke kūʻana o nā tubercles ma nā wāwae o nā kāne - "callup nuptial", me ke kōkua o ia mau mea e mālama ʻia i ke kino o ka wahine i ka wā o ka male ʻana;
- nunui parotid nui i kapa ʻia he parotids.
Mea nui! Pono kēia mau ʻōpū e ka toad e hana i kahi huna e hoʻoliʻiliʻi i ka ʻili. I kekahi ʻano o nā toads lepo, loaʻa kēia mea huna i nā mea ʻona ma ke ʻano he pale pale. No ke kanaka, ʻaʻohe mea hoʻoweliweli i kēia ola. Hiki iā ia ke kumu wale i ke ahi wela. ʻO ka mea koe wale nō kahi toad make make make ma ka Honua - ʻae.
No nā moʻokūʻauhau lepo he 40, hiki ke loaʻa nā ʻano 6 ma ka panalāʻau o Lūkia a me nā ʻāina CIS mua. ʻO lākou āpau ka genus bufo.
- Toad lepo ʻāhinahina, he toad maʻamau ia. ʻO ka lāhui nui loa i ka ʻohana (7x12 cm) a me kekahi o nā mea maʻamau. ʻOiai ka inoa, ʻaʻole hiki ke hina wale, akā, i ka ʻoliva, brown. ʻOi aku ka pouli o ke kua ma mua o ka ʻōpū. I ka lōʻihi, ʻo kēia toad hoʻokahi a me ka hapalua manawa ka liʻiliʻi ma mua o ka laulā. I Lūkia, hiki ke loaʻa ka toad earthen hina ma ka Hikina Hikina a me Central Asia. ʻAʻole makemake ʻo ia i nā wahi pulu loa, ʻoi aku ka makemake i ka wahi ulu lāʻau.
- Palaka hikina loa, i ka mea ʻē aʻe, ʻoi aku ka makemake i nā wahi pulu - nā wahi kai i ninini ʻia, nā kahawai kahawai. ʻO kahi hiʻohiʻona hiʻohiʻona o kēia ʻano ke kala - ʻāpana ʻeleʻele-ʻeleʻele i ka hope hina. Eia kekahi, i nā toads o Far Hikina, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka wahine ma mua o ke kāne. Hiki ke loaʻa kēia mau toads ma ka Hikina hikina, Sakhalin, Transbaikalia, Kōlea a me Kina.
- Pōkā lepo ʻōmaʻomaʻo loaʻa kona inoa mai ke kala o ke kua - nā ʻōmaʻomaʻo ʻōmaʻomaʻo uliuli ma ke kua lāʻau ʻoliva. Mālama maikaʻi kēlā ʻano camouflage kūlohelohe iā ia, e hana maka ʻole ʻia ana ma kahi āna e makemake ai e noho - i nā nāhelehele a me nā kahawai kahawai. ʻO ka huna o ka toad ʻōmaʻomaʻo he ʻona i nā ʻenemi kūlohelohe, ʻaʻole makaʻu ia i nā kānaka. Loaʻa ia ma ka moku Volga, ʻAsia, ʻEulopa a me ʻApelika ʻĀkau.
- Toad Caucasian hoʻokūkū i ka nui me ka toad maʻamau. ʻO 12.5 cm ka lōʻihi. ʻEleʻele ʻeleʻele a hina hina paha nā mākua, akā ʻalani nā "ʻōpio" i ke kala, a ma hope e pouli. ʻO ka toad Caucasian, e like me ka inoa e hōʻike nei, noho i ka Caucasus. Aloha i nā ululāʻau a me nā kuahiwi. Hiki iā lākou ke loaʻa i kekahi ana i nā ana pulu a ʻūpū.
- ʻO Reed toad, pilau ʻo ia. Kohu mea lā he toad ʻōmaʻomaʻo. ʻO ka nui like - a i 8 cm ka lōʻihi, makemake pū i nā ʻohe a pulu, nā wahi pohopoho. ʻO kahi hiʻohiʻona hiʻohiʻona o kēia ʻano ka resonator o ka puʻu i hoʻomohala ʻia i ke kāne, āna e hoʻohana ai i ka wā o ka male ʻana. Hiki iā ʻoe ke lohe a ʻike i kēia mau toads ma Belarus, ma ke komohana o Ukraine a ma ka moku ʻo Kaliningrad.
- Toad Mongolian he kino nui kona, a hiki i 9 cm ka lōʻihi, uhi ʻia me nā warts me nā kākalaioa. Hiki ke kala i ke kala mai ka hina a i ka beige a me ka brown. Kū'ē i kēia kāʻei, ʻike maopopo ʻia nā kiko o nā ʻano geometric. Ma waho o Mongolia, ua ʻike ʻia kēia mau toads ma Siberia, ka Hikina hikina, Western Ukraine a me nā mokuʻāina ʻo Baltic.
