ʻElua-huelo He mea ola e like me nā mea kolo maoli. ʻEono lākou wāwae a loaʻa iā lākou ka inoa kūloko ʻo Diplura. Ua wehewehe ke Kelemania naturalist Karl Berner iā lākou i 1904.
Ke kumu o ka laha a me ka wehewehe
Kiʻi: Dvuhvostka
Pili kēia arthropod i ka papa o cryo-maxillary, e hui pū nei i nā mea ola mua loa e alakaʻi i kahi nohona malū loa, a pili loa i ka lepo, koe wale no nā huelo ʻelua, ʻo kēia papa me nā chamois, nā springtails. Hoʻohui ʻia kēia mau ʻano ʻekolu e ka mea i huki ʻia kā lākou mea hana waha i loko o ka poʻo capsule, no laila ko lākou inoa.
Video: ʻElua-huelo
Ma mua, no nā pepeke kēia papa, akā i kēia manawa he papa kaʻawale ia. ʻO nā kānaka o ke kaʻina huina ʻelua he kokoke loa i nā ʻeneto. ʻOi aku lākou ma mua o nā ʻelele ʻē aʻe o ka crypto-maxillary: protur a me nā springtails. ʻO ka mōʻaukala, ʻaʻole maopopo iki ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā wāwae ʻeono. Akā hoʻokahi ʻano o nā huelo ʻelua, mai ka wā Carboniferous, i ʻike ʻia - ʻo ia ʻo Testajapyx. He maka maka ko nā mea pākahi, a me kahi ʻokana waha e like me nā pepeke maoli, kahi e hoʻokokoke aku ai iā lākou ma mua o nā lunamakaʻāinana o Diplura.
ʻEkolu pūʻulu nui o kēia ʻano:
- Campodeoidea;
- Japygoidea;
- ʻO Projapygoidea.
ʻO ka laulā nui loa:
- ʻo ka ʻohana campodei;
- ʻohana o yapiks.
ʻO ka helehelena a me nā hiʻohiʻona
Kiʻi: Pepelu ʻelua huelo
ʻO ka hapa nui o nā ʻelele huelo ʻelua i ka liʻiliʻi, he mau millimeter (0.08-0.2 mm) wale nō, akā ʻo kekahi o lākou i hiki i kekahi mau kenimika (2-5 cm) i ka lōʻihi. ʻAʻohe o lākou maka a ʻeheu paha. Māhele ʻia ke kino elusated fusiform i poʻo, kahi ʻāpana o ka ʻāpana kolu o nā ʻāpana ʻekolu, a me kahi ʻōpū me nā ʻāpana he ʻumi. ʻO nā ʻāpana ʻehiku o ka ʻōpū i loaʻa nā ulu i kapa ʻia ʻo styli. Hilinaʻi ka holoholona i kēia mau ulu ulu i ka wā e holo ana.
Mea hoihoi: ua hoʻolako ʻia ka ʻaoʻao terminal me ka tarsus mutated mutary i kapa ʻia cerci, e like me nā antennae a i ʻole nā huelo pālua. Ma muli o lākou i kapa ʻia ai kēia mau mea ola i ko lākou inoa ʻelua huelo a i ʻole ka fork-tailed.
I nā Lunamakaʻāinana o nā fork-huelo - yapiks, pōkole kēia mau ʻōpū, paʻa, e like me ka māiʻuʻu. Hoʻohana ʻia ia cerci e hopu a paʻa i kā lākou mea pio. I ka ʻohana Campodia, elongated a hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ka cerci. Pāʻani lākou i ke kuleana o nā mea maʻaleʻale, hana ma ke ʻano he antennas. I ka lā kaulana Projapygoidea, he mānoanoa ka cerci, hoʻopōkole ʻia, akā hoʻokaʻawale ʻia.
