Kharza - ka lāhui nui loa o ka ʻohana weana. Ma waho o ka nui, kū i waena o nā martens ʻē aʻe me ke kala huali. Ma muli o nā peculiarities o ka hoʻolālā kala, he inoa waena kona "marten umauma melemele". Ma ka panalāʻau Lūkia, loaʻa ia ma ka Hikina hikina. No laila, kapa pinepine ʻia ia "Ussuri marten".
Hōʻike a me nā hiʻohiʻona
Hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ʻo Kharza ma ke ʻano he predator awelika. ʻO ke ʻano maʻamau o ke kino o ka harza e like me nā martens āpau. ʻIke ʻia ka agility a me ka wikiwiki i kahi lithe, kino elongated, nā wāwae ikaika a me kahi huelo lōʻihi. ʻO ke kaupaona o kahi kāne makua i kahi wā hānai pono e hiki i 3.8-4 kg. ʻO ka lōʻihi o ke kino a i ka 64-70 knm. Hoʻonui ʻia ka huelo e 40-45 cm.
Liʻiliʻi ke poʻo. ʻO ka lōʻihi o ka iwi poʻo he 10-12% o ka lōʻihi o ke kino. ʻO ka laulā o ka iwi poʻo he mea liʻiliʻi ia ma mua o ka lōʻihi. ʻO ke kinona o ka iwi poʻo, ke nānā ʻia mai luna mai, he huinakolu. ʻO ke kumu o ka triangle ka laina ma waena o nā pepeiao liʻiliʻi a poepoe. ʻO ka luna ka piko ʻeleʻele o ka ihu. ʻO ka ʻaoʻao luna o ka waha mu ʻeleʻele, ʻaneʻane ʻeleʻele, keʻokeʻo ka ʻaoʻao haʻahaʻa.
Kau ke kino i nā lālā lōʻihi ʻole. ʻOi aku ka nui o ka muscular a ʻoi aku ka lōʻihi o ka paʻa ma mua o ka paʻa mua. Uhi palupalu ʻia nā mea ʻelua me ka huluhulu, e pau ana i nā pākū ʻelima. Kharza— holoholona mea kanu mea kanu. No laila, hoʻomohala maikaʻi nā paws o ka harza, mai nā māiʻuʻu a hiki i ka kuʻekuʻe wāwae.
ʻO Kharza ka nui loa o ka genus marten a me ke kala ʻulaʻula nui
ʻO ke kino holoʻokoʻa o ka holoholona, koe wale nō ka piko o ka ihu a me nā pale o nā manamana lima, ua uhi ʻia me ka hulu. Aia kahi hulu pōkole a paʻakikī hoʻi ma nā kapuaʻi. E pili ana i ka lōʻihi o ka lauoho huluhulu, aia ke kharza ma hope o kona mau hoahānau. ʻOiai ʻo kāna huelo ke pelu maikaʻi ʻole ʻia. ʻOi aku ka paʻakikī o ka hulu kauwela ma mua o ka hoʻoilo. ʻOi aku ka pōkole o ka lauoho a ulu pinepine i ka liʻiliʻi.
ʻAʻole uku ʻia ka hulu hipa kiʻekiʻe loa a me ka undercoat e kahi kala ʻokoʻa. Kharza i loko o ka kiʻi nani ke nānā aku. ʻO ka ʻōnaehana kala nā holoholona holoholona tropical a ʻano like ʻole ke nānā aku i nā taiga ʻoi loa o ka Hikina Hikina.
ʻO ka piko o ke poʻo o ka holoholona he ʻeleʻele me ka tint brown. Ma nā papalina, ua loaʻa i ka uhi ka uhi ʻulaʻula, ua hoʻopili ʻia ka lauoho o ke kala nui me ka huluhulu keʻokeʻo ma nā wēlau. ʻEleʻele ke kua o nā pepeiao, ʻāhinahina hinahina-i loko. ʻEleʻele ka nape me ka sheen melemele gula. ʻO ka scruff a me ke kua holoʻokoʻa i pena ʻia i kēia kala.
