ʻO ka ʻāpau maʻamau (Pernis apivorus) no ke kauoha ʻo Falconiformes.
Nā hōʻailona kūwaho o ka mea ʻai ʻūpē maʻamau
ʻO ka mea ʻai ʻūpau maʻamau kahi manu liʻiliʻi o ka mea pio me ka nui o ke kino o 60 knm a me ka ʻēheu o 118 a 150 cm. ʻO kona kaumaha he 360 - 1050 g.
ʻO ke ʻano o ka plumage o ka mea ʻai ʻūpē maʻamau he loli loa.
ʻO ka lalo o ke kino ʻeleʻele ʻeleʻele a i ʻole ʻeleʻele ʻeleʻele, i kekahi manawa melemele a aneane keʻokeʻo, pinepine me kahi ʻulaʻula, nā kiko a me nā kaha. ʻO ka luna he brownish a brownish hina. Hinahina-ʻeleʻele ka huelo me kahi ʻāpana pouli ākea ma ka piko a ʻelua mau kaha mae a haiki ma ke kumu o nā hulu o ka huelo. Ma kahi kāʻei kua, 3 mau kaha ʻeleʻele i ʻike ʻia ma lalo. Kū ʻokoʻa ʻelua, a hūnā hapa ʻia ke kolu ma lalo o nā uhi o lalo.
Ma nā ʻeheu, hana nā kiko ākea i nā kaha he nui i ka ʻeheu. Holo kahi kaula ʻeleʻele i ʻike ʻia ma ka lihi hope o ka ʻēheu. Aia kahi kiko nui ma ka pale lima. ʻO nā kaha ākea i nā ʻeheu a me nā hulu o ka huelo, he mau hiʻohiʻona ʻano ʻokoʻa ia o ka laha. He ʻūlū lōʻihi a paʻa hoʻi nā ʻāpā maʻamau. Ua poepoe ka huelo ma ke kaʻe, lōʻihi.
Liʻiliʻi a haiki ke poʻo. He poʻo hina hina ko nā kāne. He gula ka iris o ka maka. ʻOi ka nuku a kiki, me ka wēlau ʻeleʻele.
He melemele ka pā o nā pā me nā manamana wāwae ikaika a me nā kui kuikawa ikaika. Uhi nui ʻia nā manamana lima āpau me nā pale liʻiliʻi me nā ʻaneka he nui. Hoʻohālikelike ka mea ʻai ʻānai maʻamau me ka buzzard. ʻO nā kolo nāwaliwali a me kahi poʻo liʻiliʻi e like me ka cuckoo. I ka lele ʻana i ke kukui o ka silhouette ʻeleʻele o ka manu, ʻike ʻia nā hulu mua nui, maʻalahi kēia hōʻailona e ʻike i ka mea ʻai ʻāpau lele. ʻO ka lele e like me ka neʻe ʻana o kahi ʻie. ʻAno hoʻohele ka mea ʻai ʻūpē maʻamau. Lele i ka lele ʻana me nā ʻeheu i kūlou iki. Pōkole a pōkole hoʻi nā manamana wāwae.
ʻOi aku ka nui o ke kino o ka wahine ma mua o ke kāne.
ʻOkoʻa nā manu i ke ʻano plumage. Hinahina ke kala o ka hulu kāne kāne mai luna, hina ke poʻo i ka lehu. ʻ brownʻele ka plumage o ka wahine ma ka piko, a ʻoi aku ka ʻoki o ka lalo ma mua o ko ke kāne. Hoʻohanohano ʻia nā mea ʻai ʻōpelu ʻōpio e ka loli ikaika o ke kala hulu. Hoʻohālikelike ʻia i nā manu makua, he ʻeleʻele kā lākou o ka plumage a me nā kahakaha i ʻike ʻia ma nā ʻeheu. ʻO ke kua me nā kiko kukui. Kāleka me 4 ma mua o ʻekolu mau kaha, ʻaʻole lākou i ʻike ʻia ma mua o nā mākua. Loin me ka ʻāpana māmā. Mālamalama ke poʻo ma mua o ke kino.
Melemele ka piʻina. ʻEleʻele ka iris o ka maka. ʻOi aku ka pōkole o ka huelo ma mua o ka ʻai o nā ʻōpala makua.
Hoʻolaha o ka mea ʻai ʻūpē maʻamau
Loaʻa ka mea ʻai ʻūpau maʻamau ma ʻEulopa a me ʻAkia Komohana. I ka hoʻoilo, neʻe ia i kahi mamao loa i ka hema a me ka waena o ʻApelika. I ʻItalia, kahi ʻano maʻamau i ka wā o ka neʻe ʻana. ʻIke ʻia ma kahi o ka Strait of Messina.
ʻO nā wahi noho o ka mea ʻai ʻūpē maʻamau
Noho ka mea ʻai ʻūpē maʻamau i ka ulu lāʻau a me nā ulu lāʻau paina. Noho i nā ululāʻau eucalyptus kahiko e kūlike me nā aniani. Loaʻa iā ia ma nā lihi a ma nā kahakai, kahi e loaʻa ʻole ai nā hiʻohiʻona o ka hana a ke kanaka. Koho nui i nā wahi me ka hoʻomohala maikaʻi ʻole o ka uhi mauʻu. I nā kuahiwi piʻi i kahi kiʻekiʻe o 1800 mika.
