Ma hope o ka helehenehene o ka manu he koa i ke ao holoʻokoʻa. Holo wikiwiki ka hopena make a lele maikaʻi, ʻauʻau maikaʻi, luʻu hohonu a ʻeli hoʻi i nā kamaʻilio ʻana ma lalo o ka honua.
Ka wehewehe o ka hopena make
ʻO Fratercula arctica (ka hoahānau Arctic) ka inoa ʻepekema no ʻAtelanika puffin, e hōʻike ana i ka ʻohana auk mai ke kauoha Charadriiformes. I ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, ʻaʻohe ʻano like o ka manu me ke kaikaina hemolele: akā, he mea hoʻohiwahiwa hoʻohālike i kahi tailcoat ʻeleʻele a nani hoʻi e hoʻomālamalama, nā kāmaʻa "ʻalani". Ua kapa ʻia ʻo ia e ka poʻe Kelemania ʻo ka parrot diving, ua kapa ka poʻe Pelekania i ka puffin, a ua kapa aku ka poʻe Lūkia i ka welau make, e huki ana i ka nānā i ka nuku nui, akā ʻano hinuhulu hoʻi.
ʻIke, nā ana
ʻO kahi nīnū nui a ʻulaʻula hoʻi, aneane hapalua ke poʻo o ka kikoʻī kupaianaha loa o kēia manu kai i ʻoi aku ka nui ma mua o ka manu nūnū. ʻO ka nuku, pena ʻia me nā kala ʻekolu (keʻokeʻo, ʻalani a me ka hina), hoʻololi me ka makahiki: ʻaʻole ulu ka lōʻihi, akā lilo ākea. Ke holo nei kahi kuamoʻo melemele māmā ma ke kumu o ka nuku, a ʻike ʻia kahi pale wili melemele huamoe ma ka hui o ka nuku a me ka mandible. I ka ʻelemakule, ua hoʻokumu ʻia nā ʻāpana ʻano ma ka ʻulaʻula o ka nuku.
Mea nui. Ma hope o kēlā me kēia molt, pili ka nuku no kekahi manawa ma muli o ka ʻili ʻana o ka integument horny, ua loli ke kumu i ke kala i ka hina ʻeleʻele, a mae wale ka piko.
ʻAʻole kaumaha ka puffin ma mua o 0.5 kg me ka awelika o 26-36 cm. Ke ʻokoʻa nei ke kala o ke kino (luna ʻeleʻele, lalo keʻokeʻo), hoʻonalonalo i kahi manu semi-aquatic ma ke ʻano o ke kai ʻeleʻele, ke nānā ʻia mai luna, a kūʻē i ka mālamalama o ka lani, ke nānā ʻia mai lalo. ʻO ka plumage o ke poʻo he bicolor hoʻi - mai ke kumu o ka nuku e pili ana i ka hope i ka ʻāʻī aia kahi ʻāpana o nā hulu ʻeleʻele, i hoʻololi ʻia e nā mea māmā ma nā papalina o ka manu.
Liʻiliʻi nā maka o ka puffin a, mahalo i nā ulu ʻili o ka ʻulaʻula a me ka hina, ʻike ʻia he triangular. Me ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana o ke kau, e nalowale iki kēia mau hana ʻili a me nā wahi hina hina ma ke poʻo / ʻāʻī e pouli maoli nō. E like me ka nui o nā manu e lele ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi ma mua o ka ʻauʻau ʻana, ʻo nā lālā o ka puffin e ulu kokoke i ka hiʻu. Ma ka ʻāina, kū kahi kāne momona hoʻomākeʻaka i kahi kolamu, e like me ke penguin, e hilinaʻi nei ma nā ʻūlū ʻalani ʻalani.
Ka nohona ola, hana
ʻO nā pūnana Puffins i nā kolone nui, i kekahi manawa he ʻumi tausani mau pālua, inā ʻae ka ʻāina. Noho nā manu i nā ʻūlili pali me nā ana liʻiliʻi he nui a ʻeli paha i kā lākou mau lua ponoʻī (ʻoi aku i kahi mika ka hohonu), e lawe ana i ka nuku ikaika a me nā māiʻuʻu.
