ʻ beʻī ʻo Colorado ʻike ʻia, paha, i kēlā me kēia mea i kanu i kaʻuala ma kā lākou māla a i ʻole i ka ʻāina. He pest ʻino ia e hiki ke hōʻino i nā kanu ʻana a hoʻoliʻiliʻi nui i nā hua. E noʻonoʻo i ka wehewehe ʻana o kēia pepeke, kona pōʻaiapili, nā hiʻohiʻona o ka hāʻawi a me ka hana hou ʻana, a, ʻoiaʻiʻo, nā koho no ka hana pū ʻana me ia.
Ke kumu a me ka mōʻaukala o ka helehelena ma ʻEulopa
ʻO ka leptinotarsa decemlineata (Colorado potato beetle) i ʻike ʻia i ka hapa mua o ke kenekulia 19, i ka makahiki 1824, na Thomas Say, he naturalist a me entomologist mai ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa. ʻO nā hiʻohiʻona mua i hōʻiliʻili ʻia e ia ma ka nighthade pepeiaohao e ulu ana i nā mauna Rocky. Ua hāʻawi ʻo ia i nā ʻelele o nā lāhulu hou loa i ka laha Chrysomela a i ʻole nā nalo lau. Akā i ka makahiki 1865, ua hoʻokau kekahi mea noiʻi nīnūnū i ka nalo potato potato ma ka genus Leptinotarsa, kahi i kēia lā.
ʻO ka homeland o ka nalo potato potato ma ka hikina hikina o Mekiko, ka moku ʻo Sonora. Ma waho o ia, ke noho nei nā ʻano laha ʻē aʻe o nā nalo lau, ʻai lākou i ka nighthade ʻāhiu a me ka paka. I ke kenekulia 19, ua neʻe ka nalo mai kona wahi ʻōiwi a hiki i ka ʻākau, i ka ʻaoʻao hikina o nā Pōhaku Pōhaku, kahi i aʻo ai i ka ʻai ʻana i nā lau o kaʻuala, i hānai ʻia e nā poʻe noho. No ka manawa mua, ua hoʻopaʻa ʻia ka nui o nā pōʻino mai kahi nalo i Nebraska i ka makahiki 1855, a i ka makahiki 1859 ua luku ʻia nā māla ma Kolorato, a ma hope iho ua loaʻa ka inoa.
I loko nō naʻe o ka lawe ʻia ʻana o nā hana i mea e pale aku ai i ka hoʻolaha ʻana o ka pest i loko o ka ʻāina, ua hoʻomaka koke ia e hōʻike ʻia ma nā mokuʻāina ʻē aʻe a me Kanada, a i ka 1876 ua puka mua ia ma ʻEulopa me nā ukana o nā moku.
A laila hele hou ka beetle i ka ʻāina i mau manawa hou, akā i kēlā me kēia manawa ua luku ʻia. I ka makahiki 1918, ua kūleʻa ka "pae ʻana" o ka nalo - ua ʻike ʻia ka ʻino ma nā kula o Palani a hoʻomaka e hoʻolaha ma nā ʻāina kokoke. I kēia manawa ma ʻEulopa ʻike ʻia ia ma nā wahi āpau koe ʻo ʻEnelani, kahi kahi kākaʻikahi loa.
I ka 1949, ua ʻike ʻia ka nalo ma ka USSR - ma ka moku ʻo Lvov, i ka makahiki 1953 - i kekahi mau moku Lūkini i ka manawa hoʻokahi. Ma ke ʻano he neʻe mālie i ka hikina, ua hōʻea ka mea kolo i ka Teritori Primorsky i ka hoʻomaka o ke kenekulia 21.
Hōʻike o ka pest
ʻO ka beetle mākua ke kaulike ma ka nui - 0.8-1.2 cm ka lōʻihi, 0.6-0.7 cm ākea. He oval-poepoe ke kino, convex, melemele-ʻalani i ke kala, me nā kiko ʻeleʻele, aniani. Hoʻokomo pū ʻia ka pre-dorsum me ka ʻeleʻele; 5 mau kaha ʻeleʻele kūiki e holo ma ka elytra. Me kēlā ʻano kaha ʻōniʻoniʻo, ʻaʻole paʻakikī e hoʻokaʻawale i kahi nalo mai nā mea kolo ʻē aʻe. Hoʻolālā maikaʻi ʻia kona mau ʻeheu, ʻo ia ke kumu e hiki ai iā ia ke lele ma kahi mamao loa.
