ʻO kahi hālāwai i manaʻo ʻole ʻia me ka viper i kona wahi kūlohelohe ʻaʻole maʻamau. Hoʻonohonoho ʻia nā kuʻina e nā ʻano laha, ka hulihonua ākea o nā mea kolo. I mea e ʻike ai i ka weliweli o ka mea kolo, pono ʻoe e ʻike pehea e hoʻokaʻawale ai i kahi moʻo kuni ʻawa mai nā nahesa maikaʻi ʻole, nā ʻano aʻo.
Hōʻike a me nā hiʻohiʻona
Ma Rūsia, ma waena o nā ʻano like ʻole o nā mea kolo kolohe, ʻike pinepine ʻia kekahi viper maʻamau, ʻo ia, ma muli o ka pale ʻana i nā mahana haʻahaʻa, ʻaʻole wale ka noho ʻana ma ka ʻākau, nā kikowaena o ʻEulopa, akā ma nā mauna mauna hoʻi, ma Siberia, ma kahi o. Sakhalin.
Ua lohe ka poʻe he nui e pili ana i ka hoʻokūkū, nā hihia hoʻouka e nā mea kolo, no laila hoihoi ka poʻe pehea ke ʻano viper a inā he maʻalahi ke hoʻomaopopo iā ia i waena o nā mea kolo kolohe ʻole. ʻO Viper i ka kiʻi pūʻiwa me ka loli o ka helehelena.
ʻO ka pinepine, me ka nānā ʻole i ke kala o ke kino (melemele, ʻeleʻele, hina, ʻeleʻele), ʻike maopopo ʻia kahi kahuli i ke ʻano o kahi laina zigzag ma ka pali. Aia nā moʻo ʻeleʻele, i kēia hihia ua blurr ka zigzag, melemele ka huelo, ʻalani ma lalo. ʻO ka nui o ka nahesa he 100-200 g, ulu nā kāne a -60-80 cm, ʻoi aku ka nui o nā wahine a ʻoi aku ka lōʻihi ma 10 cm.
ʻO ke poʻo me ka muzzles poepoe e pālahalaha ʻia, triangular, hoʻokaʻawale ʻia mai ke kino e kahi intercept intercept. ʻO nā scute frontal, parietal, a me nasal i ka kala ʻeleʻele. ʻO nā pale supraorbital ke kau nei ma luna o nā maka brown liʻiliʻi, e hāʻawi ana i ka waha i kahi ʻano ʻino.
Hoʻonui ʻia nā haumāna kū i luna e like me ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka pouli, e hoʻopiha ana i ka maka āpau. Ma muli o ka acuity ʻike maka viper ʻaʻole mau ka pōloli ma hope o ka ʻimi holoholona i ka pō. Kahi kino plump me kahi huelo pōkole, e leki ana i ka hopena, i uhi ʻia me nā unahi.
I ka iwi ā luna o ka nahesa, ulu nā ʻīlio ʻoi ʻelua, kahi e hoʻopili ʻia ai nā aʻa o nā glands me ka lāʻau make. I ka manawa o ka hoʻouka kaua, hāmama ka iwi ā, nā niho, ka mea i moe i lalo i mua me kahi kiko i loko, neʻe i mua. Kūleʻa nui nā mākala a puni nā kini. Hana ʻia kahi nahu me ka injection like o nā toxins.
ʻO nā mea o loko o ka nahesa e elongated, aia asymmetrically kekahi ma hope o kekahi. ʻO ka momona o ka iwi, ʻokoʻa i ka lolo, ua hoʻomohala maikaʻi ʻia, kahi e hoʻoholo ai i ka hoʻohui maopopo ʻana o nā neʻe o ka mea kolo, kahi pane koke i ka hoʻololi o ke kaiapuni.
I loko o nā moʻo, ma muli o ke ʻano kikoʻī o ka ʻōnaehana hanu, kahi ma kahi o ka atrophied left lung, ua hoʻokumu ʻia kahi māmā tracheal hou, ua pehu ka waiwai i ka weliweli, e hoʻopuka i nā kani kani.
Nā ʻano
Ua hoʻomaopopo nā ʻepekema i nā ʻohana ʻehā a ma kahi o 300 mau ʻano ʻiona o ka moonihoawa. Ma waho aʻe o ka mea maʻamau, ʻo nā ʻano o nā mea kolo e maʻa mau a hoihoi i ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana.
