Ma waena o nā ʻano nui o nā mea kolo arthropod, ʻike pinepine ʻia nā kānaka hoihoi loa. O kahi laʻana, kaikamahine scorpion lele lele kalaunu paha (Mecoptera). No ke aha i hāʻawi ʻia ai kēia inoa i kahi inoa weliweli? Loaʻa iā ia kahi mea e pili ai i ka scorpion?
Pehea e neʻe ai kahi mea liʻiliʻi mai ka wā Mesozoic a hiki i ko mākou manawa me ka nalowale ʻole ʻana i nā cataclysms o ke ʻano i hoʻoluliluli pinepine ai i ka honua. A no ke aha i hāʻawi ʻia ai iā ia kahi kumu lōʻihi e hoʻonani ai i kona poʻo? E hoʻāʻo e pane i kēia mau nīnau ma ka ʻike iki ʻana i kā mākou heroine.
Hōʻike a me nā hiʻohiʻona
Scorpionfish maʻamau (Panorpa communis) - kahi lunamaka'āinana o ka hui scorpion. Panorpas - ka hui e pili ana iā ia, hānai i nā mea kolo. He kino elongated, lahilahi, melemele me nā kiko ʻeleʻele a i ʻole nā ʻeha ma ke kua a me ka ʻōpū o lalo. Ua piʻi ka nui o ke kino i 13-15 mm.
Lōʻihi nā wāwae, me nā ʻāpana 5, me nā māiʻuʻu ʻelua ma ke kele. He cylindrical ka ʻōpū a he 10 mau ʻāpana. Hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā wahine a me nā kāne e ke ʻano o ka hope o ka ʻōpū. I nā wahine, kuhi wale ia. A ʻo ka hiʻohiʻona hiʻohiʻona o ka hope o ka ʻōpū kāne kāne i hāʻawi i ka inoa i kahi kaʻawale holoʻokoʻa.
ʻO kona hope hope, ʻo ia nā ʻāpana o 3, hāwili ʻia e like me ka piʻi ʻana o ka huelo o ka scorpion a he ʻulaʻula kona kala. Hoʻohana nui ka ʻāpana hope loa, aia ma laila nā genitalia. Inā ʻoe e nānā pono, hoʻohālikelike nā kāne i kahi hybrid o ka ʻāpā a me ka moʻo huelo ʻawa. Akā ma waho wale nō kēia. ʻAʻole pili iki kēia mau mea kolo me nā nalo a me nā scorpion.
ʻAʻohe o ka huelo weliweli nā wahine Scorpion
ʻO kekahi o nā hiʻohiʻona hiʻohiʻona o ka hui holoʻokoʻa ke kū ʻana rostrum (proboscis i mua o ke poʻo). ʻUlaʻula ia i ke kala. Kōkua kona ʻano i ka pepelu e huki i ka meaʻai mai nā wahi paʻakikī. ʻOiaʻiʻo, ʻaʻole alualu ka lele i ka lele, akā ʻaʻole hiki iā ia ke kuʻi i ka ʻili, palupalu ka rostrum. No laila, ua ulu ʻo ia i hiki i ka mākaukau a me ka ʻole o ka keʻakeʻa e ʻeli i waena o ka mauʻu, nā ʻupena a me nā lau.
Ma hope o kēia mau lālā nā mea kīwaha waha e ʻuwī ai. ʻO ka hapa lōʻihi loa maxilla (ka lua o ka iwi ā, e hana i ka hana o ka haehae, ʻoki ʻana i ka mea pio a me ka wili ʻana i ka meaʻai). ʻOhi a i ʻole ke koʻokoʻo - ka ʻaoʻao waena o ka iwi ā lalo holoʻokoʻa, ke kumu no nā mea āpau o ka maxilla, ke koʻokoʻo i kapa ʻia.
I kēia mau lele, paʻa ia i ka paia o hope o ka proboscis, e pili pono ana. Ka helehelena a me ke ʻano mandible (i kekahi ala ʻē aʻe, nā mandibles, nā auwae paʻa o luna o nā hāmeʻa waha) pili i nā ʻano meaʻai. Inā loaʻa iā mākou kahi insect herbivorous - mānoanoa a pōkole nā mandibles, loaʻa i ʻelua mau niho, a ʻo kekahi manawa hou aku.