Hoihoi ia! ʻO ka toad nui loa o ka honua ka toad o Blumberg. He kino ko ka pilikua wahine 25 knm ka lōʻihi a ʻaʻole pōʻino loa ia. Hiki ke ʻike ʻia kāna mau mea mehameha i nā tropic o Colombia a me ʻEkuador, akā hoʻokahi wale nō, ʻoiai aia kēia ʻano kokoke i ka make.
ʻO ka toad liʻiliʻi loa ma ka honua ka Kihansi Archer Toad, ka nui o kahi kālā 5-ruble: 1.9 cm (no ke kāne) a 2.9 cm (no ka wahine) ka lōʻihi. A ʻo kahi toad nui loa, aia ia ma ke kaʻe o ka make. Ma mua, hiki ke loaʻa ma Tanzania, ma kahi palena loa kokoke i ka wailele, ma ka moku ʻo Kihansi.
Auila
Alakaʻi nā toads honua i kahi nohona leʻaleʻa i ke ao a "ʻeleu" i ka pō... Me ka hoʻomaka o ke ahiahi, hele lākou i ka hopu holoholona. Puka lākou i waho a hemahema hoʻi, ʻaʻole lele lākou e like me nā rana, akā "hele wāwae." I ka lele hoʻokahi, hiki iā lākou ke hoʻonāukiuki ʻia e ka makaʻu. Akā i kēia hihia, makemake lākou e hoʻopaʻa i ko lākou kua i ka puʻu, e hōʻike ana i kahi kiʻekiʻe loa o ka pale mai ka ʻenemi. ʻAʻole hana nā rana.
I loko nō o ko lākou ahonui a me ka lohi, he mea ʻimi holoholona maikaʻi nā ʻāpana lepo. ʻO kā lākou momona a me nā hiʻohiʻona kūlohelohe e kōkua iā lākou e hoʻolei i ko lākou alelo me ka wikiwiki o ka uila, e hopu ana i kahi pepeke i ka lele. ʻAʻole hiki i nā rana ke hana i kēlā. Me ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ke anuanu, hāʻule nā toads i loko o ka animations hoʻomaha, i loaʻa ma mua kahi wahi mehameha no lākou iho - ma lalo o nā aʻa o nā kumulāʻau, i nā lua i haʻalele ʻia o nā rodents liʻiliʻi, ma lalo o nā lau i hina. Noho wale ʻo Toads. Hōʻiliʻili lākou i nā hui e waiho wale i nā keiki, a laila "hoʻopuehu" hou, e hoʻi nei i kā lākou hummock punahele.
Pehea ka lōʻihi o ke ola ʻana o ka toad honua
ʻO ka awelika o ke ola o ka toad earthen he 25-35 makahiki. Aia kekahi mau hihia i ke ola ʻana o kekahi o ko lākou lunamakaʻāinana he 40 makahiki.
Kahi noho, nā wahi noho
No ka noho ʻana, koho nā ʻāpana lepo i nā wahi pulu, ʻaʻole naʻe kokoke i nā kino wai. Pono wale lākou i ka wai e kāhili i nā hua.
Mea nui! Ma muli o ka ʻokoʻa o nā laha, ka wahi o ke alo o nā ʻāpana lepo e hiki ke hana ma nā wahi āpau. Loaʻa kēia mau amphibians ma nā ʻāina āpau. ʻO ka mea koe wale nō, no nā kumu maopopo, ʻo Antarctica.
ʻO ke koena o ka manawa, makemake nā pēpē i nā hale wai ʻōpulu, ʻeli hou, lepo lepo wale nō, nā kahawai i nā kuahiwi, nā mānoanoa haʻahaʻa o nā mauʻu i nā kahawai o nā kahawai, nā ululāʻau ua. Akā! Aia kekahi mau ʻano i noho i nā wao nahele a me nā wao nahele.
Meaʻai o ka toad honua
ʻO ke kīʻaha nui o ka papa ʻaina pā ʻaina honua mau nā ʻano kolo... Hoʻohui hauʻoli ʻo ia i nā hū, nā ilo, nā ʻenuhe, millipedes iā lākou. ʻAʻole ia e ʻalo aʻe i nā ʻelala a me nā spider. ʻAʻole huikau kēia glutton picky loa e nā ʻōlinolino, a me nā waihoʻoluʻu o kekahi mau ʻano ʻelala a i ʻole ko lākou helehelena ʻokoʻa. He kōkua maikaʻi a maikaʻi loa ka papa lepo i nā kānaka i ke kaua ʻana i nā mea kanu ahupuaʻa.
ʻO kahi hoʻonohonoho pono maoli, kiaʻi pō o ka ʻohi. No hoʻokahi lā, ʻai ka ʻai kōkō hoʻokahi a i ka 8 g o nā mea kolo i ka māla! Hiki i nā ʻano nui o ka tody e loaʻa i ka meaʻai na lākou a me kahi moʻo, he moʻo, he koʻokoʻo liʻiliʻi. Hoʻololi ʻo Toads i nā mea neʻe, akā ʻike ʻokoʻa i nā neʻe i hoʻokahi mokulele, e like me ka haʻalulu o ka mauʻu.
