ʻAʻole hiki i ke kaiāulu o kēia ao ke hana me ka lawe ʻole. I kēia manawa hoʻohana ʻia nā kaʻa ʻelua a me nā kaʻa lehulehu, i hoʻolako ʻia me nā ʻano ikehu like ʻole e hōʻoia i ka neʻe. I kēia manawa, hoʻohana ʻia nā kaʻa aʻe ma nā wahi like ʻole o ka honua.
- kaʻa (nā kaʻa, nā kaʻa, nā minibus);
- alahao (metro, nā kaʻaahi, nā kaʻa uila);
- nā waikahe (nā waʻa, nā mea ʻoki, nā moku lawe wai, nā waikahe, nā waʻa, nā moku holoholo);
- ea (mokulele, helekopa);
- ka lawe uila (trams, trolleybuses).
ʻOiai ʻo ka lawe ʻana he mea hiki ke wikiwiki i ka manawa o ka neʻe ʻana o ka poʻe ʻaʻole wale ma ka honua o ka honua, akā ma o ka ea a me ka wai, he hopena ko nā kaʻa like ʻole i ke kaiapuni.
Ka hoʻohaumia ʻāina
ʻO kēlā me kēia ʻano halihali haumia i ke kaiapuni, akā kahi pōmaikaʻi koʻikoʻi - 85% o ka hoʻohaumia e lawe ʻia e nā halihali alanui, kahi e hoʻopuka ai i nā kinoea pau. ʻO nā kaʻa, nā kaʻa ʻōhua a me nā kaʻa ʻē aʻe o kēia ʻano e alakaʻi i nā pilikia like ʻole:
- haumia ea;
- Hopena hoʻomehana honua;
- hoʻohaunaele kani;
- haumia uila electromagnetic;
- deterioration o ke kanaka a me ka holoholona ola.
Kaʻa lawe kai
ʻO ka lawe kai lawe haumia i ka hydrosfir ma mua o nā mea āpau, ʻoiai ka wai ballast haumia a me ka wai i hoʻohana ʻia e holoi i nā moku ʻauʻau e komo i nā waihona wai. Hoʻohaumia nā mea kanu mana o nā moku i ka ea me nā ʻenekini like ʻole. Inā hali nā tankers i nā huahana ʻaila, aia ka makaʻu o ka wai aila i ka wai.
Ka lawe ʻana i ka ea
ʻO ka lawe ʻana i ka lewa e hoʻohaumia i ka lewa. ʻO kā lākou kumu nā ʻenekini ʻenekini mokulele. Hoʻokuʻu ka halihali mokulele i ke kalapona a me nā nitrogen oxides, ka wai wai a me nā sulfur oxides, nā oxide carbon a me nā mea kikoʻī i ka lewa.
Ka lawe uila
Hāʻawi ka lawe uila i ka haumia o ka nohona ma o ka uila uila, halulu a me ka haʻalulu. I ka wā e mālama ʻia ai, komo nā mea ʻino ʻē aʻe i ka biosphere.
No laila, ke hana ʻana i nā ʻano kaʻa like ʻole, hiki mai ka haumia o kaiapuni. Hoʻopōʻino nā mea hōʻino i ka wai, ka lepo, akā ʻo ka hapa nui o nā mea haumia āpau e komo i ka lewa. ʻO kēia nā carbon monoxide, nā ʻokikū, nā mea kaumaha a me nā mea mahu. ʻO ka hopena, ʻaʻole wale ka hopena o ka hale kōmahana, akā hāʻule nō hoʻi ka ua waikawa, piʻi ka nui o nā maʻi a ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ke olakino kanaka.