Palupalu nā larvae, convex pū kekahi, a i 1,5cm ka lōʻihi, i ka mua, i ka wā ʻōpio, melemele lākou, a laila pouli, lilo i ʻalani-ʻulaʻula a me ʻeleʻele. ʻO ia mau kala ma muli o ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, e ʻai ana i nā lau, ʻaʻole hiki i ka larva ke ʻeli i ka carotene i loko o lākou, a hōʻiliʻili liʻiliʻi ia i loko o kā lākou mauʻaʻa. He poʻoʻeleʻele ko ka larvae a he 2 mau lālani kiko o ke kala like ma nā ʻaoʻao ʻelua o ke kino.
ʻAi nā beetles mākua a ʻoi aku hoʻi i nā larva i nā lau o ka nighthade. ʻO nā ʻano mahiʻai o kēia ʻohana, makemake nui lākou i nā eggplants a me nā ʻuala, akā ʻaʻole pili i ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana i nā tumato, physalis, paka. ʻO nā pepelu bele ka koho hope loa inā ʻaʻohe meaʻai kūpono aʻe kokoke. Pehea ke ʻano ʻ beʻī ʻo Colorado hiki ke ʻike ma ke kiʻi.
Pōʻaiapuni ola
Haʻalele wale nā ʻelele makua no ka hoʻoilo, i ka hāʻule ʻai lākou i lalo i ka lepo e 0.2-0.5 m. Ke hiki mai ka wela, hele i waho nā beetles i luna, hoʻomaka e hānai i nā lūlū potato, a laila loaʻa kahi hoa.
I kēia hihia, hiki ke hoʻomomona ʻia nā wahine i ka wā o ke kau, a laila hoʻomaka koke lākou e moe. Hāʻawi pū kekahi ia i ke ola o ka pepeke ʻino, ʻoiai ʻaʻole pono nā wahine wahine momona e nānā no kahi kāne i ka puna.
ʻO ka pīpī, i ka hōʻea ʻana i kaʻuala, hoʻomaka i ka waiho ʻana i mau hua i nā hui liʻiliʻi ma ka ʻaoʻao lalo o nā lau. ʻO nā hua hua nalo potato potato - liʻiliʻi, elongated, melemele a ʻalani paha.
I ka lā 1 wale nō, hiki i ka wahine ke waiho i nā 5-80 pcs. nā hua, a no ke kau holoʻokoʻa - 350-700 pcs. (e like me kekahi mau kumuwaiwai, ʻo kēia huahelu he 1 tausani mau ʻāpana). Ehia mau hanauna e ulu i ke kauwela e pili ana i ke aniau a me ke aniau o kēia manawa: ma ka hema he 2-3 o lākou, ma ka ʻākau - 1 wale nō.
Nā ʻohana laret beetle potato hatch hua i 5-17 lā. A hiki i ka pupation, hele lākou i nā hanana 4 i kā lākou ulu ʻana.
- 1 - ʻai wale i nā aʻa palupalu o ka lau mai lalo, kahi i hoʻonohonoho pinepine ʻia ma nā lau apical ʻōpio;
- 2 - ʻai i ka lau holoʻokoʻa, waiho wale i nā uaua;
- 3 a me 4 - hoʻopuehu i loko o ka mea kanu, kolo i nā mea hou aʻe.
ʻAi ikaika ka larvae, a ma hope o 2-3 mau pule e hele lākou i ka honua no ka pupation. ʻO ka hohonu o ka hohonu ʻana he 0,1 m wale nō. Puka mai nā beetles mai nā pupa i 1.5-3 mau pule. Ke kolo nei lākou a noho mau paha i ka honua a hiki i ka hiki ʻana mai o ka puna (pili kēia i ka mahana o ka honua).