Loaʻa i kēlā me kēia kanaka kekahi mau mea hoʻohālikelike kūʻokoʻa - kēia mau ʻōpū e hoʻohuli ana i ka ʻōpū ma nā wēlau o kā lākou kaʻina huelo pōkole conical. Hoʻopuka nā kelena hoʻohuli i nā filament i hoʻohana ʻia e immobilize i ka mea pio, e like me nā tick a i ʻole nā āwi ʻaʻole lawa.
ʻO nā ʻāpana thoracic ʻekolu o nā wāwae ʻeono i māka māka ʻia, aia i kēlā me kēia o lākou he mau wāwae wīwī a lōʻihi. ʻO nā integuments o ka cryo-maxillary he palupalu, palupalu a lahilahi i hiki ai ke hanu ma o lākou. Hoʻohui ʻia, loaʻa i nā huelo ʻelua kahi ʻōnaehana hanu tracheal a me ʻumikūmākahi mau hui o ka ʻelala Hoʻokomo pū nā antena o nā fork-tails i kahi nui o nā ʻāpana: mai 13 a 70 mau ʻāpana, a he mau mākala ko kēlā me kēia māhele. ʻO kahi laʻana, ʻaʻohe musculature o postmandibulars.
Ma hea e noho ai ka manu ʻelua huelo?
Kiʻi: Dvuhvostka
He hūnā loa nā fork-huelo, paʻakikī e ʻike iā lākou, a me kā lākou liʻiliʻi, translucency a me mimic kala ʻana i kēia ʻano o ke ola. Noho lākou i nā anthills, nā puʻu termite, nā ana. Noho lākou i ka wahie popopo, ka lepo o ka ʻāina, ka lau o ka lau, ka limu, ka ʻili lāʻau. ʻAʻole ʻoe e ʻike iā lākou ma ka ʻili, no ka mea makemake lākou i ka momona.
I kekahi mau ʻāina o ka honua, noho kekahi ʻano ma nā mea kanu aʻa. Ua hōʻike pū ʻia aia kekahi mau lunamaka ʻo nā mea ʻino o nā mea kanu e like me ke kō, nā pī a me nā melon. ʻO ka mea maʻamau ka poʻe o ka ʻohana Campodia. He hāmeʻa loa lākou. I ka helehelena, he mau mea ʻoluʻolu a lahilahi kēia, me nā antennae lōʻihi a ʻoi aku ka lōʻihi o ka cerci. Noho nā wāwae ʻeono i ka lepo a i ʻole nā ʻōpala popopo, kahi e nui ai nā meaʻai na lākou: nā ʻelima liʻiliʻi a me nā ʻelala, nā koena o nā mea kanu.
He aha ka mea nui e hoʻolako ai i nā kūlana kūpono no ke ola o kēia mau mea ola he wela kiʻekiʻe. I nā mahana maloʻo, maloʻo nā poʻe ponoʻī, kā lākou larvae a me nā hua. Akā aia kekahi mau mea kōkua i hoʻololi ʻia i ke aniau maloʻo, kahi e hoʻonui ai i ka pae ʻāina ʻike ʻia o ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana o nā huelo ʻelua.
Noho i ka Crimea, ma ke kahakai hema, ʻo Japix ghilarovi he 1 cm ka lōʻihi. Ma Turkmenistan, ʻike ʻia ka lunamakaʻāinana nui loa o kēia ʻohana, ʻo Japix dux, ua hiki i ʻelima kenimika ka lōʻihi. I nā ulu lāʻau ulu o ʻApelika, aia nā huelo ʻelua i loaʻa nā hiʻohiʻona o nā Japs a me Campodia - Projapygoidea.
He aha ka ʻai a ka beetle huelo ʻelua?