I nā predators, pālahalaha kēia mau mea, ʻokiʻoki i kahi laina oblique, me hoʻokahi niho ʻoki. Hana lākou e like me ka ʻūpā. I nā scavenger, ke keʻa nā kea ma waena o nā mea ʻelua. Loaʻa nā Antennae-whiskers i nā ʻāpana, ʻo ka helu o nā pae mai 16-20 a 60. He lahilahi loa lākou, filamentous, a i ʻole hōʻike maopopo ʻia.
He mea nui ka anttennae i ka hoʻoholo ʻana i ka meaʻai, a me ka ʻimi ʻana i kahi hoa kolohe. He mea nui a pilikino hoʻi lākou i nā mea ʻae e ʻae i ka ʻeneto e ʻike pono i ke kaiapuni, nā hana kemika ma waho a ma loko o kēia mea.
ʻIke maopopo lākou i nā loli o ka mahana, nā loli i ka mea acidic, a me ke kū ʻana o nā kinoea. Hana lākou i ka mokuʻāina o ka meaola ponoʻī, ka mea e ʻae ai iā ʻoe e haʻalele i ka nohona hōʻoluʻolu ʻole i ka manawa. Kāhea ʻia kemika.
Maliʻa paha, hiki ke hoʻolako ʻia i nā hāmeʻa he nui o ka wā e hiki mai ana me nā hāmeʻa koʻikoʻi, e maʻalahi ai i ka poʻe e noho a hana i nā ʻano ʻoluʻolu ʻole. ʻO ka umauma me ke poʻo a me ka ʻōpū i loko o kahi hui neʻe.
ʻO nā ʻeheu i ka nui o ʻelua mau pālua i kahi ʻano mesh nani a ʻike maopopo ʻia pterostigma (ka mānoanoa ma ka lihi alakaʻi o ka ʻēheu, kokoke i ka piko). ʻO ka ʻāheu ʻēheu (membrane) he aniani moakaka a mū ʻole hoʻi, uhi pinepine ʻia me nā lauoho pokole.
Swing a i 30 mm. He ʻeleʻele ka ʻeleʻele o ka wahine i nā ʻeheu, i ke kāne a keʻokeʻo keʻokeʻo me nā wahi ʻeleʻele. ʻAʻole hoʻololi ʻia nā ʻeheu no nā lele lōʻihi, akā hoʻohana ʻia nā wāwae i ka nui o nā hihia no ka jogging. Ma muli o nā wāwae lōʻihi, huikau nā ʻano o kēia kolo me nā makika.
Aia ma ke kumu o nā ʻeheu helehelena (multifaceted) mau maka. He ʻike kala ko lākou a hopu i nā kukuna UV. ʻO kēlā me kēia ʻano o ka maka - ommatidium - he ʻano kone kona, e lewa ana i waenakonu o ke kinipōpō. Pili lākou ma nā piko. A me ko lākou mau kumu, hana lākou i pae maka.
Hoʻopaʻa kēlā me kēia ommatidium i kahi wahi liʻiliʻi, akā uhi pū lākou i ke kumuhana āpau ma ke ʻano holoʻokoʻa. Scorpion ma ka kiʻi nani nā maka a me ka weliweli. Hāʻawi ʻia ka lokomaikaʻi e nā ʻēheu hāmama hamama, e like me ke kīʻaha kīnā ʻia. A ʻo ka pōpilikia mai ka huelo "scorpion" i kāwili ʻia, a me ka nuku rosong elongated, kahi lele ʻāpopo a pepehi i kāna mea pio.
Nā ʻano
Ua manaʻo ʻia kēia mau mea kolo he ʻano kahiko a kahiko hoʻi, i pālahalaha ʻia i nā au o Paleozoic a me Mesozoic. ʻOrpiwi Scorpion helu 23 mau ʻohana i loko ona iho, a i kēia manawa 14 hiki ke manaʻo ʻia ua pau. Ma kahi o 770 mau ʻano i ʻike ʻia i kēia manawa, me nā fossil he 369.