Hoihoi. Pili ka puffin i nā manu laha ʻole e burrowing ana, a ʻaʻole depressions, akā ʻo nā tunnels lōʻihi-mika lōʻihi i hoʻolako ʻia me kahi keʻena pūnana a me kahi lua.
Ke hoʻonohonoho nei i kahi lua, lele kahi hopena make i ke kai e lawaiʻa ai, ʻili hulu a i ʻole nā bickers me nā hoanoho. Pili ka nuku i ka hemo ʻana, akā ʻaʻole ia i hiki i nā ʻeha koʻikoʻi. Hoʻoweliweli mau nā hopena make - hoʻokahi, makaʻu a hemo, hiki ke hoʻoulu i ke kolone holoʻokoʻa. Kūleʻa nui nā manu i luna, nānā i ke kapakai a, me ka nānā ʻole i ka pilikia, hoʻi i ko lākou mau pūnana.
Hoʻomaʻemaʻe a hoʻomaloʻo i nā hulu, hoʻopili ka hopena i ka mea huna o ka momona coccygeal iā lākou i mea e pale ʻole ai i ka pulu koke. ʻO ka ʻauʻau ka ʻaoʻao ikaika loa o ka hoahānau Arctic, ka mea ʻaʻole haʻahaʻa i ka wikiwiki i ka ʻūlū, luʻu, inā pono, i 170 m a lohi ma laila no 0.5-1 mau minuke. Ma lalo o ka wai, hana nā ʻeheu pōkole o kahi puffin e like me nā palaka, a hāʻawi nā kapuaʻi pūnaewele i ke ʻaoʻao e like me nā ʻūlili.
Lele pono kēia kanaka momona me nā ʻeheu pōkole me ka ʻoluʻolu, e wikiwiki nei i 80 km / h, ke kaʻa kaʻa kaʻa me nā wāwae hohola ʻalani. Akā i ka lewa, nalowale kahi hopena make i kāna maneuverability maoli i ka wai a ʻaʻole paha e ʻalo i kahi upena maʻalahi. Ma nā ʻōlelo o ka haʻalele ʻana, hoʻohālikelike ʻia ia me kahi ʻohana pili o ka murre: piʻi nui ia mai ke kai a ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi - mai ka honua. Lele maʻalahi ka mea make i ka lewa mai ke kai (e hoʻohele wale i ka wai) a pae, akā naʻe, ʻaʻole ia e pīpī i lalo me ka lokomaikaʻi, ke kī ʻana i kona ʻōpū a i ʻole ke kuʻi ʻana i ka nalu o kahi nalu.
ʻOiaʻiʻo. Ma waena o ka hapa nui o ka moa wai, ʻike ʻole ʻia ka puffin e hoʻokahi, akā e ka hui pū ʻana o nā ʻano - ʻauʻau virtuoso, luʻu kai hohonu, lele wikiwiki a nimble, ʻoiai e holo ana i ka ʻāina.
Hū ke kaikuaʻana o Arctic i nā hui kuʻikahi a mele paha, e hoʻolilo ana i kēia manawa i ka wai. E hoʻomau i ka lana, pono e hana mau nā puffins me kā lākou mau wāwae, ʻoiai i kā lākou hiamoe. ʻUʻē ka hopena make i kahi ʻē, a i ʻole ke kaniʻuhū, ke kīloi nei a me ka hana hou ʻana i ke kani "A", me he mea lā e namunamu ana a namunamu paha.