1. ʻO Gyurza. ʻO ka nui, a i ʻelua mau mika ka lōʻihi, ʻo ka ʻona o ka lāʻau make o ia mea heʻuʻuku iki ia ma mua o ka ʻona o ka cobra e pili ana i ka hopena, ʻaʻole i hoʻokomo ʻia i ka hui o nā reptile viviparous. ʻO nā palena o nā kāne ma mua o nā wahine.
ʻO kahi hiʻohiʻona ʻē aʻe o ka nahesa ka pani o nā scutes liʻiliʻi ma ke poʻo me nā unahi. Hinahina inconspicuous ke kala, ʻaʻohe ʻāpana ma ka pali. ʻIke ʻia nā kiko ma nā ʻaoʻao, ma ka pali o nā aka ʻokoʻa o ka brown. Hoʻomaka ke ʻano mai ka ʻāʻī a hoʻopau i ka wēlau o ka hiʻu. ʻO ka ʻōpū ka speckled, ʻoi aku ka māmā ma mua o ke kua.
ʻO ka ʻāpana puke ʻulaʻula o nā moonihoawa e noho ana ma nā kapuaʻi wāwae i loaʻa ma ʻAkau ʻApelika, i nā ʻāina o ka Hikina Waena. I Lūkia, noho kahi poʻe liʻiliʻi i ka North Caucasus. Ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia i ka viper maʻamau, ʻaʻole akahele ka gyurza, noho pinepine i ka poʻe.
2. ʻO ka moonihoawa a Nikolsky. Kūleʻa nā mea kolo ma Ukraine, ma ka ʻāpana ʻEulopa o Lūkia a hiki i ka Urals. Loaʻa i ka moʻo i ka ʻeleʻele o ke kino, ʻo ka piko melemele o ka huelo ma ka ʻaoʻao hope o ka nahesa he 3 mau makahiki wale nō. ʻEleʻele nā mea kolo ʻōpio me kahi kaha zigzag ma ke kua.
Manaʻo ʻia ma mua moonihoawa ʻeleʻele - he subspecies o ka viper maʻamau, akā ma hope o kahi noiʻi kikoʻī, ua ʻike ka ʻepekema i ka nahesa ma ke ʻano he ʻāpana kaʻawale. Ke kānalua nei kekahi mau zizologists i ka pololei o ka ʻike.
ʻO Viper ka Nikolsky ulu a 80 cm, ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o nā kāne ma mua o nā wahine. ʻAʻau wikiwiki ka nahesa ma mua o kona holo ʻana i ka ʻāina. Huli ia i ke ao. I nā manawa o ka weliweli, i ka hoʻohui i kahi kū i luna a me kahi uō nui, e hoʻoweliweli aku i ka ʻenemi, hoʻokuʻu ia i kahi mea pilau mai nā glands kūikawā.
3. Mōʻī huhū lāʻī. Pena ʻia i nā aka like ʻole o ka uliuli, ʻōmaʻomaʻo, melemele, ʻulaʻula, noho nā moʻo ma nā ulu lāʻau tropical a subtropical o waena a me ʻApelika komohana. Ulu nā mea kolo a 45-80 cm ka lōʻihi.
Mālama ʻia ke ola ma nā kumulāʻau e kahi huelo prehensile, nā unahi keeled ribed. I ka wā o ka hahai holoholona moonihoawa hūnā iā ia iho me he lālā, kūlou ma nā ʻaoʻao ʻokoʻa. Hoʻohui ʻia i nā moonihoawa ʻōpala, ʻo ka nahele ʻoʻoi, ʻowi, ʻōmaʻomaʻo a me nā ʻeleʻele-ʻōmaʻomaʻo uliuli i kapa ʻia he arboreal.
4. Moku ʻāpapa. Noho ka mea kolo i ka ʻaoʻao hikina hema o ʻEulopa, ka steppe, steppe ulu o ka Caucasus, ke kahakai kaiʻeleʻele, ka hema o Siberia. ʻO ka lōʻihi awelika o kahi ʻelele o nā laha he 60 cm. Ma ke poʻo, aia kahi hiʻohiʻona i ka wahi o ka lei aliʻi i ʻoi aku ka pouli ma mua o ka leo hope o ke kino.
Ua hoʻolōʻihi ʻia ka iwi poʻo, hoʻokiʻekiʻe ʻia ka maka i nā lihi. Holo kahi ʻāpana ʻeleʻele ma ka pali o ke kino hina-ʻeleʻele, maʻamau ka zigzag mau, i kekahi manawa intermittent. Keʻokeʻo keʻokeʻo, ʻōniʻoniʻo. ʻO ka mea ʻawahia o ke kolo.