Ma nā ʻaoʻao a me ka ʻōpū, lawe ke kala i kahi aniani melemele. ʻO ka ʻāʻī a me ka umauma o ka holoholona he alani aniani, gula māmā. ʻO ka ʻaoʻao luna o nā forelegs he brown, ka ʻaoʻao haʻahaʻa a me nā wāwae ʻeleʻele. ʻO nā wāwae hope ke kala like. ʻO hina ke kumu o ka huelo. ʻO ka huelo ponoʻī he ʻeleʻele jet. Ma ka piko he mau hiʻohiʻona poni.
All weasels, me ka harza, loaʻa preanal glands. Hūnā kēia mau mea huna i kahi huna i loaʻa kahi ʻona hoʻomau, ʻoluʻolu ʻole. I ke ola maluhia, hoʻohana ʻia nā huna huna o kēia mau glands e hoʻomaopopo i nā holoholona ʻē aʻe i ko lākou alo, he mea nui loa kēia i ka wā o ka male ʻana. I ka makaʻu, ikaika loa ka ʻala i hoʻoili ʻia e hiki ai ke makaʻu i kahi mea ʻoka nāna i hoʻouka i ka kharza.
Nā ʻano
ʻO Marten-ʻāʻī marten, kharza hikina loa, Nepalese marten, ʻo chon wang ka inoa o ka holoholona like, i hoʻopili ʻia i ka classifier biological ma lalo o ka inoa Lākina ʻo Martes flavigula a i ʻole harza. Pili ʻo ia i ka genus o martens. Aia i loko o nā wahi:
- angler marten (a i ʻole ilka),
I ke kiʻi, ka marten ilka
- ʻAmelika, nahele, marten pōhaku,
No ka lauoho keʻokeʻo ma ka umauma, ua kapa ʻia ka marten pōhaku ka ʻuhane keʻokeʻo
- kharza (Hikina Hikina, Ussuri marten),
- Nilgir kharza,
- Kepani a me nā sable maʻamau (Siberian).
Hiki ke ʻike ʻia ke ʻano like o ke kala a me ka nui ma waena o ka Ussuri predator a me ka nergir harza laha ʻole e noho ana ma ka hema o India. Ua like ka like o waho me nā inoa like. Ua hoʻohui ʻia kahi epithet i ka inoa o kahi kamaʻāina o India e pili ana me kona wahi noho - ʻo Nilgiri Upland.
He ʻano monotypic ʻo Kharza, ʻo ia hoʻi, ʻaʻole i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia i mau ʻāpana. ʻAe nā hiki adaptive kiʻekiʻe e noho i nā kahawai Burmese a me nā mauna wao akua o Pakistan, ma nā ululāʻau Taiga o Siberia. Ma ke ʻano o nā panalāʻau e noho ai kēia mea hoʻomake, hiki ke ʻike ʻia ka mea aʻe ʻano o ka harza:
- nahele,
- mākāhā,
- wao akua-mauna.
Hoʻohui mau ʻia nā hiʻohiʻona o ke Teritori e nā loli o ka papaʻai, nā ʻano hahai holoholona, a me nā ʻano ola ʻē aʻe. ʻO ka mea hiki ke hoʻopili pololei i nā hōʻailona morphological a me nā anatomical. Akā ua noho ʻoiaʻiʻo ka harza iā ia iho a ke hōʻike wale ʻia nei ma ke ʻano he Martes flavigula.
Ka nohona a me ka nohona
Noho ʻo Kharza i nā biospheres ʻokoʻa loa. Mai ka ʻākau o India a i ka Lūkini hikina loa ka lōʻihi. ʻIke pinepine ʻia ia ma Indochina, e ola kūleʻa ana ma ka Peninsula Kōlea a me nā mokupuni ʻo Indonesia. Hoʻololi ia no ke ola a me ka hopu holoholona i nā ʻōnaehana kaiaola he nui, akā maikaʻi ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi i ka nahele.