Pehea ka lōʻihi e ola ai kahi hopena make
ʻAʻole ʻike ka poʻe kiaʻi manu i ka lōʻihi o ke ola ʻana o kahi laha awelika o kahi laha i ka nahelehele, ʻoiai ʻaʻole e hāʻawi ke kani ʻana o ka puffin i nā hopena pololei. Hoʻokomo ʻia ke apo i ka paw, kahi lawelawe i nā mea hana no ka lawaiʻa ʻana a ʻeli ʻana i kahi lua: ʻaʻole ia he mea kupanaha ma hope o kekahi mau makahiki ua holoi ʻia ka palapala ma ka hao (inā aia ke apo ma ka wāwae). I kēia manawa, he 29 mau makahiki ka moʻolelo kūmole, ʻoiai ke manaʻo nei nā kiaʻi manu e ola ʻoi paha nā puffins.
Dimorphism moekolohe
Hōʻike ʻia ka ʻokoʻa ma waena o nā kāne a me nā wahine i ka nui - ʻaʻole nui nā wahine, akā ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi ma mua o nā kāne. I ka wā hānau, mālamalama nā puffins: pili kēia i ka ʻili a puni nā maka a me ka nuku nui, i hāʻawi ʻia i ka hana nui o ka ʻumeʻume ʻana i kahi hoa.
Nā lālā make lā
Māhele ʻia ʻo Fratercula arctica i 3 mau ʻāpana i ʻike ʻia, ʻokoʻa i kēlā me kēia me ka nui a me ka laulā.
- Fratercula arctica arctica;
- Fratercula arctica grabae;
- Fratercula arctica naumanni.
Ulu nā puffins o nā ʻāpana mua i 15-17.5 knm me ka nuku o 41.7-50.2 mm (me kahi kiʻekiʻe ma ke kumu o 3.45-3.98 cm). ʻO nā manu o nā ʻāpana F. arctica grabae e noho ana ma nā mokupuni ʻo Faroe ke kaumaha nei ma kahi o 0.4 kg me ka lōʻihi o ka ʻēheu o 15.8 cm ka lōʻihi. Puffins F. a. Noho ʻo Naumanni i ka ʻĀkau o Iceland a kaupaona ma kahi o 650 g me ka lōʻihi o ka ʻēheu o 17.2-18.6 cm.ʻO ka nuku o nā puffins Icelandic he 49.7-55.8 mm ka lōʻihi a he 40.2-44.8 mm kiʻekiʻe.
ʻOiaʻiʻo. Aia ka mokuʻāina ʻoi loa o nā puffins i Iceland, kahi e noho nei ma kahi o 60% o ka heluna heluna honua o Fratercula arctica.
Kahi noho, nā wahi noho
Hoʻomoʻa ʻia nā puffins ʻAkelanika ma nā kahakai / mokupuni o ka ʻAkelanika ʻĀkau a me ke Kai ʻAkika. Uhi ka ʻano i ka Arctic, nā kahakai o ka ʻākau komohana o ʻEulopa a me ka ʻĀkau hikina o ʻAmelika Hema. ʻO ke kolone nui loa o ʻAmelika ʻĀkau (ʻoi aku ma mua o 250 tausani mau pālua) i noho hema ma St. John's, i ka Witless Bay nature reserve.
Ua loaʻa nā wahi puffin nui ʻē aʻe i nā wahi aʻe:
- komohana a me ka ʻākau o Nolewai;
- nā kapakai o Newfoundland;
- Nā mokupuni ʻo Faroe;
- ke kapakai komohana o Greenland;
- Mokupuni ʻo Orkney a me Shetland.
Aia nā kolone liʻiliʻi ma Svalbard, Nā Moku Pelekania, Labrador a me Nova Scotia peninsulas. I ko mākou ʻāina, noho ka hapa nui o nā puffins ma nā mokupuni ʻo Ainovsky (kahakai ʻo Murmansk). Eia kekahi, ʻike ʻia nā kolone liʻiliʻi ma Novaya Zemlya, ka ʻākau hikina o ka Kola Peninsula a me nā mokupuni pili.
ʻOiaʻiʻo. Ma waho o ke kau moʻo, loaʻa nā puffins i ka Arctic Ocean, me ke kai ʻĀkau, e hōʻike pinepine ʻia i ka Arctic Circle.