Moku ʻāpapa ʻauʻau maikaʻi, ʻoi aku ka wikiwiki ma mua o ka neʻe ʻana o ka honua ma waena o nā kumu lāʻau. ʻAʻole like me nā ʻano ʻēheu ʻē aʻe, predominate nā mea kolo i ka papaʻai o ka steppe. Ma ka luku ʻana i nā ʻūhini i nā helu he nui i nā mahi mahiʻai, kōkua ka mea kolo i nā mahiʻai e mālama i kā lākou mea kanu.
5. Rhino Viper. ʻO ka ʻāpana luna o ke kino o kahi mea kolo, nani ka mea kolo i uhi ʻia me nā ʻano geometric like ʻole, pena ʻia i nā aka 15 o ka ʻulaʻula, polū, ʻōmaʻomaʻo, a me ka melemele. Hinahina ka ʻōpū me nā paʻi ʻeleʻele.
Ua loaʻa ka inoa o ka viper rhipercer i kona inoa mai nā wili wī wīwī wīwī e ulu ana i ka hopena o ka waha. ʻO 1.2 m ka lōʻihi o ke kino o ka lōʻihi, ʻo 0.6 ka palena iki. Noho kēia ʻano viper i nā wahi āpau o ʻApelika, koe wale no ka waena. Makemake ʻo ia e noho kokoke i nā kino wai, me ka hele ʻole i ka hohonu o ka ulu lāʻau.
ʻO ke ʻano kolohe o ke kanaka i ka nahesa wai weliweli ʻole i waena o ka poʻe i loaʻa ka inoa moʻo hihi chess ma muli o ka loaʻa ʻole o ka zaushin melemele ma ke poʻo, ke ʻano o ka nahesa. ʻO ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, palekana ka nahesa i loaʻa i ka wai. Hōʻoia kēia mea e nā haumāna āpau i ke ʻano o nā nahesa wela ʻole. I nā manawa o ka weliweli, ke kani ka wai, hoʻopuka i kahi mea ʻoluʻolu ʻole, holoi maikaʻi ʻole ʻia i ka wai, akā ʻaʻole nahu.
Ka nohona a me ka nohona
Mūhini nahesa- ʻaʻole kahi mea kolo kolo. Neʻe ʻole ma mua o 5 km, e koho ana i kahi kūpono e hibernate ai. Mai ka mahina hope loa o ke kau, e ʻimi nei nā mea kolo i nā kahawai, nā lua e hele i lalo i ka honua 2 m. Ma kahi hohonu, ua mau ke ana wela ma loko o ka hoʻoilo, kahi ʻoluʻolu no nā moonihoawa.
Me ka hemahema o nā pūnaewele no ka hoʻoilo, hiki i ka lehulehu o nā nahesa ma kahi hoʻokahi i kahi mau haneli mau kānaka. Ke hoʻopau ʻia ka lako o ka meaʻai, neʻe nā mea kolo i 1-2 km ma waho o ko lākou wahi noho mau, me kahi i ʻoi aku ma mua o 100 m.
I ka pūnāwai, kolo aku nei nā moʻo mai kā lākou mau lua, e ʻimi nei i kahi hoa pili. Aloha nā mea kolo e bask i ka lā hāmama ma kahi o ka puʻuhonua. Hūnā ke koena o ka manawa i nā wahi mehameha a i ʻole nā alualu. ʻAʻole kolo ka viper ma hope o kāna mea pio, akā hūnā ʻo ia i kahi hoʻohālua, ke kali nei no ka kokoke loa mai o ka mea ʻeha.
ʻAʻole huhū ka nahesa ke ʻaʻohe mea hoʻoweliweli iā ia, akā i nā manawa pōpilikia ke holo nei ʻo ia i nā mea ola ʻole ʻole. Palekana ʻole lākou, hana ʻole, ʻimi e kolo i kahi mehameha o kahi mea kolo i ka wā o ka molting.
2 mau pule ma mua o ka loli ʻana o ka ʻaʻahu, huluhulu ka ʻili, lilo ke ʻāpihi o ka maka i ke ao. Hana ʻia ka molting i loko o nā moonihoawa i nā ʻano like ʻole. Inā ʻōpio ka nahesa, olakino a piha i ka ikaika, hoʻohou ka ʻili i kekahi mau hola. Lawe ʻia i mau lā no ka nāwaliwali nāwaliwali, nā maʻi, nā nahesa kahiko e hoʻoheheʻe ai.