Kiʻi: ʻelua huelo i loko o ka hale
Kupanaha loa ka ʻōnaehana digestive o kēia mau mea ma muli o ke ʻano o ka hāmeʻa waha. Hoʻonohonoho ʻia ia i kahi ʻano ʻūlū a kuhikuhi ʻia nā ʻōpū o ka waha i mua, ʻoiai ka hūnā ʻia i ke poʻo. ʻO ke ala o ka ʻōpū i nā huelo ʻelua e like me ka paipu maʻalahi.
ʻO nā iwi ā luna he ʻano like o ka pahi kākela, he ʻano hopu lākou. Mai ka waho, ʻike wale ʻia nā ʻōlelo aʻoaʻo loa, a hūnā ʻia ke koena i nā wahi hoʻomaha, nona ka helehelena paʻakikī a kapa ʻia he ʻeke ʻāʻī. ʻO ka lehelehe lalo a me nā ʻeke e hana i hoʻokahi ʻāpana. ʻO nā ā luna o luna a i ʻole nā mandibles - nā mandibles, a me nā mea haʻahaʻa hoʻi - hūnā ʻia ʻo maxilla i nā wahi hoʻomaha. ʻO Yapiks, a me nā ʻano he nui o ka fork-huelo, he poʻe ʻaihue.
ʻAi lākou:
- ʻo nā mea kolo liʻiliʻi loa;
- moe moe;
- collembolans;
- puna wai puna;
- nematodes;
- nā moʻo lāʻau;
- centipedes;
- ko lākou mau hoahānau kampodei;
- larva.
ʻO kēlā mau fork-huelo, kahi i hoʻonohonoho ʻia ai ka cerci ma ke ʻano o nā kui kui, e hopu ana i ka mea pio, e hoʻopaʻa i ke kua i mua o ke poʻo o ka mea i hoʻomake ʻia, a laila ʻai lākou. ʻO kekahi o nā ʻelele he omnivorous a hānai i ka detritus, ʻo ia hoʻi, nā koena olaola o nā invertebrates a me nā vertebrates, nā huna o kā lākou excreta a me nā ʻāpana undecomposed o nā mea kanu. Hoʻopili pū kā lākou papaʻai i ka mycelium mushroom.
Nā hiʻohiʻona o ke ʻano a me ka nohona
Kiʻi: Pepelu ʻelua huelo
He paʻakikī ke nānā aku i nā huelo fork, he liʻiliʻi lākou a hoʻomaha ʻole loa. Ma kahi kokoke i nā kiʻi a pau o ka mea ola i kiʻi ʻia mai luna, akā ʻaʻole naʻe mai ka ʻaoʻao. Ua manaʻo ʻia ʻo nā mea ulu o ka ʻōpū he kino wale nō ia.
Ma hope o nā nānā lōʻihi a me ka loaʻa ʻana o nā kiʻi i hoʻonui ʻia, ua akāka ka hoʻohana ʻana o nā wāwae ʻeono i ko lākou kui kui i ka ʻōpū ma ke ʻano he lālā. Ke neʻe nei i kahi ʻaoʻao papamoe, kau liʻiliʻi lākou. Ke lanakila nei i nā pale kū i luna, hoʻohana mau nā fork-huelo iā lākou i mau wāwae. Loaʻa ka campodea kelepona i ka cerci makaʻala ma ka hope o ka ʻōpū, i hoʻohana ʻia no nā kumu like me nā antennae. Neʻe wikiwiki lākou i ka ʻimi ʻana i nā pio, me ke ʻano o ko lākou ala me kā lākou antennas i nā māwae o ka honua, me ka manaʻo ʻana i nā mea keakea iki.
ʻOiaʻiʻo leʻaleʻa: Hiki iā Campodei ke holo i ke poʻo ma mua a ma ka hope like. Hoʻohui maikaʻi ʻia nā wāwae a me nā mea ulu ma ka ʻōpū i ka neʻe ʻana i hope a i mua. ʻO Cerci ma ka huelo o ka ʻōpū e kūleʻa i ka antennae-antennae.