ʻO nā nalo ʻōpiopio me nā integuments palupalu, ʻalani ʻalani. Akā ma hope o kekahi mau hola huli lākou i brown, e loaʻa ana i kahi kala maʻamau no kēia ʻano. ʻAi lākou i nā lau ʻuala no 1-3 mau pule. Inā wela ke aniau, lele nā pīpī i nā ʻāina ʻē aʻe. Ke hoʻohana nei i ka makani, ma ka wikiwiki o 8 km / h, hiki iā lākou ke lele he ʻumi mau mile mai ko lākou wahi maoli.
Noho mau nā nalo no 1 makahiki, akā hiki i kekahi o lākou ke noho no 2 a 3 mau kau. Ma lalo o nā kūlana maikaʻi ʻole, komo nā kolo i ka diapuse a hoʻolilo i 2-3 mau makahiki i ka honua. Hoʻopilikia kēia hiʻohiʻona me ka kaohi pest pono. Inā pilikia, ʻaʻole hoʻāʻo nā nalo e lele aku, akā hāʻule i ka honua me he mea lā ua make.
Pehea e hakakā ai
ʻAlalā ʻuala ʻo Colorado - insect aloha nui loa, inā ʻaʻole ʻoe e lawe i nā ana e hakakā ai, hiki i nā larva i kahi manawa pōkole ke ʻai i kahi ʻāpana o nā lau ma ka nahele. Mai kēia, ʻaʻole hiki i ka mea kanu ke hoʻomohala maʻamau, hoʻonohonoho a ulu i nā tubers. ʻAʻole e hōʻiliʻili ʻia.
Ma nā wahi liʻiliʻi, hiki iā ʻoe ke hakakā pū me ka nalo me ka hoʻohana ʻole ʻia o nā kemika. Hiki iā ʻoe ke hoʻomaka ma hope o ke kanu ʻana i kaʻuala. E hohola ʻia ma kahi kokoke i nā moena hoʻomaʻemaʻe. ʻO nā beetles i kolo aku i waho o ka honua e ʻākoakoa ma luna o lākou, e ʻume ʻia e ka pilau.
Noho wale ia e hōʻiliʻili i ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe me nā mea kolo, lawe i waho o nā moena a luku iā ia. ʻO ka manawa e haʻalele ai ka nalo i ka lepo hiki ke hala i hoʻokahi mahina, no laila ʻaʻole lawa ka noi hoʻokahi o kēia hana.
ʻO ka papa ʻelua o ka hakakā: ka nānā ʻana i nā nāhelehele no ke kū ʻana o nā hua manu hou ma luna o lākou. ʻOiai nā wahine e hoʻomoe iā lākou ma ka papa lalo o ka lau, paʻakikī e ʻike koke iā lākou. Pono e ʻohi i nā lau, e nānā iā lākou mai lalo mai, e ʻohi i nā mea i loaʻa nā paʻa hua manu a luku pū hoʻi, e ʻohiʻohi i nā nalo ke loaʻa lākou ma kaʻuala a luku hoʻi.
ʻEnemi kūlohelohe
ʻAi nā nalo meli i nā lau ʻuala i loaʻa ka solanine. Hoʻopili kēia mea i loko o kā lākou mauʻaʻaʻa, no laila ʻaʻole kūpono lākou i ka meaʻai no ka hapanui o nā manu a holoholona paha. Ma muli o kēia, he mau ʻenemi kūlohelohe kā lākou, a ʻaʻole hiki i ka poʻe e noho nei ke kāohi i ka helu o nā nalo i kahi pae weliweli ʻole.
Mai nā manu mahiʻai, nā nalo, nā manu ʻōpala, nā kuhukukū, nā pheasants a me nā ʻāpana manuahi e hoʻopau ʻia me ka hōʻeha ʻole iā lākou iho. No lākou, ʻaʻohe mea ʻino a ʻai ʻia me ka hauʻoli nui. ʻAi wale nā moa guinea iā lākou iho e ʻai i nā mea kolo, pono e aʻo ʻia ke koena mai ka makahiki o 3-4 mau mahina: ʻo ka mea mua, e hoʻomoʻi i nā nalo liʻiliʻi i hānai ʻia, a laila nā mea holoʻokoʻa, i maʻa ai nā manu i kā lākou ʻono.