Noho nā martens umauma melemele a ʻimi i nā hui liʻiliʻi o 3 a 7 mau holoholona. ʻO ka manawa pinepine o ka hui he wahine me nā ʻīlio pēpē mai ka ʻōpala o ka makahiki i hala. ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi o ka ʻimi holoholona i ka hoʻoilo. Ke hoʻokokoke mai nei ke kauwela, e wāwahi paha ka hui o nā mea ʻaihue. ʻO ia, ʻo ke ola i kahi ʻohana semi-paʻa me kahi hierarchy undefined ke ʻano o ka harza.
Alakaʻi ʻo Kharza i kahi nohona hana
Hiki ke hana i ka marten umauma melemele i ka unuhi ʻana i nā meaʻai i kēlā me kēia manawa o ka lā. ʻAʻole hiki iā ia ke ʻike i ka pouli, no laila e ʻimi ʻo ia i nā pō ao ʻole ke mālamalama ka mahina. Hilinaʻi ʻo Harza i kona ʻano o ka honi a me ka hoʻolohe ʻana ma lalo o kāna ʻike.
ʻO ka ʻike maka maikaʻi loa, ka hoʻolohe ʻana a me ke ʻano o ka pilau e kākoʻo ʻia e nā ʻano wikiwiki, ka mea a ka mea ʻaihue e hoʻokomo ai ma ka honua. Neʻe ka holoholona, ke hilinaʻi nei i ka wāwae holoʻokoʻa. ʻO ka wahi e hoʻonui ai i ke kākoʻo e ʻae iā ʻoe e neʻe wikiwiki ʻaʻole wale ma ka honua paʻa, akā ma nā wahi pohopoho a me nā hau hoʻi i uhi ʻia.
Hiki i ka harza ke lanakila i nā wahi hiki ʻole ke hele ʻia ma ka lele ʻana mai kēlā me kēia lāʻau a i kekahi kumulāʻau, mai kekahi lālā a kekahi lālā. ʻO ka hiki ke neʻe wikiwiki i nā ʻano ʻano honua like ʻole, ka holo ʻē aʻe i ka honua me ka lele ʻana i nā kumulāʻau e hāʻawi i kahi keu i ka alualu ʻana i ka mea i hōʻino ʻia a i ʻole ka hōʻalo i kahi alualu.
ʻAʻole nui nā ʻenemi e makaʻu ai nā martens umauma melemele. I ka wā ʻōpio, hoʻouka kaua ʻia nā holoholona ʻōpio e nā martens a i ʻole nā lynxes like. Ma kahi ākea, hiki ke hopu ʻia i kahi kharza maʻi nāwaliwali e kahi hui o nā ʻīlio hae. ʻO ka hapa nui o nā mea ʻino e ʻike e pili ana i ka mea huna o ka harza - nā glands e hūnā i kahi wai me kahi ʻala ʻoluʻolu - no laila ʻaʻole lākou e hoʻouka.
ʻO ka ʻenemi nui o ka kharza ke kāne. Ma ke ʻano he kumu o kaʻiʻo a hulu paha, ʻaʻole hoihoi ka poʻe marten i ka umauma umauma melemele. Hulu haʻahaʻa a me ka ʻiʻo. Manaʻo nui nā poʻe ʻimi ʻimi na ka kharza e hoʻopau i nā dia musk, nā dia a me nā bipi keiki elk. No laila, ua hoʻopaʻa ʻia nā martens umauma melemele e like me nā mea pests a kī pū ʻia lākou e like me ke kī ʻana o nā ʻīlio hae a i ʻole nā ʻīlio raccoon.
ʻAʻole ia he poʻe alualu e hoʻāʻo nei e hoʻopakele i nā dia a i ʻole elk e ʻoi aku ka nui o ka hōʻino ʻana i ka lāhui kau pua ʻO nā ʻenemi nui o nā holoholona e noho ana ma ka taiga, nā mea kālai lāʻau. ʻO ka luku nui ka luku ʻia ʻana o kahi biocenosis ʻo Far East, kahi hoʻouka kaua i nā mea ola āpau.