ʻIke ʻia ʻo Vipers i nā biotopes ʻokoʻa - i nā ululāʻau, nā māla, nā kula, i nā wahi palahō, i nā ʻāpana o nā pōhaku, ma nā kapa wai o ke kai, a i nā hale kauwela a me nā pā hale. He ʻauʻau kai maikaʻi nā nāhesa, hiki ke hele i kēlā kapa o ka muliwai me ka ʻole o ka ikaika inā pono.
Ma muli o ka pau ʻana o ka nāhelehele i ka nāhelehele, ka hoʻokahe ʻia ʻana o nā wahi kai, ka hoʻoulu hou ʻana i nā ʻāina puʻupaʻa, ka helu o kekahi ʻano o nā mea kolo, me ka viper maʻamau, i helu ʻia i loko o nā puke ʻikepili ʻulaʻula a ʻāpana.
Hāʻawi nā ʻenemi kūlohelohe i ka emi ʻana o ka heluna kanaka. ʻO nā boars, noʻonoʻo ʻole i ka lāʻau make, nā ʻalopeke, nā ʻīlio hae, nā hedgehogs, nā ʻūlū, nā hedgehogs e ʻai ai i nā mea kolo. ʻO nā moʻohe ʻāpana o ka papaʻai o nā herona, nā ʻaeto, aeto, a me nā ʻākiu.
Meaʻai kūpono
Ke hana nei i ka meaʻai, ʻaʻole hopu ka mea kolo i ka mea i hōʻino ʻia, akā hoʻouka mai kahi hoʻohālua. Hūnā ʻia i ka mauʻu a i ʻole i kahi kumulāʻau, lele koke ka nahesa ma luna o nā koʻokoʻo gape, nā rana, nā moʻo. ʻAi ka viper maʻamau i nā moa, nā manu makua o ka papa passerine, a makemake e ʻahaʻaina i nā hua.
I ke ʻano o ka ʻimi kūleʻa ʻole, pono nā mea kolo me nā kolo - cicadas, ʻūhini, nā beetles nui, butterflies. ʻAʻole hiki i nā nahesa ke nau i ka meaʻai, no laila lākou e ale holoʻokoʻa i kā lākou mea pio, e hana ana i kahi huina i hohola ʻia mai kā lākou mau ā.
Huki ka mea kolo i ka iwi ā luna ma luna o ka mea i hōʻeha ʻia, e paʻa ana me nā niho o lalo. A laila hoʻokuʻu ʻo ia i nā kini, pahu i ka iwi ʻē i mua. Me kēia mau neʻe ʻana, kipaku ka nahesa i kāna mea pio i ka puʻu, ka ʻeleʻele muscular.
ʻO ka hana hou a me ke ola o ke ola
I nā vipipā wahine viviparous, hiki ke oʻo i ka makahiki o ʻelima, i nā hoa - e ʻehā. Hoʻomaka ka wā moena i ka puna ma kahi paʻa ma luna o-zero mau mahana 2-3 mau pule ma hope o ka hibernation.
Kaukaʻi ʻia i ka ʻāina o ka noho ʻana, ʻokoʻa ka manawa o ka male ʻana a me ke alapine o ka hānau hou ʻana. I nā wahi me kahi aniau mehana, hoʻomaka ke kau male ma Malaki, hānau ka wahine i nā keiki i kēlā me kēia makahiki. I nā ʻĀkau o ka ʻākau, ala aʻe nā moonihoawa i 1-2 mau mahina ma hope, a hānau hou i hoʻokahi makahiki.
ʻO ka mea mua, kolo nā kāne mai nā wahi mehameha o ka hoʻoilo i ka hoʻoilo i nā wahi hāmama o ka lā. Ma hope o 10 mau lā, ʻike ʻia nā wahine, i ʻimi ʻia e nā kāne. Inā hoihoi kekahi mau kāne i hoʻokahi nahesa, e hakakā ana ma waena o lāua.
I ka wā o nā hulahula maʻamau, ana nā mea hoʻokūkū i ka ikaika, e hoʻāʻo e kaomi kekahi i ka honua, akā pale i nā nahu ʻawahia. Hoʻohālikelike ʻia nā genital o ka wahine e nā ovaries ʻelua, ke kāne e nā testes a me nā ʻeke ʻeke me nā spines ma hope o ka anus.
I ka wā o coitus, hoʻopili ʻia ka wahine me nā kino, ke kāne, e hoʻokuke nei i ke kino copulate mai lalo o ka ʻili, komo i loko o ka cloaca o ka wahine. I ka hopena o ke kaʻina hana, moe wale nā mea kolo kolo no nā minuke he nui, a laila kolo akula i ke ala ʻē aʻe a ʻaʻole e hoʻopili hou.
