Lunamakaʻāinana o ka ʻohana salemona nui, peled ka iʻa aiʻole ka tī he mea ia o ka lawaiʻa amatir ʻelua a me ka lawaiʻa ʻana ma kahi pālākiō ʻoihana, a me ka hoʻoulu ʻana i nā mahiʻai iʻa.
Hōʻike a me nā hiʻohiʻona
Peled - kahi iʻa iʻa hou e pili ana i ka genus whitefish o ka ʻohana salemona, hina hina i ke kala me ka sheen metallic, ʻoiai ʻeleʻele ke kua o ka iʻa. Aia kekahi puʻu hoʻohanohano ma luna o ke poʻo. ʻO ka fin dorsal a me ke poʻo i speckled me nā kiko ʻeleʻele.
Kaʻi ʻia ka iwi ā luna ma luna o ka lalo. ʻO kēia hiʻohiʻona hiʻohiʻona a me kahi nui o nā stamens gill e hiki ai ke hilinaʻi i ka tī ma waena o nā ʻelele ʻē aʻe o nā keʻokeʻo. ʻO ke kino o ka peled kahi ʻano kiʻekiʻe elongated, pālahalaha ʻia mai nā ʻaoʻao.
Aia nā lūlū ma nā ʻūlū a hiki i ka huelo i kekahi manawa i kahi ʻulaʻula. E like me nā lālā o ka ʻohana salemona, he pelu adipose kā ka peled ma kona kua ma ka ʻaoʻao o ka huelo. Hoʻopili paʻa nā unahi i ke kino o ka iʻa.
I ka wā o ka moena a me ka wā hānau, hoʻomālamalama ke kala o ka tī, lilo i polū mālamalama ma ke poʻo a me ke kua. I ke kaʻina o ka hana ʻana i ka hana, hana ʻia nā tubercles epithelial keʻokeʻo ma ka lōʻihi holoʻokoʻa o nā ʻaoʻao o ka tī. Kapa aku nā lawaiʻa iā lākou he mau momi, i hoʻomāmā ʻia me ka hopena o ke kau manuā. Peled i loko o ka kiʻi ʻO ia kahi hiʻohiʻona maikaʻi loa o kahi ʻano kala e hoʻololi ai.
ʻO ke kaulike kaulike o ka iʻa ma kahi o 500-700 g, ʻoiai aia kekahi mau hiʻohiʻona e hōʻea ana i 5 kg i ke kaupaona a me ka hapalua mika ka lōʻihi. Noho ke tī ma ka awelika -10 mau makahiki. Noho kekahi poʻe i 13 mau makahiki. Aia ka nohona kūlohelohe o peled i loko o ka wai o ka Amur a me nā kahawai e alakaʻi ana i ke Kai Arctic.
Loaʻa ʻo Peled i nā waihona wai ʻākau o ka panalāʻau o Eurasia - mai ka Kolyma ma ka hikina a i ka Mezen ma ke komohana. Eia kekahi, ʻo ka tī hiki ke loaʻa pinepine i nā kahawai o Lūkia Lūkia a me nā wahi hema o Siberia, kahi e noho hana ʻia ai. Noho ʻia ka muliwai Ob e ka lehulehu o ka peled.
Peled species
Hoʻomaopopo ka ʻIchthyology i ʻekolu mau ʻano peled:
- muliwai - hoʻolilo i kona ola i nā kahawai, ʻike ʻia e ka ulu wikiwiki ʻana, kū i ka makahiki ʻōpio i ke kolu o ka makahiki o ke ola ʻana.
- loko maʻamau - noho i nā loko, me ka haʻalele ʻole i nā palena o ka waihona wai ʻōiwi i hānau ʻia ai;
- dwarf lacustrine - noho i nā loko liʻiliʻi me ka plankton maikaʻi ʻole, ulu lohi, ʻaʻole i hiki i ka awelika o nā kumukūʻai.
ʻO nā hanana o ka muliwai a me nā ʻano loko maʻamau e ulu he 50-60 cm ka lōʻihi a hiki i kahi awelika o 2-3 kg, i kekahi manawa ʻoi aku ka nui. ʻAʻole hiki i ka dwarf lacustrine ʻano peled ke kiʻi i 0.5 kg.