ʻO nā ʻohana kaulana loa mai kēia ʻoka nā makika, nā aniani a me nā scorpionfish maoli.
1. Komarovka (bittaki) - kahi ʻohana o nā ʻeleka mai ka squadion scorpion. Aia ma kahi o 270 mau ʻano o lākou, loaʻa lākou i nā wahi āpau. Lahilahi ke kino, hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā wāwae. ʻO lākou, e like me nā ʻelele predatory o ke kauoha, he mau mandible lōʻihi, me hoʻokahi niho, ʻokiʻoki ʻia me ka laina oblique. ʻIke pinepine ʻia lākou e kau ana i nā mea kanu me hoʻokahi a ʻelua paha mau wāwae mua i hoʻopili ʻia.
Ke moe nei lākou no ke kakali no ka mea pio, a hopu maʻalahi lākou me nā lālā hope, e like me nā wāwae o ka lole pule. He māiʻuʻu nui ko kēia mau wāwae, he ʻelua spurs ma ka shins, a he kūpono kūpono no ka hopu ʻana i ka mea i hōʻeha ʻia. Pēlā lele ka scorpion i ke kiʻi hiki ke kuhihewa ʻia no ka makika wāwae lōʻihi, keu hoʻi ke kū.
2. ʻĀlika (boreids) - kahi ʻohana liʻiliʻi, aia ma kahi o 30 mau ʻano. He hānau nā ʻano āpau. pili i nā kūlana kūlohelohe ma ka Hemoleka ʻAkau ma waena o 40 a me 60º latitude lat, me nā kauwela wela pōkole a me nā hoʻoilo anu anuanu. No ka inoa ka inoa o ke akua o ka makani ʻākau mai ka moʻolelo Helene - Boreas.
Ua hōʻike ʻia nā noiʻi hou e pili pono ana nā glacier i nā ʻutu ma mua o nā scorpion ʻē aʻe. ʻAʻole paʻakikī e hoʻomaopopo iā lākou, ʻike ʻia nā kāne e nā ʻōuli o nā ʻeheu, akā ʻaʻole lele lākou, akā lele, ʻoiai ʻaʻole ulu nā ʻeheu. A ʻaʻohe o nā wana wahine, akā he ovipositor lōʻihi ko lākou. Liʻiliʻi loa ka nui o nā kolo, 2-4 mm.
He poʻo elongated ko lākou nuku e loaʻa ana i kahi hāmole waha e ʻuwī. Neʻe lākou i ka lele e like me nā ʻūhini, ke lele nei ko lākou mau wāwae hope. I hoʻokahi lele, hiki iā lākou ke uhi i kahi mamao 50 mau manawa ka lōʻihi o ko lākou kino. ʻIke ʻia lākou i loko o ka wai i loko o ka hau e kokoke ana i nā wahi i ulu nui ʻia e nā limu, nā ʻōpuʻu ʻōpio a lākou e ʻai ai.
ʻO kēia ka ʻokoʻa nui ma waena o nā boreid a me nā scorpion ʻē aʻe - he poʻe vegetarians lākou. He keʻokeʻo maʻamau kā lākou larvae, hoʻomohala ma lalo o kahi papa o nā moʻo, a ʻai i nā aʻa o kēia mau mea kanu. Noho nā larvae no 2 mau makahiki. Make lākou i kahi mehana, kahi kūpono no nā ʻano ʻē aʻe.
3. ʻO nā kaikamahine scorpion maoli (panorp) i ka lōʻihi ma kahi o 9-25 mm. Ke ʻūlū nei ka hāmeʻa waha a aia ma ke poʻo coracoid, i kūlou i lalo. Aia ma kahi o 420 mau ʻano. Ma ʻEulopa, ua ʻike ʻia he 16 mau ʻano, he 12 mau lāhui ʻē aʻe e noho ana ma Sumatra a me Java, ua noho he 136 mau ʻāpana ma Asia Hema, 269 mau ʻano, e komo pū ana me ka scorpionfish maʻamau, i loaʻa ma ʻEulopa a me ʻAmelika ʻĀkau. Aia he 3 mau ʻano hou aʻe i aʻo maikaʻi ʻole ʻia.
