ʻO ka ʻāpana kāhili (Sarkidiornis melanotos) a i ʻole ka pato caronculés no ka ʻohana duck, ke kauoha Anseriformes.
Nā hōʻailona kūwaho o kahi ʻāpē pūhili
Loaʻa ka kino o ka duck sis i 64 - 79 cm, ke kaupaona: 1750 - 2610 gram.
Ua loaʻa ka inoa o ka laha ma muli o ke kū ʻana o kahi ʻano lau i uhi ʻia 2/3 o ka nuku ʻeleʻele. ʻIke loa kēia ʻano e ʻike ʻia ia i ka wā lele. ʻAno like ke kala o ka plumage o ke kāne a me ka wahine. I nā manu makua, ʻo ke poʻo a me ka ʻāpana luna o ka ʻāʻī i nā laina kiko keʻokeʻo ma ke kua ʻeleʻele; aia kēia mau māka i ka nui ma waena o ka lei aliʻi a me ka ʻāʻī. Mālena melemele nā ʻaoʻao o ke poʻo a me ka ʻāʻī.
ʻO nā ʻaoʻao lalo o ka ʻāʻī, ka umauma a me ka waena o ka ʻōpū he keʻokeʻo maʻemaʻe nani. Ke holo nei kahi lainaʻeleʻele kū i kēlā me kēia ʻaoʻao o ka umauma, a ʻo ka ʻōpū o lalo e kokoke ana i ka ʻāpana anal. Keʻokeʻo nā kapa, keʻokeʻo ʻia me ka hina hina hina, ʻoiai keʻokeʻo ka undertail, ʻalani pinepine ʻia me ka melemele. Hinahina ka sakuma. ʻO ke koena o ke kino, e pili ana i ka huelo, luna a me nā mea i lalo, ʻeleʻele me ka uliuli ikaika, ʻōmaʻomaʻo a keleawe paha.
ʻAʻohe caroncule a ka wahine.
ʻO ke kala o ka plumage he mea liʻiliʻi iridescent, ʻoi aku ka ʻokoʻa o ka laina. ʻO nā wahi brownish pinepine ma kahi keʻokeʻo. ʻAʻohe lau melemele ma ke poʻo a undertail. ʻOkoʻa ka waihoʻoluʻu o ka hulu o nā manu ʻōpio i ke kala o ka hulu o nā mākua. ʻO ka luna a me ka pāpale he ʻeleʻele ʻeleʻele, ʻokoʻa me ke kala melemele melemele o nā hulu ma ke poʻo, ka ʻāʻī a ma lalo o ke kino. Ma lalo iho kahi hiʻohiʻona scaly a me kahi laina ʻeleʻele ma o ka maka o ka maka. ʻEleʻele ʻeleʻele nā wāwae o ka ʻono duck.
Nā wahi noho o ka ʻāpē pūhili
Noho nā ʻalalā Crother i nā pāpū ma nā wahi tropical. Makemake lākou i nā savannas me nā kumulāʻau ākea, nā wai wai, nā kahawai, nā loko a me nā wai wai wai, ma nā wahi kahi e uhi liʻiliʻi ai ka nahele, e pale i nā wahi maloʻo a me nā ulu lāʻau. Noho lākou i nā kahawai a me nā kahawai delta, i nā ululāʻau i hoʻopiha ʻia, nā wahi hānai a me nā māla laiki, i kekahi manawa ma ka ʻehu lepo. Ua kaupalena ʻia kēia ʻano manu i nā ʻāina haʻahaʻa, hiki ke loaʻa nā ʻāpala pū i kahi kiʻekiʻe o 3500 mau mika a i ʻole ka liʻiliʻi.
Pāhola pālū
Hoʻolahalaha ʻia nā ʻāpana pūhaka ma nā ʻāpana ʻekolu: ʻApelika, ʻAsia, ʻAmelika. He ʻano sedentary ia ma ʻApelika a aia ma ka hema o ka Sahara. Ma kēia ʻāina, pili nā neʻe ʻana me ka hoʻomaloʻo ʻana o nā kino wai i ka wā maloʻo. No laila, neʻe aku nā peʻa i kahi mamao loa, i ʻoi aku ma mua o 3000 kilomita. Ma ʻAsia, noho nā ʻāpō crested ma nā pāpū o India, Pakistan a me Nepal, kahi ʻano laha ʻole ma Sri Lanka. Aia ma Burma, ka ʻākau o Thailand a me ka hema o Kina, ma ka moku ʻo Yunnan.
I kēia mau wahi, neʻe hapa kekahi o nā pēpē i ka wā ua. Ma ʻAmelika Hema, ua hōʻike ʻia ka lāhui e nā subspecies sylvicola, ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi i ka nui, ʻo nā kāne o lākou he ʻeleʻele a me ka ʻālohilohi nā ʻaoʻao kino. Ua palahalaha ia mai Panama a hiki i ka papu o Bolivia, aia ma ka wawae o ka Andes.
Nā hiʻohiʻona o ka hana a ka ʻalā kāhili
Noho nā pēpē kalaka i nā hui liʻiliʻi he 30 a 40 paha mau kānaka. Eia nō naʻe, i ka wā maloʻo ma nā kino wai, mālama lākou i nā hipa mau. Aia ka hapa nui o nā manu i kahi hui like, hana ʻia nā pālua i ka hoʻomaka o ke kau ua, ke hoʻomaka ka wā pūnana. Me ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ke kau maloʻo, ʻākoakoa nā manu a ʻauana i ka ʻimi ʻana i nā waihona wai me nā kūlana maikaʻi. I ka wā e ʻai ai, ʻauʻau nā ʻalā pū, noho hohonu i ka wai. Noho lākou i ka pō i nā kumulāʻau.