Hiki ke hoʻokuʻu pololei ʻia nā manu i loko o ka māla, ʻaʻole lākou e hana ʻino i nā mea kanu, ʻaʻole lākou e lūlū i ka honua e like me nā moa, ʻai lākou i nā nalo a me nā larvae pololei mai nā lau. I ka manawa like me nā nalo, hoʻopau pū nā manu puaʻa guinea i nā mea kolo ʻē aʻe i hoʻopōʻino pū i nā mea kanu i mahi ʻia
Aia kekahi ʻikepili e ʻai pū nā moa moa kūloko i nā nalo beet Colorado, akā ʻo kēlā me kēia kanaka i maʻa i kēia mai ka wā kamaliʻi. Hiki ke hoʻokuʻu i nā manu i loko o ka māla ke ʻike ʻia nā larvae, ʻo ia hoʻi, i Mei-Iune.
Akā, makemake ʻia e pā ʻia kaʻuala me kekahi mea, i ʻole e neʻe maʻalahi nā moa i nā moena kokoke a hōʻino i nā mea kanu e ulu ana ma laila, kuʻi i nā ʻōmaʻomaʻo ʻōpio, a hoʻonohonoho i nā lua no ka ʻauʻau ʻana i ka lepo. Ke hoʻohana nei i nā manu moa i kēia ala, hiki iā ʻoe ke hana me ka ʻole o nā lāʻau me nā kemika a i ʻole nā insecticides lāhui.
ʻO ka hakakā ʻana i ka nalo e maʻalahi a loaʻa pono hoʻi: nā manu, e hānai nei i nā mea kolo i waiwai i ka protein, e ulu koke a loaʻa ke kaupaona, e hoʻomoe nā papa i nā hua he nui, a ʻo kēia mau mea āpau i nā meaʻai manuahi.
Ma waho o nā mea home, ʻai pū nā manu ʻāhiu i ka nalo beetle. ʻO kēia nā starling, sparrows, cuckoos, crows, hazel grouses, a pēlā aku. Akā, ʻoiai, ʻaʻole pono ʻoe e hilinaʻi i ka mea e luku lākou i ka beetle i nā helu nui.
Hiki ke hoʻonui i ka nui o nā manu hihiu inā ʻoe e lure pono iā lākou i ka pūnaewele, akā lōʻihi a pinepine ʻole kēia, no laila, ʻaʻohe mea e noʻonoʻo ai i nā manu ʻāhiu ke ala nui e hoʻopau ai i ka nalo. A e like me kekahi mau hōʻike, ua lele nā manu i ka pūnaewele, ʻaʻole wale e ʻai i nā mea make, akā hōʻino nō hoʻi i ka ʻohi ʻana o nā hua i pala i kēia manawa.
ʻO nā mea kolo, nā hua a me nā larvae o ka nalo potato o Colorado e luku ʻia e ka lacewing, nā nalo o ka honua, nā ladybugs, nā hoverflies, nā pale pale, nā ʻōpala predatory a me nā tahinas (hoʻopili lākou i ka hope, ka hāʻule, ka hanauna o ka pest, no laila ke kaohi nei i kāna hana hou ʻana). Ke aʻo ʻia nei nā entomophages ʻAmelika - nā ʻenemi kūlohelohe o ka nalo potato potato o Colorado a me ka hiki ke hiki ke hoʻololi ʻia i ʻEulopa.
Nā hana ʻē aʻe o ka paio
ʻIke nā beetles mākua i ka uala e ka honi, mahalo i ko lākou ʻaʻala maikaʻi. I mea e pale aku ai i nā nalo mai ka loaʻa ʻana o nā laʻalāʻau, pono ʻoe e lūlū i kekahi o kēia mau mea kanu kokoke iā lākou: calendula, dill, basil, cilantro, mint, kanu kālika, kekahi ʻano ʻaka, nā pī. E like me ka mea i ʻōlelo ʻia, hiki i kēia ke hōʻemi i ka helu o nā beetles ma kahi o 10 mau manawa.
