I waena o nā lio a pau i ʻike ʻia iā mākou i kēia manawa, aia kekahi mea kakaʻikahi loa, Lio hihiu o Przewalski... Ua ʻike ʻia kēia mau mea i loko o kekahi o nā huakaʻi i ʻAmelika Waena ma 1879 e ka ʻepekema Lūkini ʻo Nikolai Mikhailovich Przhevalsky.
Ke hoʻi nei ʻo ia i ka home, akā ma ka palena o Lūkia-Kina loaʻa iā ia kahi makana mai hoʻokahi mea kālepa - ka ʻili a me ka iwi poʻo o kahi holoholona āna i ʻike ʻole ai a hiki i kēia manawa, e like me ka lio a me ka hoki i ka manawa like. Ua hoʻouna ʻo ia i kēia mea i St. Petersburg, i ka Hale Hōʻikeʻike ʻo Zoological, kahi i aʻo pono ʻia e kekahi ʻepekema ʻē aʻe, ʻo ʻIvan Semenovich Polyakov. Ua ʻike ka mea hope loa ʻaʻole ʻike ʻia kēia ʻano holoholona, hana ʻo ia i ka wehewehe mua o ka hāpana i kiʻi ʻia.
ʻO kāna ʻokoʻa nui me ka ʻohana equine āpau ke kūlike ʻole i ka helu o nā chromosome. ʻO nā lunamakaʻāinana āpau i ʻike ʻia o kēia ʻohana, ʻo ia hoʻi ka tarpan extinct, he 64 chromosome, a ʻo kēia holoholona kākaʻikahi he 66. Aia kekahi manaʻo ʻaʻole like kēia ʻano holoholona. ʻOiaʻiʻo, ʻaʻole i haku ʻia ka inoa nona.
I ka manawa like, ʻo ia ka mea e komo manuahi i ka pilina me kahi lio maʻamau, e loaʻa ana nā keiki. A ʻo nā hoʻāʻo e hele i kā mākou mea kōkua home me nā ʻohana ʻē aʻe he hua ʻole a he ʻole paha.
Ua hāʻawi kēia hanana i ke kumu e noʻonoʻo ai ʻaʻole kēia kūpana o ka lio hihiu i kū aʻe i ke kūlohelohe, ʻo ia hoʻi, nā ʻohana ʻē aʻe āpau o ka ʻohana i iho mai iā ia. I ke kaʻina hana o ka hoʻomohala hoʻomaka ʻana e nalo nā chromosome. ʻO ka lio maʻamau he 64, he 62 ko ka hoki ʻApelika, he 54 ko ka hoki ʻAkia, a he 46 ko ka zebra.
I kēia manawa, hiki iā mākou ke ʻōlelo me ke kaumaha loa ua aneane nalowale ka lio o Przewalski mai ka nahele ʻāhiu. Ua ʻike ʻia ʻo ia ma nā wahi ākea i ka makahiki 1969 ma Mongolia.
ʻO nā hau ʻinoʻino a me nā ʻino o 1944-1945 i hāʻawi i kona nalo ʻana mai ke kūlohelohe. A mai poina iā mākou i kēia manawa ke huhū nei ka wī ma muli o ke kaua. Ua lawe ʻia mai nā pūʻali koa Kina a me Mongolian i Mongolia, a ua ʻike ʻia nā pūʻali koa pale kaua i nā palena. Ma muli o ka pōloli, hoʻopau loa ka poʻe i nā lio hihiu. Ma hope o kēlā hahau ʻana, ʻaʻole hiki i kēia mau kaulike ke ola a nalowale koke aku mai ka nahelehele.
Aia ma kahi o ʻelua kaukani mau kānaka o kēia ʻano holoholona ma ka honua. Ua hele mai lākou mai 11 mau lio lio i hopu ʻia ma Dzungaria i ka hoʻomaka o ka 20 kenekulia. Ua hānai ikaika ʻia kā lākou poʻe mamo no nā makahiki he ʻumikūmālua i loko o ka noho pio ʻana, i nā zoo a me nā mālama i ka honua holoʻokoʻa. nolaila ʻO ka lio a Przewalski i ka Buke ʻula Aia ʻo IUCN i ka mahele o ka "extinct in nature".