Meaʻai kūpono
Ma ka moku Lūkini, ma ka Taiga Hikina Hema, noho ka kharza i ke kūlana o kekahi o nā mea ʻino ikaika loa. ʻAʻole hiki iā ia ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ka tiger Amur a me ka leopadi. Nā Ana o ka Harza, ke kolohe a me ke ʻano o ka mea pio i kau ma luna o ka pae e like me ke trot. ʻO nā mea ʻino liʻiliʻi loa he mau pepelu. ʻAʻole emi iki ma mua o nā beetles a me nā ʻūhini, nā moa a me nā manu liʻiliʻi e komo i kāna papaʻai.
ʻO ka mākaukau piʻi a me ka ʻeleu i hoʻolilo i ka harzu i mea hoʻoweliweli mau i nā pūnana manu a me nā holoholona e noho ana i nā papa o lalo a me waena o ka ululāʻau. ʻO ka hū ʻana i loko o kahi lua o kahi squirrel a i ʻole ka ʻōpeʻapeʻo loaʻa ʻole nā hōʻoia o ka palekana. Hele ʻo Kharza i kahi hūnā hūnā i nā kumu lāʻau. ʻAʻole ia e mālama i ka harza a me nā mea ʻelele ʻē aʻe o nā ʻelele.
I ke alualu ʻana i nā rodents, hoʻokūkū kūleʻa ka harza me nā predator taiga liʻiliʻi a me ka waena. Loaʻa i nā hares huna a wikiwiki hoʻi i ka marten umauma melemele no ka ʻaina awakea. ʻEha pinepine nā ʻōpio o ungulate i ka harza. ʻO Piglets a me nā bipi keiki mai ka puaʻa hihiu i nā dia ʻulaʻula a me ka elk e kiʻi i ka marten umauma melemele no ka ʻaina awakea ʻoiai pale ʻia mai nā holoholona makua.
ʻO Kharza kekahi o nā predator taiga i mākaukau i nā ʻākoakoa hui o ka hoʻouka kaua. ʻO ka ʻenehana mua ka hoʻohālua hoʻohālua. ʻO kahi hui o nā martens umauma melemele e hoʻokele i ka mea i hōʻino ʻia i kahi i hoʻonohonoho ʻia ai ka hoʻohālua. ʻO kekahi ʻenehana lawaiʻa hou ka mea e hoʻokau i ka holoholona i hoʻopaʻa ʻia ma luna o ka hau o ka muliwai a i ʻole loko loko. Ma kahi paheʻe, nalowale ke dia i kona kūpaʻa, ka hiki ke hūnā mai ka poʻe alualu.
ʻO nā dia liʻiliʻi, ʻo ia hoʻi nā dia musk, ʻo ia ka makana ʻimi hopu o ka kharza. Hāʻawi ka lāʻau ʻona ʻana i hoʻokahi holoholona i nā meaʻai me nā meaʻai no nā lā he nui. Hoʻohana nui ʻia ka ʻimi holoholona i ka hoʻoilo. Me ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka pūnāwai, ke ʻano o nā keiki i waena o ka hapa nui o nā kamaʻāina o ka taiga, nalo ka pono no nā hana hoʻonohonoho.
ʻO ka hana hou a me ke ola o ke ola
Me ka hoʻomaka o ke kau, hoʻomaka nā holoholona ʻelua makahiki e ʻimi i kahi pālua. Kōkua nā ala ʻaʻala iā lākou i kēia. ʻAʻohe paʻa paʻa o kēia mau mea ʻaihue i kekahi panalāʻau, ua haʻalele nā kāne i ko lākou wahi huli holoholona a neʻe i ka ʻāina o ka wahine, mākaukau e hoʻomau i ka genus.