Ka nohona a me ka nohona
Makemake ka pelac lacustrine i ka wai stagnant, nā loko a me nā waihona wai i loaʻa ʻole kahi kahe wikiwiki. ʻO kēia hiʻohiʻona o ka iʻa e maʻalahi ai ka hoʻoulu. ʻO nā ʻano muliwai e kū pono ana i ka neʻe lōʻihi ʻana ma nā wahi o nā kahawai. ʻAʻole ʻauʻau ʻo Peled i ke kai, ʻoiai ke hele mai nei i kekahi manawa i nā kahe paʻakai iki o ke kai kūʻono ʻo Kara Bay.
ʻOluʻolu ʻo Peled i loko o nā loko i paʻa, i makemake ʻia e hoʻohana ʻia i ka lawaiʻa loko ʻana. ʻAʻole makemake ka tī i nā kūlana ola. Hoʻolālā nō ia me ka mālie, akā nō naʻe ka wai kūpono no ka mea ʻaʻole ʻoi aku ia ma mua o 22 kekelē.
Hōʻalo nā pākaukau kīʻaha e noho i nā hipa, ulu nā ʻōpio i nā wai kahakai me nā mea kanu benthic. Hoʻokaʻawale kekahi mau kānaka ikaika mai ka ʻohana i ke kauwela mahana a loaʻa ka puʻuhonua i ka hohonu.
I kekahi manawa lacustrinepeled muliwai komo i loko o ka wai brackish o nā delta, akā ʻaʻole hiki i ke kai, no laila e kamaʻilio e pili ana i ke ʻano kai peled - kahi kuhi hewa, ʻoiai ʻo ka tī he kamaʻāina wai maoli maʻamau.
I ka pūnāwai, i ka wā i kahe ʻia nā wahi nui o ka Arctic Circle, holo nui ka iʻa i nā wahi kai kahawai, kahi a lākou e ʻike ai i ka nui o nā meaʻai. Mālama ka tī i nā tributaries a me nā bipi, kahi e hōʻiliʻili ai ka hānai he nui nona e ka puna. Eia naʻe, ke emi ka wai, hoʻi i kāna waihona wai.
ʻAiʻai Pono
Hānai nui ʻo Peled i nā crustacea liʻiliʻi a me ka zoplankton. Ke nalo kēlā ʻano meaʻai, hele ka tī i ka papaʻai o nā ʻelala, nā pulu, nā ʻokena, nā amphipods, nā gammarids.
Peled — he iʻa predatory, ʻo kāna papaʻai nā mollusks a me nā iʻa ʻē aʻe, no laila aia ka likelihood o nā ilo i ke komo ʻana i loko o kona kino me ka meaʻai. ʻO ka maʻalahi i ka hoʻouka ʻana i ka tī e nā ilo e hoʻoholo ana i ka ʻāina o kāna wahi noho.
Holo i ka makaʻu o ka lilo ʻana i maʻi i ke kino like o ka wai me nā cyprinids, i ʻike ʻia ma ke ʻano he lawe o nā meaola parasite. ʻAʻole paʻakikī ka wehewehe ʻana i ka ʻoiaʻiʻo o ka maʻi.
ʻO nā ʻūlū o nā ʻenuhe e like me nā huhui o nā hua keʻokeʻo e like me ka laiki. I ka kānalua iki i ka maʻi o ka iʻa, pono ʻoe e hōʻole e ʻai. I ke komo ʻana i loko o ke kino o ke kanaka, ʻo nā ilo i loko o kahi manawa pōkole o ka manawa e hōʻea i nā aʻa o ke ake a me ka gallbladder, kahi e waiho koke ai i kā lākou mau hua.
ʻO ka hana hou a me ke ola o ke ola
Mai ka palai a i ke kahua makua peled ka iʻa ulu i loko o ʻeono mau mahina, akā naʻe, hoʻopau ʻia ka ʻōpio ma nā ʻano muliwai i ka makahiki o 3, i loko o nā ʻano loko - e 5-7 mau makahiki. Noho ʻo Peled i nā makahiki 8-11. Hele iʻa iʻa nui i ka manawa e hiki ai i 6 mau makahiki.