Ke kanu ʻana i nā tubers i ka pūnāwai, pono ʻoe e kau i kahi husk onioni a me ka lehu i kēlā me kēia puka. ʻAʻole e ʻike ʻia ka nalo ma kaʻuala a hiki i ka pua ʻana, a ma hope o ia mea ʻaʻole ia e hoʻoweliweli hou, ʻoiai ke kau ʻana o nā tubers hou i ka hapalua mua o ke kau ulu.
ʻO nā mea hoʻomake insecticides
Inā ʻaʻole kōkua nui nā ʻano kūlohelohe, nui nā beetle a nui ʻole ka wahi i noho ʻia e kaʻuala, a laila ʻo ka mea ʻoi loa e hiki ke noʻonoʻo ʻia ʻo ia ka mālama ʻana i nā māla me nā insecticides kemika. Hoʻopīpī ʻia lākou me nā mea kanu ke ʻike ʻia nā ʻōpala o 2 mau makahiki a me nā nalo ʻōpio ma luna o lākou.
Akā, ʻoiai he hiʻohiʻona o ka nalo potato potato ke kūpaʻa maikaʻi i nā kemika like ʻole a me ka hoʻololi wikiwiki ʻana iā lākou, pono ʻoe e hoʻololi i nā hoʻomākaukau, a ʻaʻole e pīpī me ka mea like mau. ʻAʻole paʻakikī kēia e hana, no ka mea, nui nā ʻano like ʻole nā mea lapaʻau no ka nalo potato potato, nui nā koho.
ʻO nā mea hoʻomake insecticides - lāʻau make mai ka nalo potato potato - hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia e like me nā palena. ʻO kahi laʻana, hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia lākou āpau i nā papa: ka nānā liʻiliʻi, hana wale i nā larvae a i nā mākua wale nō, a i ʻole i ka honua āpau, e luku ana i nā nalo i kēlā me kēia makahiki.
ʻOi aku ka ikaika a me ka hana o ke kemikika i nā lāʻau hope loa, ʻaʻole lākou e hoʻomake hilinaʻi wale i nā mea kolo, akā ʻoi aku ka hopena o ka hopena i nā mea kanu, a inā hoʻohana hewa ʻole a ke ʻoi aku ka nui o ke ana, pili pū kekahi i nā kānaka.
Wahi a ke ʻano o ka noi ʻana, manaʻo ʻia nā huahana no ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana a no ka pīpī ʻana. Hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻia nā kūmole me kahi hopena i hoʻomākaukau ʻia mai nā ʻahu lole ma mua o ka hoʻouna ʻia ʻana no ka germination a i ʻole i pulu ʻia i ka hopena. Hoʻomākaukau pū ʻia kahi hopena mai nā sprayers e hoʻohana ʻia no ka pīpī ʻana i nā lau a me nā koʻokoʻo.
Wahi a ke ʻano o ka hana ma ka pest, pili nā insecticides, ʻōpū a me ka ʻōnaehana. ʻOkoʻa lākou i nā mea hana. ʻO kēia nā avermectins, pyrethrins, phosphorus compound a me neonicotinoids.
ʻO ka hapa nui o nā insecticides ikaika he phytotoxic, ʻaʻole lākou e koi ʻia no nā ʻōpuʻu pala: ʻo ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa hope loa e lawe ʻia ma kahi o hoʻokahi mahina ma mua o ka ʻeli ʻana o ka hua hou. ʻAʻole makemake ʻia ka waiho ʻana i kēlā mau ʻuala no ke kanu ʻana i ka wā puna e hiki mai ana.
Nā ʻano kūpaʻa
ʻAʻohe laha e 100% paʻakikī loa no ka nalo. Akā aia kekahi mau ʻano i ʻoi aku ka pale aku i ka ʻai ʻana i nā pest ma mua o nā mea ʻē aʻe āpau. ʻAʻole hoʻokō ʻia kēia ma o ka ʻenekinia, akā ma o ka hana koho e hoʻomohala i nā ʻano ʻokoʻa i ka poʻe ʻē aʻe i ke ʻano o nā lau.