I ka hanana o kahi hālāwai me kahi hoa paio, hoʻoili ʻia nā hoʻoili kaua. ʻAʻole hiki ka hihia i ka pepehi kanaka o ka mea hoʻokūkū, kipaku ʻia ke kāne nāwaliwali loa. Ma hope o ka pili o ka wahine a me ke kāne, hoʻopau ka hana a nā mākua kāne. Hāpai ka wahine i ka martens e hiki mai ana a hiki i ka puna.
Hānau ka marten umauma melemele i nā ʻīlio keiki he 2-5. Pili kā lākou helu i ka makahiki a me ka momona o ka makuahine. Makapō nā ʻōhua, ʻaʻohe huluhulu, ʻaʻohe kōkua ʻole. Lawe ʻia ke kauwela holoʻokoʻa e hoʻomohala piha i nā holoholona. Ma ka hāʻule, hoʻomaka nā kharzas ʻōpio e hele pū me ko lākou makuahine i ka huli holoholona. Hiki iā lākou ke pili kokoke i ka makua ke kūʻokoʻa lākou.
Ke manaʻo nei i ka makemake a me ka manawa kūpono e hoʻomau i ka heihei, haʻalele nā holoholona ʻōpio i ka hui ʻohana a hele e ʻimi i nā hoa. Pehea ka lōʻihi o ka noho ʻana o nā martens umauma melemele i ka taiga ʻaʻole i hoʻokumu pono ʻia. Maliʻa he 10-12 mau makahiki. ʻIke ʻia ke ola i ka pio. I kahi zoo a i ʻole ma ka home, hiki i kahi harza ke kū i 15 mau makahiki. Eia kekahi, ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o ka noho ʻana o nā wahine ma mua o nā kāne.
Mālama hale a me ka mālama ʻana
ʻO ka mālama ʻana i nā holoholona exotic i ka home ua lilo i hana i makemake nui ʻia. ʻAʻohe mea e kahaha i kekahi ferret e noho nei i kahi keʻena o ke kūlanakauhale. ʻAʻole ʻoi aku ka maʻamau o Kharza ma ke ʻano he holoholona. Akā ʻaʻole paʻakikī ka mālama ʻana iā ia ma mua o ka pōpoki. E like me ka makemake o ka poʻe e mālama i ka harzu i loko o ka hale, hiki ke piʻi aʻe kahi ʻano hou i ka wā e hiki mai ana - home harza.
Ua hoʻāʻo ʻia ka taming o ka Horza i nā manawa he nui a ke kūleʻa mau nei. Ma ke kūlohelohe, he ʻaihue wiwo ʻole a wiwo ʻole hoʻi ia. ʻAʻole loa ʻo Kharzu i makaʻu loa i kahi kāne, a manaʻo ʻo ia ʻo nā ʻīlio he like ia. Lawe i kahi harzu i loko o ka hale, pono ʻoe e hoʻomanaʻo i nā hiʻohiʻona o kēia holoholona:
- Hiki iā Horza ke hāʻawi i kahi pilau i ka manawa o ka weliweli.
- Kharza — marten... ʻAʻole hiki ke hoʻopau ʻia ka instatory predatory i loko ona. Akā, e like me ka pōpoki, hiki iā ia ke launa pū me nā manu.
- He polokalamu paʻa loa kēia holoholona a pāʻani hoʻi. ʻO ke keʻena a hale paha kahi e noho ai ka predator e ākea. ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi e hemo i nā mea haki mai nā wahi noho o ka harza.
- Pono e hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻia ka Ussuri marten i ka pā mai nā pule mua ma hope o ka hānau ʻana.
- ʻO Kharza, e noho nei i kahi hale manu, e kokoke kokoke i kahi mea hihiu hihiu i kāna ʻano ma mua o kahi home.
Ke hānai ʻana i ka holoholona, hoʻomanaʻo he predator ia. No laila, ʻo ka mea nui o ka hānai kaʻiʻo, ʻoi aku ka momona ʻole. Ma waho aʻe o ka pipi maka a moa paha, kūpono i nā ʻāpana manu i hoʻolapalapa ʻia. ʻO offal nā meaʻai protein maikaʻi: ate, lung, puʻuwai. Pono e hoʻohui i nā mea ʻai maka a i ʻole i kohu ʻia i ka pola.