ʻIke ʻo Campodea i ka lulu iki ʻana o ka lewa e kū mai kahi mea ʻino a ʻenemi paha e neʻe nei. Inā kūleʻa kēia mea i kahi pilikia a ʻike paha i kahi makaʻu, a laila wikiwiki ʻo ia e holo.
Mea hoihoi: hiki i nā huelo ʻelua ke piʻi i ka wikiwiki a i 54 mm / s, ʻo ia ka iwakāluakūmāhiku mau lōʻihi o ke kino i kēlā me kēia kekona. No ka hoʻohālikelike, holo ka cheetah i ka wikiwiki o ma kahi o 110 km / h. No ka neʻe ʻana o kahi cheetah i ka wikiwiki e like me ka fork-tail, pono ia e hoʻomohala iā 186 km / h.
ʻO ke kūkulu kaiāulu a me ka hana hou
Kiʻi: Dvuhvostka
Hoʻokaʻawale ʻia kēia mau mea ola mua i ʻelua mau kāne. Hiki i nā wahine a me nā kāne ke ʻokoʻa i ka nui. ʻO ka hoʻouluulu i nā huelo ʻelua, e like me nā crypto-maxillary ʻē aʻe, he ʻano kūwaho-kūloko. Hoʻokomo nā kāne kāne i nā sprmatophores - capsule i loaʻa ka sperm. Hoʻopili ʻia kēia mau capsule i ka honua e kahi kumu pōkole. Hiki i hoʻokahi kanaka ke waiho a i ʻelua haneli o ia spermatophores i kēlā me kēia pule. Manaʻo ʻia ʻo ko lākou hiki ke noho ma kahi o ʻelua mau lā.
Hāpai ka wahine i nā spermatophores me kāna puka genital, a laila kau i nā hua momona i nā māwae a i ʻole nā kaumaha i ka lepo. Puka mai kēlā me kēia kanaka mai ka hua manu e like loa me ka poʻe mākua, ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o ko lākou ulu ʻana ma ka ʻōpū a ʻaʻohe o nā mea genital. Noho ʻo Diplurans i ko lākou mau lā mua i kahi mokuʻoniʻoni a ma hope wale o ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka molt mua e neʻe a loaʻa ka meaʻai.
Mai ka larva a i ka hoʻohālikelike makua, hoʻomohala ʻia i kahi ala pololei i nā pae o ka molting, a ma kahi o 40 mau manawa i ke ola holoʻokoʻa, noho lākou ma kahi o hoʻokahi makahiki. Aia kekahi hōʻike e hiki i kekahi ʻano lōkahi ke ola no ʻekolu mau makahiki.
ʻIke hoihoi: ʻIke ʻia e waiho nā kahua hoʻomoana i kā lākou mau hua, ʻoiai ka noho ʻana o ka yapiks kokoke i ka paʻa, ka pale ʻana i nā hua a me nā larvae mai nā ʻenemi.
ʻO nā ʻenemi kūlohelohe o nā huelo ʻelua
Kiʻi: Dvuhvostka
ʻO ka ʻike ʻole o kēia mau mea ola, ke ʻano hūnā o ko lākou ola ʻaʻole i ʻae e hoʻoholo piha a pololei hoʻi i ka pōʻai holoʻokoʻa o ko lākou mau ʻenemi. Akā hiki i kēia ke komo i nā mite predatory, nā lunamaka o nā moʻo huelo ʻawa wahaheʻe, nā nalo rove, nā nalo honua, nā lele empida, nā ʻenemi. Kākaʻikahi wale nō, akā hiki iā lākou ke lilo i pio no nā nananawewe, nā rana, nā ʻīlio.