ʻAi o ka mea ʻai ʻūpē maʻamau
ʻAi nui ka mea ʻai ʻūpē maʻamau i nā mea kolo, makemake e luku i nā pūnana nū a luku i kā lākou larvae. Hopu ʻo ia i nā mea holoi, i ka lewa, a hemo iā lākou me kona nuku a me nā māiʻuʻu mai kahi hohonu a 40 cm i ka hohonu. Ke loaʻa ka pūnana, waimaka ka mea ʻai ʻūmū maʻamau e wehe i nā larvae a me nā nymphs, akā i ka manawa like pau pū kekahi i nā ʻelele makua.
He mea hoʻololi koʻikoʻi ka predator e hānai i nā nalo ʻawahia:
- ʻili lahilahi a puni ke kumu o ka nuku a puni nā maka, pale ʻia e nā hulu pōkole, ʻoʻoleʻa, like me ka unahi,
- piko nā puka ihu e like me ka ʻoki a komo ʻole i loko o nā nalo, nāhena a me ka lepo.
I ka pūnāwai, ke koe mau nā ʻelele, ʻai nā manu o ka iʻa i nā koʻokoʻo liʻiliʻi, nā hua manu, nā manu ʻōpio, nā rana a me nā mea kolo liʻiliʻi. Pau nā hua liʻiliʻi i kēlā me kēia manawa.
ʻO ka hana hou ʻana i ka mea ʻai ʻūpē maʻamau
Hoʻi ʻo Common Wasp Eaters i ko lākou wahi pūnaewele i waenakonu o ka puna, a hoʻomaka e kūkulu i kahi pūnana ma kahi like me ka makahiki i hala. I kēia manawa, hana ka kāne i nā lele huikau. Kū mua ʻo ia i kahi ala hele alo, a laila kū i ka lewa a hana i ʻekolu a i ʻole ʻehā mau hahau, e hāpai ana i kona mau ʻeheu ma luna o kona kua. A laila hana hou ʻo ia i nā lele pōʻai a kāwele ma luna o ka pūnaewele pūnana a puni ka wahine.
Kūkulu kahi ʻelua manu i kahi pūnana ma ka lālā ʻaoʻao o kahi kumulāʻau nui.
Hoʻokumu ʻia ia e nā lālā maloʻo a me nā ʻōmaʻomaʻo me nā lau e kū ana i loko o ka pola o ka pūnana. Hoʻomoe ka wahine i 1 - 4 mau hua keʻokeʻo me nā kiko brownish. Hana ʻia ka moe ʻana ma ka hopena o Mei, me nā lā hoʻomaha he ʻelua mau lā. Kū ka Incubation mai ka hua mua a hala nā lā 33-35. Hoʻokomo nā manu ʻelua i kā lāua keiki. ʻIke ʻia nā Chicks ma ka hopena o Iune - Iulai. ʻAʻole lākou e waiho i ka pūnana a hiki i 45 mau lā, akā ʻoiai ma hope o ka lele, neʻe nā moa mai kekahi lālā i kekahi lālā i nā kumulāʻau kokoke, e hoʻāʻo e hopu i nā ʻeneto, akā hoʻi hou no ka meaʻai, lawe ʻia e nā manu makua.
I kēia wā, hānai ke kāne a me ka wahine i nā pua. Lawe mai ke kāne i nā nalo, a ʻohiʻohi ka wahine i nā nimfa a me nā ʻūlū. I ka hopu ʻana i kahi rana, hoʻoneʻe ke kāne i ka ʻili mai ona aku kahi mamao mai ka pūnana a lawe mai i ka wahine, hānai i nā moa. No ʻelua pule, lawe pinepine nā mākua i ka meaʻai, akā hoʻomaka ka poʻe ʻai ʻōpelu ʻōpio e ʻimi no nā lū.
Kūʻokoʻa lākou ma hope o 55 mau lā. Lele nā Chicks no ka manawa mua ma ka hopena o Iulai a i ʻole ʻAukake mua. Hele nā mea ʻai ʻūpau maʻamau i ka hopena o ke kauwela a i ka mahina ʻo Kepakemapa. Ma nā wahi hema, kahi e loaʻa mau ai nā manu o ka mea pio, ua neʻe lākou mai ka hopena o ʻOkakopa. Lele hoʻokahi ka poʻe ʻai holoi i nā mele a i nā hipa liʻiliʻi, hui pū pinepine ʻia me nā buzzards.
Ke kūlana mālama o ka mea ʻai ʻūpē maʻamau
ʻO ka mea ʻai ʻūpū maʻamau kahi ʻano manu me kahi hoʻoweliweli iki i kāna mau helu. Kūleʻa paʻa ka helu o nā manu lele, ʻoiai ke loli mau nei ka ʻikepili. Ke hoʻoweliweli ʻia nei ka mea ʻai ʻūmū maʻamau mai ka ʻimi kū kānāwai ʻole i ka hema o ʻEulopa i ka wā o ka neʻe ʻana. ʻO ke kī ʻole ʻana i ke kī ʻana i alakaʻi e hōʻemi ai i ka helu o ka heluna kanaka.