Ka nohona a me ka nohona
ʻEctkela Scorpion makemake i nā wahi pulu, koho i nā ulu lāʻau malumalu ma kahi kokoke i ka wai, nā aniani pulu, nā kula pulu. Loaʻa ia ma ʻEulopa, ʻAmelika Hema (Kanada, Mekiko a me USA). I Lūkia, aia he 5 mau ʻano o ka scorpionfish maʻamau, a ʻo 3 i loko o ka puke ʻulaʻula o ka Leningrad Region.
Lele mālie a lele wale kēia mau mea kolo, ma kahi mamao iki. Komo pū nā ʻēheu ʻelua i ka lele ʻana, a me nā pale ʻē aʻe e kōkua ai i ka mea kolo e noho i ka lewa. Eia nō naʻe, hoʻāʻo lākou e noho i ka mauʻu i ka manawa kūpono a nalowale. Hūnā lākou mai nā ʻenemi ma waena o ka mauʻu a ma lalo o nā lau popopo.
ʻAi nahu ʻia palekana ia no nā kānaka, ʻoiai ʻaʻole ʻona, a ʻaʻohe ona iki i koe ma hope o ka nahu ʻana i kahi ʻeha. ʻOiaʻiʻo, hiki ke ʻehaʻeha, keu hoʻi kahi o ka ʻili lahilahi. Pono e akahele ka poʻe maʻi ʻaʻai i nā wahi noho o kēia mau ʻano kolo.
Ka manaʻo "ʻūniu wahine wīwī"- kahi manawa kala no nā mea pāʻani kamepiula i makemake i nā ʻimi hou o kēia au. ʻO ka proboscis o kēia lele, nāna ia e hoʻolako ai nona iho, ʻoi aku ka "ihu" ma mua o kahi ʻū, ʻoiai he helehelena weliweli kona.
ʻAiʻai Pono
ʻO kēia mau nīnūnē a pau, koe wale no nā aniani, he poʻe ʻaihue. Akā, i kūlike ʻole i ka manaʻo nui, ʻaʻole lākou e hoʻouka i nā mea kolo ola, akā makemake ʻiʻo i ka poʻe make a ʻeha, a me nā mea kanu popopo hoʻi. Eia hou, ʻaʻole lākou e hoʻowahāwahā i ka ʻiʻo o kahi holoholona vertebrate i make a me nā lepo manu.
Loaʻa i nā larvae ka papaʻai like. I nā mākua, hoʻohui ʻia ka nectar a me nā pua pua, a me ka wai berry, i ka papa kuhikuhi. ʻO kahi laʻana, ma ka hema o Siberia Komohana, hana lākou i kekahi manawa i ka pōʻino nui i ka hua currant kālā. Hōʻino wale nā lele i nā hua pala pala, e omo ana i ka wai mai iā lākou.
Kūpono loa ko lākou "proboscis" kaulana ma aneʻi, ʻo ia ka mea kōkua e huki i ka pulp momona momona. Eia nō naʻe, ʻoiai kekahi o nā pilikia, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi ʻole o kēia mau mea kolo ma mua o ka hōʻino. He mea waiwai nui lākou ma ke ʻano he mau scavenger liʻiliʻi e hemo ana i nā wahi o nā pepeke make.
ʻO ka hana hou a me ke ola o ke ola
ʻO nā wahine wahine Scorpion kahi pūʻulu o nā ʻelala me ka hoʻololi piha (metamorphosis). ʻO ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, he hana kūloko a kūwaho hoʻi kēia hana o ke kino i ke ola holoʻokoʻa. Hoʻololi piha a holometamorphosis - eia nā pae ʻehā a ʻelima mai ka hānau ʻana a hiki i ke oʻo makua: nā hua, nā larvae, nā pupae, nā prepupae i kekahi manawa, a me ka imago (kahi makua).