Aloha nā hoahānau Arctic i ka pūnana ma nā mokupuni, e hōʻalo ana i nā kahakai ʻāina nui ke hiki. ʻO kahi home puffin hiʻohiʻona kahi mokupuni paʻa a pali paha me nā paia pali kūpikipiki, uhi ʻia me kahi papa o ka peaty lepo ma luna, kahi e hiki ai iā ʻoe ke ʻeli i nā lua. Noho mau nā Puffins i ka papahele hope loa, e waiho ana i nā hoanoho o lalo - nā kitties, nā guillemots, auk a me nā ʻāpana wai ʻē aʻe.
Papaʻai hopena make
ʻAʻole paʻa ka wai kai i nā hau māmā, i hoʻohana ʻia e nā puffins i haku (ʻaʻole like me nā gull) i kāna waiwai ʻai o loko. Hoʻopau pinepine nā manu i ka iʻa i hopu ʻia, me ka puka ʻole ʻana, e heʻe wale ana me nā hiʻohiʻona nui.
ʻO ka papaʻai o kahi hopena make:
- hake and herring fry;
- gerbil a me capelin;
- hānai manu;
- nā puhi one;
- pūpū a me ʻōpae.
Hoihoi. Mālama ka hopena make i nā ʻāpana i ka waha me ke kōkua o kona alelo a me nā makau ʻoi loa, kahi e kau ai ka uku iʻa. ʻOiai kahi hopena make ʻaʻole e hoʻokuʻu i kāna iʻa - ua ʻūʻī loa ʻia kona nuku.
Hoʻomaʻamaʻa nā Puffins i ka lawaiʻa ʻana i nā iʻa ma mua o 7 knm, akā hiki ke hoʻomanawanui i ka mea pio i ʻelua mau lōʻihi (a 18 cm). ʻAi kahi puffin mākua ma kahi o 40 iʻa i kēlā me kēia lā, nona ka nui o ke kaupaona ʻo 0.1-0.3 kg. I hoʻokahi holo, hopu ka manu ma kahi o ke kakini, akā wehewehe ʻia kahi hihia me 62 iʻa e kau ana mai ka nuku o kahi lawaiʻa hulu. No laila, i nā puʻupuʻu, lawe nā puffins i nā mea pio i nā keiki ulu.
Hoʻohua a me nā keiki
ʻO ka hopena make he monogamous ia a pili i kona mau wahi hānau: i ka puna e hoʻi ʻo ia i kona homeland, maʻamau i kāna mau lua noho. Pili ka ʻume ʻana i ka hoʻoluliluli a me ka "honi" (nalo i nā nuku). Hōʻike ke kāne i nā mākau o ka mea hahai holoholona, lawe iʻa i ka wahine a hōʻoia e hiki iā ia ke hānai i nā moa. E ʻeli pū ana ka lua i kahi lua, e waiho ana i ka pūnana ma ka hopena, a ua hilinaʻi ʻia me ka malu mai nā wā maikaʻi ʻole a me nā mea ʻaihue huluhulu. ʻO nā hua manu (ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi - ʻelua) puffins incubate, pani i kekahi i kekahi. I ka huki ʻana, noho ka moa i ka pūnana no hoʻokahi mahina, a no kekahi mau pule ʻelua - ma ka puka o ka lua, e peʻe ana i laila inā pilikia.
Hoihoi. ʻIke ʻia kahi pōʻaiapuni pau ʻole ma luna o ke kolone puffin, ʻoiai ʻo ka hoa e hoʻi me ka hopu ʻana ʻaʻole ia e noho koke, akā ʻo nā pōʻai ma ka pali no 15 mau minuke. Ke pae ka mea mua, hemo ka lua mai ka pūnana a lele i ke kai.
He ʻūlū ʻeleʻele nā puffins ʻōpio a me ka nuku, ʻoi aku ka māmā o nā papalina ma mua o ko nā mākua, a ʻaʻole ʻeleʻele ka hulu ma ko lākou poʻo, akā hina hina. Hoʻololi mālie ka ʻōpio ʻōpio (i nā makahiki he nui) i ke kanaka makua. I ka hāʻule, neʻe nā puffins i ke ala o nā iʻa e hele ana i ke ʻAkelanika Komohana. ʻO nā ʻōpio i hana maikaʻi ʻole i ke kumu o ka lele ʻana, hana ia e ka ʻauʻau ʻana.