Maʻalahi lākou, fibrous, uhi ʻia me nā lauoho, me nā uaua paʻa, kahi mea paʻakikī e hānai i nā nalo, ʻo ia hoʻi nā ʻōpio ʻōpio. Hiki nō paha ʻaʻole lākou makemake i ka ʻono loa o nā lau i māʻona me ka solanine a me nā alkaloid ʻē aʻe. ʻAʻole ʻono wale kēia mau mea hoʻohui i ka ʻoluʻolu ʻole, akā kaupalena ʻia ka hiki i ka beetle ke hanau hou.
Aia kekahi mau ʻano me ke kiʻekiʻe o ka hoʻoulu hou ʻana, no laila, ʻoiai inā ʻai ʻia e nā nalo, wikiwiki lākou a ola a ulu i nā lau hou. Hoʻoemi kēia i nā pohō o nā mea kanu, ʻoiai ka hilinaʻi nui o kāna nui i ka nui o nā greenery mai kahi e hoʻohuli ʻia ai nā meaʻai i nā tubers.
Hoʻoemi i ka likelihood o kahi beetle attack a me ke kūpaʻa maʻamau o kaʻuala i nā maʻi: makemake ka pest i nā nāhelehele nāwaliwali e nā maʻi, ʻai koke iā lākou. No nā moena o ka home, hiki iā ʻoe ke koho i nā ʻano ʻuala aʻe:
- Laki. He unpretentious ka ʻano, me nā hua kiʻekiʻe a me nā ʻike starch. Kūpono ʻole - hoʻopilikia ʻia paha e kahi nematode.
- Lasunok. ʻO kahi ʻano waena e ulu pono ana i kūpono no ka ulu ʻana ma Central Russia. ʻOno kaʻuala, ola i ko lākou inoa.
- Kamensky. Ke ʻano o ke ʻano o ka wanaʻao, eia kekahi, a hua hoʻi. Hoʻohui ʻia me ke kūpale ʻana o ka nalo, hana kēia mau waiwai iā ia kahi mahi pono kūpono no nā māla home.
Hoʻohui ʻia i kēia mau mea, hiki ke ʻike ʻia ma ke kūʻai aku he nui nā ʻano kūpale beetle. Hiki ke kūʻai aku i kēia mau mea mai nā hale kūʻai pūnaewele a i ʻole nā hale kūʻai.
Nā ʻōlelo aʻoaʻo pono
Mai hilinaʻi wale i ka ʻano, ʻaʻohe mea e kūpaʻa. ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi o ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana i kaʻuala i hiki ʻole ke loaʻa i ka nalo i ke kau. ʻO ka pae mua ka germination o nā tubers. Pono kēia i mea no ka sprouts e piʻi i luna i ka wikiwiki i hiki.
Ua ʻike ʻia kēlā ʻAlalā ʻuala ʻo Colorado ʻike ʻia ma kahi mahana ma kahi o 15 ° C, a inā ʻoe e kanu mua i kaʻuala, a laila i kēia manawa e loaʻa ka manawa i nā nāhelehele e ulu i luna kiʻekiʻe. Hiki keʻokiʻoki i nā paipu nui i mau ʻāpana i piha ka maka. E ulu ana kēlā me kēia mea i kahi mea kanu holoʻokoʻa, aʻoi aku ka nui o nā hua. E kāpīpī i keʻokiʻoki ma nā paipu me ka lehu i kānana ʻia.
Pono e kanu i kaʻuala i ka lepo momona. Hāʻawi ʻia i ka meaʻai kūpono, ikaika a paʻa hoʻi ia, a ʻoi aku ka maʻalahi o ka pale ʻana i nā mea ʻino. E hana i kahi kūpono kūpono, pono e hoʻohui i ka mea momona i ka lepo - humus a me ka lehu lāʻau maʻemaʻe.
ʻAʻole maikaʻi ka maikaʻi o ka nalo potato potato, kahi pōʻino nui wale nō. Ma ka luku ʻana i nā māla ʻuala, hoʻemi ia i nā hua o ka mea kanu. E hakakā iā ia, ua hoʻomohala ʻia nā ʻano hana like ʻole, e loaʻa ai kahi hopena wikiwiki a hilinaʻi hoʻi, ʻaʻole hiki iā ʻoe ke kū ma kekahi o lākou, akā hoʻopili i 2 a i ʻole 3 i hoʻokahi manawa.