ʻO ka ʻokoʻa nui ma waena o ka pōʻaiapuni piha a me kahi ʻole i hoʻopiha ʻia ka hele ʻana o ke kahua pupa. ʻO ka pinepine, ʻokoʻa ʻokoʻa ka ʻupena scorpion mai nā mākua, ʻo ia ke kumu i kapa ʻia ai he larva maoli. Me ke kanalua ʻole, hiki i ka holometamorphosis ke noʻonoʻo ʻia he lele lele i ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ia mau ʻano ʻino, mai ka wā mua ke kumu a me ka hoʻomohala ʻana o nā ʻaneʻane āpau i hoʻokumu ʻia i ka loli ʻole.
ʻO ka holomua o ka hoʻololi ʻana i ka wā waena o ka pupa e hōʻoia i ka hoʻololi kupaianaha o nā mea kolo he nui i nā kūlana kūwaho. Kohu mea lā, ʻaʻole mākaukau ka larva i nā manawa paʻakikī e ola i nā kūlana paʻakikī. ʻO ia paha kēia pae hou aʻe i kōkua i kā mākou heroine e hoʻomaʻa i ke aniau loli a me nā kūwaho kūwaho ʻē aʻe paʻakikī.
I ka wā hānau, hoʻonāukiuki nā kāne i nā hoa ma ka hoʻolaha ʻana i nā pheromones a puni. ʻO kēia mau mea kolo he ʻano maʻamau o ka pili aloha. Lawe ke kāne i kahi kolo make i kāna ipo wahine i makana. ʻAi ka hoa wahine i ka leʻaleʻa i ka wā hānau. ʻO ka nui o ka meaʻai, ʻoi aku ka lōʻihi o ke kaʻina.
Eia kekahi, inā nui ka hōʻiliʻili o nā nalo, a aia kahi koho, ʻae ʻia nā wahine e hoʻopili i nā mea noi wale me kahi makana nui. ʻO nā mea nalo me kahi hoʻokupu liʻiliʻi e koi wale ʻia inā he kakaikahi nā "suitors" ʻē aʻe. He koho kūlohelohe paha kēia. Lawe pinepine nā kāne nui i kahi makana nui, no laila koho nā wahine i ka makuakāne o nā keiki i ʻoi aku ka nui ma mua o ka hoʻolālā evolution e hāʻawi ai.
Hoʻomoe ka wahine i nā hua ma nā puʻu lepo a ma lalo o nā lau i hāʻule. Hoʻomoe ʻo ia iā lākou i kahi proboscis, e kanu ana iā lākou i ka lepo o luna. Loaʻa iā lākou kahi oval hiʻohiʻona, ʻo ka nui ma kahi o 2.5 mm, ʻo ka helu e pili ana i nā ʻāpana 100. ʻOiaʻiʻo, ʻo kēia kāna hana makua nui - e hoʻomoe i nā hua i nā kūlana kūpono loa no ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā larvae.
ʻO kēia kahi e pau ai ka mālama a pau no nā keiki e hiki mai ana. Ma hope o 8 mau lā, hiki ke pā ka larvae, a hiki i ka ulu piha ʻana i loko o hoʻokahi mahina. ʻAno like nā larvae me nā ʻenuhe, mānoanoa, hana ʻole, akā kolo pinepine lākou i waho i ka mālamalama e loaʻa ai ka meaʻai. Hānai lākou, e like me nā lele makua, ma nā mea kanu a me nā koena o nā holoholona, a me nā limu a me nā aʻa.
ʻOʻoleʻa ke poʻo o ka larva, ua ʻike maka ʻia nā antennae 2 ma luna ona. Kupaianaha loa nā maka, ʻoi aku ka helu o kēia i nā larva ʻeleka ʻē aʻe āpau. Aia ma kahi o 30 o lākou ma kēlā me kēia ʻaoʻao, hana lākou i kahi hui e like me ka maka hui. Hoʻomohala maikaʻi ʻia ka hāmeʻa waha. ʻO ka lōʻihi o ka ʻenuhe ma kahi o 20 mm. ʻO ia nā ʻāpana kūkā.
