ʻO Antarctica paha ka ʻāina pohihihi nui loa ma ka honua. ʻOiai i kēia manawa, ke lawa ka ʻike a ka poʻe a me nā manawa kūpono no ka huakaʻi i nā wahi mamao loa, ua hoʻomau maikaʻi ʻole ʻia ʻo Antarctica.
A hiki i ka 19 kenekulia AD, ʻike ʻole ka ʻāina. Aia kekahi mau kaʻao he ʻāina uncharted ʻole ma ka hema o Australia, i uhi paʻa ʻia me ka hau a me ka hau. A he 100 mau makahiki wale nō ma hope, ua hoʻomaka ka huakaʻi mua, akā ʻoiai ʻaʻole i loaʻa nā lako e like me ia manawa, ʻaʻohe ʻano i ka noiʻi.
Mōʻaukala noiʻi
I loko nō naʻe o ka loaʻa o nā ʻike e pili ana i kahi o kēlā ʻāina ma ka hema o ʻAukekulelia, ʻaʻole i māka ʻia ke aʻo ʻana o ka ʻāina no ka manawa lōʻihi me ka kūleʻa. Ua hoʻomaka ka mākaʻikaʻi mākaʻikaʻi ʻana o ka ʻāina i ka holo ʻana a James Cook a puni ka honua i ka 1772-1775. Manaʻo ka hapa nui ʻo kēia ke kumu o ka lohi o ka ʻike ʻia o ka honua.
ʻO ka ʻoiaʻiʻo i kona noho mua ʻana ma ka ʻāina Antarctic, ua ʻike ʻo Cook i kahi pale hau nui, ʻaʻole hiki iā ia ke lanakila a hoʻi i hope. I ka hala ʻana o hoʻokahi makahiki ma hope mai, hoʻi hou ka mea hoʻokele i kēia mau ʻāina, akā ʻaʻole i loaʻa iā ia ka ʻāina Antarctic, no laila ua hoʻoholo ʻo ia he mea makehewa wale ka ʻāina ma kēia wahi no nā kānaka.
ʻO kēia mau hopena a James Cook ka mea i lohi i ka noiʻi hou ʻana ma kēia wahi - no ka hapalua kenekulia, ʻaʻole i hoʻouna hou ʻia ka huakaʻi ma aneʻi. Eia nō naʻe, ua loaʻa nā mea ʻohi holoholona i nā pūʻulu sila nui ma nā mokupuni Antarctic a hoʻomau i ka piʻi ʻana i kēia mau wahi. Akā, me ka ʻoiaʻiʻo o kā lākou hoihoi he hanalima wale nō, ʻaʻohe holomua ʻepekema.
Nā pae noiʻi
ʻO ka mōʻaukala o ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana o kēia ʻāina nui nā pae. ʻAʻohe ʻae aelike ma aneʻi, akā aia kahi mahele kūlana o ia ʻano hoʻolālā.
- ka pae mua, ke kenekulia 19 - ka loaʻa ʻana o nā mokupuni kokoke, ka ʻimi no ka ʻāina nui ponoʻī;
- ka pae ʻelua - ka loaʻa ʻana o ka ʻāina ponoʻī, ka huakaʻi ʻepekema holomua mua loa (19 kenekulia);
- ke kolu o ka pae - ke aʻo ʻana i ke kapakai a me ka loko o ka ʻāina nui (kinohi o ke kenekulia 20);
- ka pae ʻehā - nā noiʻi honua o ka ʻāina nui (20 kenekulia a hiki i kēia lā).
ʻO ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, ʻo ka loaʻa ʻana o Antarctica a me ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana o ka ʻāina ka pono o nā kānaka ʻepekema Lūkia, ʻoiai ʻo lākou ka mea i hoʻomaka i ka hoʻomau hou ʻana o nā huakaʻi i kēia wahi.