ʻ .lio hoʻoulu holoholona
Hoʻololi ka manawa hoʻoulu no nā ʻūlū lūlū me ke kau ua. Ma ʻApelika, hānau nā manu i Iulai-Kepakemapa, ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻākau a me ke komohana i Pepeluali-Malaki, i Kekemapa-ʻApelila ma Zimbabwe. I India - i ka manawa o nā mōneka i hala mai Iulai a Kepakemapa, ma Venezuela - i Iulai. Inā ʻaʻole lawa ka ua, a laila lohi loa ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ke kau pūnana.
He monogamous nā pēpē crested i nā wahi me nā kumuwaiwai maikaʻi ʻole, ʻoiai ʻo ka polygamy hiki i nā wahi me nā kūlana noho maikaʻi. Loaʻa nā kāne i nā kāne a me nā hoa wahine me nā wahine, ʻokoʻa ka helu o 2 a 4. Hiki ke ʻike ʻia nā ʻano polygamy ʻelua:
- huki ke kāne i ka manawa like i kekahi mau wahine i ka harem, akā ʻaʻole pili me nā manu āpau, ua kapa ʻia kēia pilina he wahine nui.
- polygamy o ka hoʻoilina, ʻo ia hoʻi ke kāne me ke kāne me ka wahine.
I kēia manawa o ka makahiki, hōʻike nā kāne i ka hana kolohe i nā wahine hānau ʻole i ʻae ʻia i ka wahine i ka manawa, mahalo i ka ʻae o ka ʻāpī nui, akā ʻo kēia mau kānaka ka helu haʻahaʻa loa i ka hierarchy o ka hui.
Hoʻokomo pinepine nā wahine i nā lua o nā lāʻau nui i ke kiʻekiʻe o 6 a 9 mau mika. Eia nō naʻe, hoʻohana lākou i nā pūnana kahiko o nā manu lele, nā ʻaeto a i ʻole nā lele. I kekahi manawa hana lākou i nā pūnana ma ka honua ma lalo o ka uhi o ka mauʻu kiʻekiʻe a i ʻole i kahi kumu lāʻau, i nā māwae o nā hale kahiko. Hoʻohana lākou i nā pūnana like mai kēlā makahiki a kēia makahiki. Hūnā ʻia nā wahi pūnana e nā mea kanu nui kokoke i nā kahawai.
Kūkulu ʻia ka pūnana mai nā lālā a me nā nāhelehele i kāwili ʻia me nā hulu a me nā lau.
ʻAʻole ia e hoʻopili ʻia me ka fluff. ʻAʻole maʻalahi ka hoʻoholo ʻana i ka nui o ka lālau, ʻoiai he nui nā ʻāpua e hoʻomoe i nā hua manu i ka pūnana. ʻO kā lākou helu maʻamau he 6 - 11 mau hua. Hiki ke noʻonoʻo ʻia he ʻumikūmālua mau hua i ka hopena o nā hana like a kekahi mau wahine. Loaʻa i kekahi mau pūnana i 50 mau hua. Hoʻopiʻi nā Chicks ma hope o 28 a 30 mau lā. Hoʻokomo pinepine ka wahine i ka wahine, ʻo ia wale nō paha. Akā ʻo nā wahine āpau i ka hui e hana nei i ka hānai ʻana i nā ʻāpiki ʻōpio a hiki i ka wā e hoʻokuʻu ai nā moa.
Pāʻai palaki ʻai
ʻAi ʻia nā ʻāpala i nā kahakai mauʻu a ʻauʻau paha i nā wai pāpaʻu. Hānai nui lākou i nā mea kanu wai a me kā lākou ʻanoʻano, invertebrates liʻiliʻi (ka nui o nā ʻūhini a me nā ʻūlū o nā iʻa aquatic). ʻO nā papaʻai mea kanu me nā cereal a me nā ʻanoʻano sedge, nā ʻāpana palupalu o nā mea kanu wai (e laʻa me nā līlia wai), nā hua mahiʻai (laiki, kulina, ʻoka, palaoa, a me nā pī) Mai kēlā manawa a kēia manawa, hoʻopau nā ʻāpō i nā iʻa liʻiliʻi. I kekahi mau wahi, manaʻo ʻia nā pākī kāwili i nā manu pest e luku i nā mea kanu laiki.
ʻO ke kūlana mālama o ka ʻāpō pū
Hoʻoweliweli ʻia nā ʻūlū pūlili e ka hopu holoholona ʻole. I kekahi mau wahi, e like me Madagascar, ua luku ʻia ka nohona ma muli o ka nāhelehele a me ka hoʻohana nui ʻana i nā pesticides i nā māla laiki. Ua hōʻole ka laha ma ka Delta Senegal ma hope o ke kūkulu ʻia ʻana o kahi wai ma ke kahawai ʻo Senegal, kahi i alakaʻi ai i ka hoʻoneoneo ʻana o ka nohona a me ka nalo ʻana o nā wahi hānai mai ka ulu nui ʻana o nā mea ulu, ka wao nahele a me ka hoʻohuli ʻana i ka ʻāina mahiʻai.
Hoʻopili pū ʻia ka ʻāpala sis i ka maʻi lele avian, ʻoiai he mea hoʻoweliweli kēia i kēia ʻano i ka wā o ka maʻi maʻi lele.