ʻEnemi kūlohelohe
ʻAʻohe nui o nā ʻenemi kūlohelohe o ka hopena make, akā ʻike ʻia nā manu kai nui ʻoi loa ka pōʻino, i komo i loko o ka kleptoparasitism (ka ukuhi i ka waiwai pio e ka ʻaihue). ʻAʻole lākou e hoʻopaʻa iā lākou iho i nā iʻa make i holoi ʻia i kahakai, akā lawe aku i nā iʻa i hopu hou ʻia nāwaliwali mai nā manu a hōʻino i ko lākou mau pūnana.
ʻO ka papa inoa o nā ʻenemi kūlohelohe o ka hopena make nā:
- skua huelo pōkole;
- ʻōkohu kai nui;
- burgomaster;
- merlin;
- ermine;
- fox arctic.
ʻAihue ʻo Skuas i kahi pūpū - hopu kekahi i kahi hopena make, a ʻokiʻoki kekahi i ke ala, koi iā lākou e hāʻawi i ka pahu. ʻOiaʻiʻo, ʻaihue nā pulu hulu ʻaʻole i ʻaihue i nā kaikunāne o Arctic i ka iwi, i ʻole ai lākou e pōloli. ʻO kahi mea ʻaihue toto i kūʻē i ke kāʻei o skuas ke nānā aku e like me ke kanaka nāna i hoʻopau me ka lokoino nā puffins mākua, kā lākou mau moa a me nā hua i ka ulu ʻana o ʻAkelanika ʻAkau. Me nā poʻe, nā ʻiole, nā ʻīlio a me nā pōpoki i hele mai i kēia mau wahi, e hoʻopau ana i ka luku ʻia o nā hopena make ʻole.
Heluna a me ke kūlana o kēia ʻano
ʻOiai ʻo ka ʻiʻo o nā puffins e like loa me ka iʻa, ʻaʻole lākou no ka ʻai, akā no ka pīhoihoi. I ka hapanui o nā ʻāina kahi e noho ai nā kaikunāne Arctic, pāpā ʻia ka ʻimi holoholona ʻana, keu hoʻi i ka hānai ʻana i nā moa. I nā ʻāina ʻē, ʻae ʻia ka lawaiʻa i kēlā me kēia kau. Ke hopu ʻia nei ʻo Puffins ma nā mokupuni ʻo Faroe, ʻIlia a me nā ʻāpana o Nolewai, me nā mokupuni ʻo Lofoten Wahi a ka IUCN, ka heluna lehulehu o ʻEulopa i ka helu 9.55-11.6 miliona mau kānaka makua, ʻoiai ua koho ʻia ka heluna kanaka o ka honua ma 12-14 miliona.
Mea nui. I nā hanauna ʻekolu e hiki mai ana (a hiki i ka 2065), wānana ʻia ka heluna o ʻEulopa e 50-779%. He kūlana weliweli kēia, hāʻawi ʻia i ka helu ʻana o ʻEulopa ma kahi o 90% o nā holoholona a ko ka honua.
Nā kumu no ka hōʻemi ʻana i ka helu o ka impasse:
- hoʻohaumia i ka wai kai, ʻoi aku ka aila
- predation of invasive species;
- overfishing o hake a me cod (ʻai nā puffins i kā lākou ʻai);
- make o nā manu makua i ka ʻupena;
- ʻike ʻia nā pesticides holoi ʻia e nā muliwai i loko o ke kai;
- huakaʻi nui.
Ua helu ʻia ka Atlantic Puffin i ka IUCN Red List a ʻike ʻia he ʻano Vulnerable. A hiki i ka 2015, loaʻa kahi kūlana haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa ʻo Fratercula arctica - kahi ʻano mai ka makaʻu.