ʻEnemi kūlohelohe
Hoʻopuni ʻia ka toad honua e nā ʻenemi mai nā ʻaoʻao āpau. Nānā nā hona, ʻōʻā, ibises iā lākou mai ka lani a mai ke kiʻekiʻe o ko lākou mau wāwae lōʻihi. Ma ka honua, ua hei lākou e nā otters, minks, foxes, boars wild, raccoons. A ʻaʻohe mea e ola ai nā nahesa. ʻAʻole kēlā me kēia lunamakaʻāinana o kēia amphibians e hoʻopuka i kahi huna ʻona. A ʻo kahi camouflage maikaʻi wale nō ke hiki ke hoʻopakele i kēia, ʻo ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, kahi amphibian pale ʻole, a me ka momona nui ke hoʻopakele iā ia mai ka nalowale ʻana.
Hoʻohua a me nā keiki
Ke hiki mai ka puna, a i nā tropika - ke kau ua, hoʻomaka ke kau moʻa no nā hua liʻi honua... A ʻākoakoa lākou i nā hui nui e nā waihona wai. He mea nui ka hele ʻana o ka wai - e ulu ana nā toads i loko ona. I loko o ka wai, e kū mai nā larvae mai nā hua manu, a lilo i loko o nā huna. E noho nā honu i loko o ka wai no ʻelua mau mahina, e ʻai ana i nā limu liʻiliʻi a me nā mea kanu, a hiki i ka wā e lilo ai i mau pēpē liʻiliʻi piha, i hiki ai iā lākou ke kolo i waho o ka ʻāina a hiki hou i ka waihona i hoʻokahi makahiki. ʻAʻole like ka caviar Toad me ka caviar frog.
I kēlā mau mea ia i ke ʻano o nā lumpat gelatinous, a i nā toads aia i nā kaula gelatinous, hiki ke lōʻihi i 8 mau mika. Hoʻokahi paʻa - ʻelua kaula, me nā hua manu he 7 tausani. Hoʻopaʻa ʻia nā kaula, no ka hilinaʻi, ma waena o nā limu. ʻO ka nui o ka hānau ʻia ʻana o nā tadpoles ma muli o nā ʻano o ka toad a me ka mahana o ka wai, a hiki ke pae mai 5 mau lā a i 2 mau mahina. Hele mai nā pēpē wahine i ka loko iʻa no ka hānau male ma hope o nā kāne, ma hope o kā lākou kāhea mele. Ke hoʻokokoke ka wahine i ke kāne, piʻi ʻo ia ma kona kua a hoʻomomona i nā hua, āna i hua ai i kēlā manawa. Ma hope o ka pau ʻana o ka hanau wahine ʻana, hoʻi ʻo ia i uka.
Hoihoi ia! Aia kekahi ʻano o nā ʻāpana lepo kahi e hana ai kahi kāne ma ke ʻano he nanny. Noho ʻo ia i ka lepo a kiaʻi i nā kāwele masonry ʻeha ma luna o kāna mau wāwae, e kakali ana no ka puka ʻana mai o nā ʻūhū mai iā lākou.
Aia nā kōā palekeiki. Kau lākou i nā hua i luna o ko lākou kua a halihali iā lākou a ʻike ʻia ka larva. A pāʻani ʻia kēia kuleana e nā kāne! A aia kekahi kamana kupaianaha hou aʻe - viviparous. Noho ʻo ia ma ʻApelika. ʻAʻole kau kēia toad i mau hua, akā hāpai lākou iā ia iho - 9 mau mahina! A hānau kēlā pēpē ʻaʻole i nā honu, akā i nā toads piha. He mea kupaianaha nō hoʻi kēia hana i loko o kahi toad i ʻelua wale nō manawa i kona ola, a hānau ʻia ʻaʻole ʻoi aku ma mua o 25 mau pēpē i ka manawa hoʻokahi. He mea haohao paha ia aia kēia ʻano ma kahi o ka nalowale a aia ma lalo o ka pale.
Heluna a me ke kūlana o kēia ʻano
Aia kekahi ʻano laha ʻole o nā toads e hoʻoweliweli - ka toad ʻApelika viviparous, ke kāʻā ʻohe, ka liʻiliʻi ʻo Kihansi. Ua helu ʻia lākou āpau i ka puke ʻula. Minamina, akā kau pinepine ka mea i kona lima i kēia ʻoiaʻiʻo, e luku hilahila ʻole i ka nohona kūlohelohe o nā amphibians... No laila, ʻaneʻane nalowale ʻo Kihansi ma hope o ke kūkulu ʻana o ka poʻe i kahi wai wai ma ka muliwai kahi a lākou e noho ai. Ua hōʻoki ka wai i ke komo wai a hoʻonele iā Kihansi i ko lākou wahi maoli. I kēia lā hiki ke loaʻa wale kēia ʻano toad earthen i ka zoo.