E hana kope, pono ia i nā wahi mālie me ka wai stagnant. Hāʻule ka manawa spawning i ka hoʻomaka o ke kau, i kekahi mau makahiki i ka hoʻomaka o ka hoʻoilo, ke hōʻike ʻia ka hau i ka wai o ka loko. No laila, hoʻoholo nā kūlana meteorological i ka manawa hoʻomaka o ka hoʻoulu ʻana, a hiki ke hoʻolōʻihi aʻe mai Kepakemapa a i Kekemapa.
ʻO nā wahi e hoʻomālamalama maikaʻi ai no ka peled lacustrine e lilo ia i mau wahi e puka ai nā wai, a no kahi kahawai, kahi ma lalo o ka wai me ka ʻiliʻili a i ʻole ka lepo a me kahi mahana haʻahaʻa o ke kahe wai. Hoʻopili ka hana maʻamau o ka peled i ka hoʻomehana ʻana i ka wai ma mua o 8 kekelē, kokoke loa i ka ʻole.
Hiki i ka wahine peled ke hānau aʻe ma kahi o 80 tausani mau hua e pili ana i 1.5 mm ke anawaena, melemele, like me ke kala o nā ʻiliʻili o lalo. Ma hope koke o ka hatching, hiki i nā larvae i 7-8 mm i ka lōʻihi o ke kino.
Ma lalo o nā kūlana kūlohelohe, ma hope o hoʻokahi a ʻelua mau pule, ua hoʻāʻo mua lākou e ʻai i ka zooplankton. Noho ka manawa hoʻopulapula mai 6 a 8 mau mahina, ka pā palai e ka manawa e hoʻomaka ai ka ʻauhe hau. Ma hope o ka resorption o ka ʻeke yolk, hānai piha ʻia nā ʻōpio ma zooplankton.
Kumukūʻai
ʻO ka maʻa mau, ʻo ke kumukūʻai no ka iʻa iʻa hou he kauoha o ka nui haʻahaʻa ma mua o ka iʻa kai, kahi hoʻopaʻapaʻa ikaika i ka hoʻoholo ʻana i nā iʻa - moku kai a i ʻole ka muliwai - hāʻawi i ka makemake.
Ma waena o nā mea ʻē aʻe, nā iʻa muliwai, e like me peled muliwai, like i ka waiwai meaʻai i kaʻiʻo moa a manaʻo ʻia he kumu waiwai o nā protein no ke kino. Eia kekahi ʻiʻo peled Loaʻa iā ia nā ʻano gastronomic kiʻekiʻe, palupalu ia, hana ʻole i nā iwi, ʻono e like me kaʻiʻo omul, maikaʻi loa ia, e like me ka ʻiʻo o nā sālona āpau.
ʻIʻo a me peled caviar piha i nā helu he nui o nā pono e pono ai no ke olakino olakino o ka ʻōnaehana ʻōnaehana, nā ʻōpū o ka gastrointestinal, ka ʻōnaehana ʻōnaehana
- chromium - hāʻawi i ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana o nā pae kō kō maʻamau;
- potasiuma - mālama i ke kani o ka puʻuwai puʻuwai;
- phosphorus - hana maʻamau i nā hana o ka ʻōnaehana hānau;
- kalipuna - he hopena maikaʻi i ka iwi a me nā niho.
Hoʻohana ʻōnaehana ʻiʻo peled i ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ka meaʻai, hoʻopau i nā ʻōuli o ka luhi mau loa, paipai i ka hiamoe olakino, kōkua i ka hoʻopau ʻana i nā hōʻailona depressive a me ka huhū, hakakā i nā maʻi i ka hana o ka gastrointestinal tract, hoʻomaikaʻi i ke ʻano o ka ʻili a me ka lauoho.