ʻImi ʻia o Antarctica e nā ʻepekema Lūkini
ʻO ia nā mea hoʻokele Lūkini i nīnau i nā hopena a Kuke a hoʻoholo e hoʻomau i ke aʻo ʻana iā Antarctica. Ua hōʻike pū kekahi nā kānaka ʻepekema Lūkia ʻo Golovnin, Sarychev a me Kruzenshtern i nā manaʻo e kū nei ka honua, a ua kuhihewa loa ʻo James Cook i kāna mau hopena.
I ka mua o Pepeluali 1819, ua ʻae ʻo Alexander the First i ka noiʻi, a ua hoʻomaka nā hoʻomākaukau no nā huakaʻi hou i ka pae ʻāina hema.
ʻO ka huakaʻi mua ma Kēkēmapa 22 a me 23, 1819, ua ʻike ʻia he ʻekolu mau mokupuni lua pele liʻiliʻi, a ua lilo ia i mea hōʻoia hōʻoia ʻole i ka manawa hoʻokahi i kuhi hewa nui ʻo James Cook i kāna noiʻi ʻana.
Ke hoʻomau nei i kā lākou noiʻi ʻana a neʻe hou aku i ka hema, ua hōʻea ka hui o nā ʻepekema i ka "ʻAina Sandwich", i ʻike mua ʻia e Cook, akā ʻo ka ʻoiaʻiʻo ua lilo ia i pae ʻāina. Eia naʻe, ua hoʻoholo ka poʻe noiʻi ʻaʻole e hoʻololi i ka inoa a pau, a no laila ua kapa ʻia kēlā wahi ʻo South Sandwich Islands.
Pono e hoʻomaopopo he poʻe noiʻi Lūkia ia, i ka wā o ka huakaʻi like, hoʻokumu i ka pilina ma waena o kēia mau mokupuni a me nā pōhaku o Southwest Antarctica, a ua hoʻoholo pū kekahi aia kekahi pilina ma waena o lākou i ke ʻano o ka pali o lalo o ka wai.
ʻAʻole i pau ka huakaʻi ma kēia - ma kahi o 60 mau lā aʻe, ua hoʻokokoke nā ʻepekema hoʻokele i nā kapakai o Antarctica, a ma ʻAukake 5, 1821, ua hoʻi nā mea noiʻi i Kronstadt. ʻO ia mau hopena noiʻi i hōʻole loa i kā Cook mau manaʻo i kuhi ʻia he ʻoiaʻiʻo, a ua ʻike ʻia e nā kālaihonua a pau o ʻEulopa.
Ma hope iki aku, ʻo ia hoʻi mai 1838 a 1842, aia kahi breakthrough o kona ʻano ma ke aʻo ʻana o kēia mau ʻāina - ʻekolu mau huakaʻi i pae i ka ʻāina nui i ka manawa hoʻokahi. I kēia wā o nā hoʻouka kaua, ua hoʻokō ʻia ka noiʻi ʻepekema nui nui loa i kēlā manawa.
Hele me ka ʻōlelo ʻole e hoʻomau ka noiʻi i kā mākou manawa. Eia kekahi, aia kekahi mau papahana e pili ana i kā lākou hoʻokō, e ʻae i nā ʻepekema e noho ma ka ʻāina ʻo Antarctica i nā manawa āpau - hoʻolālā ʻia e hana i kumu i kūpono no ka noho paʻa mau o nā kānaka.
Pono e hoʻomaopopo ʻia ʻaʻole wale nā kānaka ʻepekema, akā kipa pū kekahi poʻe mākaʻikaʻi i ka ʻāina Antarctic i kēia manawa. Akā, akā naʻe, ʻaʻohe hopena maikaʻi o kēia ma ka mokuʻāina o ka ʻāina, ʻoiai, ʻo ka mea maʻamau, ʻaʻole ia he mea pūʻiwa, no ka mea, aia ka hana luku a ke kanaka ma ka honua holoʻokoʻa.