Hoʻopili pū nā loli Macroflora i ka heluna kānaka. ʻO ka hoʻoulu pololei ʻana (e like me ka palau ʻana) he hopena maikaʻi ʻole ka hopena, akā kumu iki ia i nā pōʻino. Hoʻonui nā mea hoʻomomona i ka helu o ka poʻe i ka lepo, akā ʻaʻole hana nā lāʻau make iā lākou. He mea make kekahi mau insecticides, a ʻo ka hoʻonui ʻia o dvuhvostok ma hope o ka noi insecticide ma muli paha ia o nā hopena make o nā kemika i ko lākou mau ʻenemi.
ʻImi hoihoi: Hiki i kekahi o nā huelo ʻelua ke hoʻolei aku i kā lākou caudal cerci inā pilikia. ʻO lākou wale nā arthropods i hiki ke hoʻoulu hou i kahi mea nalo ma hope o ke kaʻina o nā molts. ʻAʻole wale ka cerci, akā ʻo nā antennae a me nā wāwae e hiki ke hoʻihoʻi.
Heluna a me ke kūlana o kēia ʻano
Kiʻi: Pepelu ʻelua huelo
ʻO nā hui o nā huelo ʻelua e noho ana i ka honua he nui i ka helu a he ʻaoʻao hiki ʻole ke hoʻololi ʻia o ka biocenosis lepo. Hoʻolahalaha ʻia lākou ma ka honua holoʻokoʻa, mai ke kahawai tropics a i nā zate temperate. ʻOi aku ka maʻamau o kēia mau mea i nā ʻāina me ka wela a me nā aniau mahana, akā aia a hiki i ka 800 mau ʻano i ka nui, a ʻo ia mau mea:
- ma ʻAmelika Hema - 70 mau ʻano;
- i Lūkia a me nā ʻāina post-Soviet - 20 mau ʻano;
- ma UK - 12 mauʻano;
- ma Australia - 28 mau ʻano.
Loaʻa nā Yapiks ma Crimea, Caucasus, Central Asia, Moldova a me Ukraine, a me nā ʻāina wela. ʻAʻohe o ko kēia mau mea ola ke kūlana mālama, ʻoiai ʻo kekahi o lākou, e like me nā yapiks nui, pale ʻia i kekahi mau ʻāina. Ma USA, ma ka mokuʻāina o West Virginia, ua hoʻohui ʻia ka Plusiocampa fieldingi ʻelua huelo mai ka ʻohana Campodia i ka papa inoa o nā ʻano laha ʻole. Ma Nūhōlani, papa inoa ka 'Oihana Hoʻolālā iā Octostigma herbivora mai ka ʻohana Projapygidae ma ke ʻano he pest.
ʻOiaʻiʻo leʻaleʻa: huikau pinepine ʻo Caw-tail me nā earwigs. He mau mānoanoa ko ka poʻe i ka hopena o kahi kino elongated. No ka papa o nā pepeke nā Earwigs. Ke nānā pono ʻia, hōʻike lākou i nā maka, nā ʻeheu liʻiliʻi loa a me ka elytra ʻoʻoleʻa, he uhi paʻa ko lākou, a ʻo nā ʻōpū he 7 ʻāpana. ʻOi aku ka nui o nā mea kolo ma mua o nā fork-tail, i loaʻa i ko mākou ʻāina, a neʻe mālie nā earwigs ma luna o ka honua.
Mai huikau i nā cryopods me nā millipedes, kahi like like ka nui o lākou, a ʻo nā huelo ʻelua he ʻekolu mau wāwae lōʻihi, a ʻo ke koena he ʻuʻī liʻiliʻi i ka ʻōpū. ʻElua-huelo, no ka hapanui, kahi mea ola ʻole a maikaʻi ʻole hoʻi, e kōkua ana i ka composting, hana hou ʻana i nā koena o nā meaola. ʻAʻole paha ʻike ke kanaka i ko lākou noho ʻana, ʻoiai aia lākou i ka lepo a liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi a paʻakikī lākou e ʻike.
Lā paʻi: 24.02.2019
Lā hou: 17.09.2019 ma 20:46