Hiki ke kūʻai ʻia i ka tī ma nā hale kūʻai iʻa kūikawā a i ʻole nā mākeke nui. ʻO ka maʻa mau ma ke kūʻai aku iʻa i hōʻike ʻia i loko o ka hau paʻahau, puhi a maloʻo paha.
Kumukū Peled hilinaʻi ʻia i ke ʻano o ka hana ʻana, a me nā ana: waiwai nui ʻia nā mea kikoʻī ma luna o nā mea liʻiliʻi. I Moscow, ke kumukūʻai kūʻai maʻamau o hoʻokahi kilogram o peled e loli ana ma kahi o 200-400 rubles:
- peled maloʻo - 375 rubles no kēlā me kēia kg;
- puhi i puhi ʻia - 375 rubles i kēlā me kēia kg;
- peled paʻahau hou - 215 rubles i kēlā me kēia kg.
ʻAi lākou i ka caviar peled, kahi i loaʻa nā mea pono āpau i kahi ʻano concentrated. ʻO ke kumukūʻai kūʻai o kahi kini 450 gram o ka caviar peled paʻakai māmā he 900-1000 rubles.
Pāheʻe ʻia ka peled
I loko nō o ka ʻoiaʻiʻo o ka tī he mea kūʻai waiwai nui ia, ʻaʻole hiki ke kapa ʻia ka nui o kāna iʻa i ka nui. ʻO kēia ke kumu o ka makemake o ka iʻa i nā kino wai i kahi mamao a liʻiliʻi hoʻi, a i kekahi mau hihia ʻaʻole i noho ʻia nā wahi o ka ʻākau.
Hopu peled alakaʻi ʻia kokoke i kekahi mau kūlanakauhale a me nā kauhale ma ka Arctic. E hoʻi i nā manawa Soviet, ʻaʻole i hiki i ka hopu ʻana o peled i 200 tone i kēlā me kēia makahiki, a i kēia manawa ua emi iki kēia kiʻi. No laila, ʻaʻohe kumu e kamaʻilio e pili ana i ka lawaiʻa ʻoihana no ka tī. He mea maikaʻi ʻo Peled no ka lawaiʻa haʻuki ma nā ʻāpana ʻākau o ka ʻāina.
Ua hopu wau i ka peled hiki ke hoʻopuka i ka makahiki holoʻokoʻa. ʻAʻole ʻo ia e hōʻoluʻolu ma muli o ka haʻahaʻa o ka oxygen i loko o ka wai, kahi mea e kōkua ai i kona olakino holoʻokoʻa i ke kau anuanu holoʻokoʻa. I ka hopena o Pepeluali, ke pau nā waihona o nā waihona wai, ʻauʻau ka iʻa i ka papa o ka wai ma lalo o ka hau, kahi e hoʻonui ai i ka makaʻu o ka lawaiʻa.
ʻO nā kau kau maikaʻi loa no ka hopu ʻana i ka tī ka hoʻoilo, ka hoʻoilo a me ka puna. I ke kauwela, hoʻopilikia ʻia ka lawaiʻa e ke kū ʻana o kahi lawa o ka meaʻai maoli i ka waihona. Eia nō naʻe, hiki i ka lawaiʻa ke paʻakikī i nā manawa ʻē aʻe o ka makahiki. Inā ʻaʻohe plankton, e hoʻololi ka iʻa i ka hānai ʻana i nā meaola benthic, a ʻaʻole hoihoi hou iā lākou nā maunu maʻamau.
He hilahila ka peled, no laila ʻo ke kūmau ka mea ʻoi loa no ka hopu ʻana iā ia, ʻoiai ke hana ʻana i ka hoʻolei e like me ka hiki. ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi no ka mea angler e koho i nā lako kaua i hoʻohui ʻia i ke kala me ka ʻāina a puni.
ʻO ka pīpī o ka wai a me nā pōʻai kūikawā e kōkua i ka hoʻoholo ʻana i kahi o ka iʻa. Manaʻoʻiʻo ʻia inā ʻaʻole e ʻike ʻia ka tī ma loko o hoʻokahi hola, ʻo ia hoʻi ʻaʻohe mea ʻē aʻe, a he mea pono ke nānā aku i kahi ʻē aʻe.