Aia nā lālā thoracic ma nā ʻāpana mua ʻekolu. Uhi ʻia ke kino o ka ʻenuhe i nā warts. Noho nā larva i nā lua i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā lio i ʻeli ʻia i nā papa o luna o ka lepo. I ka pupate, kanu ka ʻenuhe i lalo i ka honua. No laila, hoʻololi ka hoʻololi i kahi pupa i kahi moe lepo ʻoluʻolu. Eia nō naʻe, ʻaʻole hoʻomaka mau ka pupa i kona hoʻololi i ka pae makua; ma lalo o nā kūlana maikaʻi ʻole, komo ia i ka diapause.
ʻO kēia ke akamai nui o kēia pae. ʻInikua keu no ke ola. Inā kū nā mea āpau i kahi ʻano maʻamau, ma hope o 2 mau pule e lilo ka pupae i imago - he pepeke makua. I ke kauwela, hiki i nā hanauna ʻelua ke ulu, a ʻo nā hibernates hope loa i ka pae larval a i ʻole pupal. Noho nā ʻeneke makua no hoʻokahi kau, mai Mei a Kepakemapa.
ʻIkepili Hoihoi
- He hiʻohiʻona nui a hoihoi hoʻi kā Scorpio no ke ola ʻana i ke kūlohelohe - mimicry. ʻAʻohe ona ona a ʻaʻohe ona mea kaua, no laila pono ʻole ia e lilo i mea ʻike ʻole ʻia, e hoʻohālike ana i ka lālā a i ʻole ka lau, a i ʻole e hoʻohālike i ka mea ʻawahia a weliweli hoʻi. ʻO ke kala o ke kino, ʻo ka "tail scorpion" i ʻōwili ʻia a me ke kumu lōʻihi e kōkua iā ia i kēia.
- Hāʻawi kekahi mau kāne kāne scorpion i kahi kulu o kā lākou lawai ponoʻī ma ke ʻano he makana no ka pā aloha. Komo hauʻoli kahi hoa aloha iā ia. Inā liʻiliʻi ka mōhai, pilikia ʻole nā kāne ke ʻole ka manawa e hoʻopau ai i ke kaʻina moena, ʻoiai ʻaʻole noho ka wahine aloha i kahi kekona ma hope o ka ʻai ʻana i kēia manawa. No ka nele o nā mea ʻē aʻe, regurgitates pinepine ʻo ia i ka lawai e hoʻolōʻihi ai i ke kaʻina.
- ʻO ke kiʻi a ka mea kolo e ʻike ai ma muli o ke ʻano o ka maka o ka maka he mosaic a pololei, ʻokoʻa i ke kiʻi i loaʻa i nā kānaka. Ua hoʻohuli ʻia mākou.
- Maliʻa paha, hiki i ka poʻe he nui ke ʻike i nā pale nunui i loko o nā kikowaena kūʻai, ma nā alanui a me nā wahi o nā kūlanakauhale, ma nā wēlau o nā hale. Hoʻolaha lākou i kahi hoʻolaha a i ʻole nā mea hiʻona ʻē aʻe, a hoʻokumu ʻia kā lākou hana i kahi hōʻike hiʻohiʻona, ke hōʻike kēlā me kēia pale i kāna mea liʻiliʻi, a loaʻa pū lākou i kahi kiʻi piha. ʻO nā ʻanā kupaianaha o ka ʻike maka ʻana o nā ʻelima e like me ka lele ʻana o ka moʻo huelo ʻawa i aʻo mai iā mākou i kēia ala o ka hōʻike ʻana i kiʻi nui.
- He mea hoihoi loa ia e nānā i ka lele o kēia kolo. Mai ka ʻaoʻao ke nānā pono ʻole ʻia a "shimmery" ma muli o ke kuapo ʻana o nā ʻēheu pouli o nā ʻēheu.
- ʻO ke aʻo ʻana i nā ʻano fossil kokoke i nā nalo scorpion, ke nānā nei i nā waihona Permian o ka wā Paleozoic, a me ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana me nā lunamakaʻāinana o kēia au, ua ʻae nā ʻepekema he poʻe mamo pili kēia na nā lele lele o Diptera, Lepidoptera a me Caddis lele.