Hoʻomaulia ʻia ka nui o ka lawelawe ʻana no kahi ʻīlio neʻe. Ma kahi o 20 g no 1 kg o ke kaupaona holoholona. Hiki iā ʻoe ke hānai i ka kharza 1-2 manawa i ka lā. ʻO ka martens-chested martens kahi maʻa o ka hūnā ʻana i nā ʻāpana i ʻai ʻole ʻia no kahi lā ua. No laila, pono ʻoe e nānā i ka hopena o ka ʻai. E hoʻēmi i ka ʻāpana inā he koena i ʻai ʻole ʻia.
Kumukūʻai
Ua noho a ola kūleʻa nā holoholona o ka ʻohana weasel i nā home o ka poʻe - he ferrets kēia. Ua aʻo ka poʻe i ka mālama ʻana iā lākou, lawe mau lākou i nā keiki. Hiki ke kūʻai ʻia nā pēpē o kēia mau holoholona ma kahi hale kūʻai holoholona a mai kekahi kanaka pilikino no 5-10 tausani rubles. ʻOi aku ka paʻakikī o ke kūʻai ʻana i nā cubza a i ʻole nā mākua ʻo Ussuri martens.
E hoʻomaka ʻoe ma ka ʻimi ʻana i kahi mea hoʻohua, kahi mea hoihoi i mālama i nā martens umauma melemele i ka home. E kōkua ʻo ia e loaʻa ka harzu. Aia kekahi ala paʻakikī hou aʻe. Ma Vietnam a me Korea, kūʻai manuahi ʻia kēia mau holoholona. Akā ʻo ke kumukūʻai no ka marten pilikino pilikino e kiʻekiʻe loa.
ʻIkepili Hoihoi
ʻO Amur Travel kahi hālāwai kūkā o ka honua. ʻO ka lua o ka manawa i mālama ʻia ia ma Iulai 2019 i ke kūlanakauhale o Zeya. Koho ʻia ke kharza i hōʻailona. ʻO kahi holoholona nani, wikiwiki, me he mea lā i hānau ʻia e hōʻailona i nā hōʻuluʻulu o nā mea hoʻohihi o ke ʻano o Far East. Ua ala mai nā mea ʻaelike me ka inoa. A hiki i ka manawa hope loa, ʻaʻole i koho ʻia i waena o nā koho: Amurka, Taiga, Deya. Ma hope o ke koho balota ʻana ma ka Pūnaewele, hoʻomaka ka maskc o ka forum e hāpai i ka inoa Taiga.
I ke kauwela o 2019, ua hanana kekahi hanana i ka zoo o ka Teritori Khabarovsk - ua hānau ka harza pio i nā keiki: 2 kāne a me kahi wahine. Iʻelua mau makahiki i hala aku nei, ua pau ka hanana like ʻole - ʻaʻole hānai ka makuahine i nā pēpē, ua make lākou. Laki nā ʻīlio o kēia manawa - ua ʻae ka wahine wahine iā lākou, ʻo ka wā e hiki mai ana ka maikaʻi o nā ʻīlio ʻaʻohe mea kānalua.
Manaʻo nā kānaka biologists ʻaʻole i hoʻoweliweli ʻia ka marten umauma melemele me ka make ʻana. Noho ʻo ia i kahi ākea. Kūleʻa ka helu o nā holoholona a ʻaʻole ia e hopohopo. He aha ka mea i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i loko o ka International Book Red. Akā hoʻopili ʻia ko mākou ʻāina e ka palena ʻākau o ka wahi kharza. Ma ka lihi o ka nohona, ua emi loa kona mau helu. No laila, ua helu ʻia ke kharza ma 2007 i ka puke ʻulaʻula o ka ʻĀpana Pekelala ʻo Far East ma ke ʻano he lāhui ʻaneʻane pau.