I ka hoʻoilo, hiki iā ʻoe ke hoʻohana i kahi koʻokoʻo lawaiʻa maʻamau, a i ke kauwela e maikaʻi e hoʻohana i kahi koʻokoʻo lana me ka hoʻohana ʻole ʻana i ka mea holoi. Hoʻohui, hoʻohana nā lawaiʻa ʻike lawaiʻa no peled lele lawaiʻa me ke koʻokoʻo o 5 mau mika, nā seine a me nā gillnets.
ʻO ka nahu o ka tī e like me ka jerk ʻoi. Hiki i nā hiʻohiʻona nui ke paʻakikī e pāʻani. Maʻaneʻi, koi ʻia ke akahele i ke kau ʻana, ʻoiai he palupalu nā lehelehe o ka peled, a hiki iā ia ke haki maʻalahi a hele i ka hohonu. I kēia hihia, pono ʻoe e hoʻāʻo e hoʻopili me kahi neʻe pōkoleʻoiʻoi.
Ke lawaiʻa ʻana i ka tī, hoʻohana ʻia kahi laina me ke anawaena o 0.2 mm, ua koho ʻia ka lou ma lalo o ka helu 4 a i ʻole 5. No ka lawaiʻa ʻana i ka peled, pono kahi pobradok - he koʻokoʻo maʻamau ma kahi o ka mika ka lōʻihi, kahi e hoʻopili ʻia ai ka laina mika 3-4 me ʻelua a ʻekolu paha alakaʻi me ka ʻole o ka lana a me nā poho.
Hoʻohana ʻia nā mana he nui i ka manawa hoʻokahi. Hele ka lawaiʻa i lalo a hoʻāʻo e palolo i ka wai, e like me ka wai lepo e huki ai i ka tī. Lana ka iʻa e loaʻa ka meaʻai i ke ao ʻōpua. ʻIke i ka maunu, hopu ka peled iā ia.
A ʻo ka poʻe lawaiʻa, ma ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i kā lākou ʻumiʻumi kokoke i ko lākou mau wāwae, e kiʻi maʻalahi. Lawe ka kahe o ka muliwai i ka maunu, no laila he manawa pono e huki ʻia i hope. Ma hope o kahi hapahā o ka hola o ka lawaiʻa ʻana, pono e hele wāwae i kekahi mau mika o ke kahawai a hana hou i ke ʻano.
I ke kauwela, hoʻohana kūleʻa nā lawaiʻa i nā earthworms, mollusks a i ʻole bloodworms no ka maunu. ʻAʻole maikaʻi ka maikaʻi o Maggot, akā hoʻohana ʻia ia i kekahi manawa. Makemake ʻo Peled e noho ma kahi mamao o kahi mika a me ka hapalua mai ka lalo.
I ka hoʻoilo, e ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi loa e pani i nā maunu ola me kahi jig. Hiki iā ʻoe ke hoʻonui i ka lawa ʻana o ka lawaiʻa ʻana i ka hoʻoilo me ke kōkua o nā lua i uhi ʻia: uhi ka poʻe akamai i ka pōʻai o ka lua me ka hau i hiki ai i ke aka o ke kumu hau ke uhi i ka wai i ka lua.
Kūkulu ʻia ka uhi hau ma kahi o hoʻokahi mika ke kiʻekiʻe. Hoʻonoho ʻia ka maunu ma kahi o 5 cm mai ka ʻaoʻao o ka papa hau e pili ana i ka wai. Inā ʻaʻole holo pono kēia maʻa, hiki iā ʻoe ke hoʻāʻo e hoʻohaʻahaʻa i ka maunu i kahi hohonu waena, a i ʻole ke waiho pololei ʻana ma lalo o ka hau.
Ma waho aʻe o ka lawaiʻa ʻana i nā kūlana kūlohelohe, hoihoi ka tī i ka iʻa iʻa no ka mahiʻai ʻana ma nā mahiʻai. Hāpai ʻia ia ma Lūkia Lūkia, ma ka ʻākau a me ke kikowaena o ʻEulopa, a ma ʻAsia waena pū kekahi.