Loaʻa ka hāpai ʻana i ka awelika o 3 mau mahina, akā aia kekahi ʻē aʻe. Noho ka sperm o ke kāne i ke kino o ka wahine no kahi wā lōʻihi, kū ʻia ka momona ke kū nā kūlana kūwaho maikaʻi. Ua ʻike ʻia kahi hihia i ka wā e mālama ana i nā moʻo i ka pio, ua ʻike ʻia nā moʻo hānau hou he 6 mau makahiki ma hope o ka male ʻana.
ʻAʻole hoʻomoe ka viper i nā hua, akā hāpai iā lākou i loko o ka ʻōpū. Pau kekahi o lākou, hoʻomōhala palekana ke koena. Ma o nā kīʻaha koko o nā oviduct o ka makuahine, ma o ka pūpū, hāʻawi ʻia nā meaʻai hou i nā embryos, i ulu nui ma muli o ka yolk.
Hānau ka wahine i nā keiki ʻona i ka nui o 5-10 mau ʻāpana. ʻO ka hānau hānau ʻana, mau ʻia a 4 mau lā, kau ʻia ma luna o kahi kumulāʻau. Hoʻopuni ke kolo i ka pahu, e luli ana i kona huelo, mai lalo e hāʻule ai nā keiki hānau hou i ka honua. Kokolo koke nā nahesa liʻiliʻi i nā ʻaoʻao ʻokoʻa, peʻe i ka mauʻu mānoanoa. ʻAʻole kuleana o ka makua i kā lākou hānai ʻana, hānai ʻana.
Hānau ʻia nā nahesa e pili ana i ka nui o ka penikala a i ʻole ka nui iki, me ka ʻili o ka ʻili i ʻoi aku ka māmā ma mua o ko lākou makuahine. Ma hope o kekahi mau hola a mau lā paha, hoʻololi ka ʻili mua, a ma hope o ka ʻokoʻa o nā keiki mai ko lākou mau mākua i ke kaupaona a me ka lōʻihi. ʻOiai ʻo ka ʻoiaʻiʻo o nā mālama o nā mea momona ua lawa no 6 mau lā, ʻo ka ʻōpio ma hope koke o ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana i kahi huli no nā mea kolo.
Ua hōʻike ʻia kahi hilinaʻi pololei o ka manaolana o ke ola o nā nahesa, kaukaʻi ʻia i ka laha. Noho nā mea kolo liʻiliʻi i 7 mau makahiki, nā mea nunui - 15. He ola lōʻihi nā steppe vipers, ua make kekahi o lākou ma hope o 30.
ʻIkepili Hoihoi
ʻO ka mea hoihoi loa e pili ana i nā ʻāpala:
- inā ʻaʻohe manawa o ka viper hānau hou e peʻe ai i loko o ka nāhelehele, hiki iā ia ke lawelawe ma ke ʻano he ʻaina awakea na kona makua;
- nahesa molt i loko o ko lākou ola ʻana, nā keiki i ʻoi aku ka nui ma mua o nā mākua ma muli o ka ulu wikiwiki ʻana;
- manaʻo ka poʻe Kepanī, Kina, Kōlea i ka ʻiʻo viper he mea ʻono, kahi lapaʻau no nā maʻi he nui;
- hiki ke kiʻi i kahi ʻokoʻa 0,002 ° C i kahi mea ʻike mahana ma ke poʻo o ka nahesa, ka mea kōkua i ka hoʻokele ʻana i ka pō.
- kolohe nā mea kolo ma hope koke o ka hānau ʻana;
- hūnā nā nāhesa i ka lāʻau make ke nahu ʻia ma 75 mau hihia o 100;
- ulu nā niho o ka viper Gabonese ʻApelika a 3 cm;
- ʻO nā mea Malaysia e noho ana ma ka mokupuni ʻo Kāpena e mahalo i nā ʻupena he holoholona laʻa;
- neʻe wikiwiki nā ʻāpana steppe i ka wai a ma nā kumulāʻau ma mua o ka ʻāina;
- hoʻonui ka huhū o nā nahesa i ka wā o ka moena, e hāʻule ana ma Malaki - Iune.
Ulu nā niho o ka moonihoawa, loli i ke ola holoʻokoʻa, ma ke ʻano i hoʻolālā ʻia a inā i nalo, e ʻae kēia i ka nahesa e mākaukau mau a mākaukau e hoʻouka i ka mea i hōʻeha ʻia.