ʻO ka Soviet Union ka mea nui loa Waihona lio o Przewalski - Askania-Nova (ʻUkelena). ʻO kāna haku mua ʻo F.E. Faltz-Fein i hōʻiliʻili i kēia mau holoholona i ka hoʻomaka o ke kenekulia 20. Ua hoʻonohonoho pū ʻo ia i nā huakaʻi i Dzungaria na lākou.
He paʻakikī e hana i kahi holoholona i ʻole ma ka nāhelehele. I ka hoʻopaʻa pio ʻana, nalowale i kona hiki ke hanau hou. Hoʻokumu nā pilikia pili ʻohana i nā pilikia i ka loko wai. A ʻo ka neʻe palena ʻia e hōʻino ai i ke kiʻi. I ka nahelehele, holo kēia lio ma kahi o hoʻokahi haneli mau kilomita kokoke i kēlā me kēia lā.
Hōʻike a me nā hiʻohiʻona
I ka manawa koke, ʻike mākou he ʻano paʻakikī a ikaika hoʻi kēia ʻano lio. Ua loaʻa maikaʻi nā mākala, keu hoʻi ma nā ʻūhā. Hoʻonui wikiwiki i ka wikiwiki, kaomi ikaika ʻana i ka honua, e lele ana. Hiki iā ia ke paʻi me ka hoof mai hope, e hoʻokū ana i kahi kokoke. No kēia kumu, ʻaʻole pono e hoʻokokoke ʻia i kahi lio wahine hakakā i kahi kanaka ʻike ʻole i ka lio.
Ke hōʻea nei i kahi ʻano maikaʻi ʻole, hiki i kēlā holoholona ke pepehi pū. ʻO ke ala ʻoi loa e hoʻomaikaʻi ai i kona ʻano ke mālama iā ia me ke kō. He kūpono ia e hele mālie i ka holoholona, me ka wikiwiki ʻole. ʻAʻole pono e makaʻu. ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi ʻole e nānā i kona mau maka, no ka mea, e ʻike ia he pilikia.
ʻOi aku ka haʻahaʻa o kēia lio ma mua o ka lio mau. ʻO kona lōʻihi o ke kino ma kahi o 2 mau mika. Ma kahi e mānoanoa ai mai 1.3 a 1.4 m. Ke kaumaha ma kahi o 300-350 kg. ʻAʻole lōʻihi nā wāwae, akā ikaika. Nui ke poʻo, me ka ʻāʻī ikaika a me nā pepeiao manamana liʻiliʻi. ʻO kona ʻaʻahu ke kala o ke one me ka ʻulaʻula. Kapa ʻia kēia mau mea ʻo "savraski". ʻOi aku ka māmā o ka ʻōpū a me nā ʻaoʻao i ke kala. ʻO ka mane, ka huelo a me nā "kukuli-kiʻekiʻe" ma nā wāwae, ʻoi aku ka pouli ma mua o ke kokoleka, kokoke i ka ʻeleʻele.
ʻOi aku ka momona o ka pale i ka hoʻoilo ma mua o ke kauwela, me kahi undercoat mehana palupalu. Hoʻohālikelike ʻia i ka lio hānai, ʻo ka lole huluhulu o ka nani Dzungarian ʻoi aku ka mahana a me ka momona. ʻO kahi "hedgehog" mai kahi mane kū pōkole e ulu ana ma luna o kona poʻo.
ʻAʻohe ʻūlū. Ma ke kua he kāʻei ʻeleʻele. Nā kaha ākea ma nā wāwae. ʻO ka lio a Przewalski ma ke kiʻi he pāʻani ke nānā aku ma muli o ka huelo palu. ʻIke ʻia nā lauoho pokole ma luna ona, kahi e hana ai i kahi leo hoihoi.
Hoʻolālā maikaʻi nā mākala a me nā iwi o ka lio, mānoanoa ka ʻili, kahe ʻia ke kino. Nui nā maka i mea e ʻike ākea ai. He mobile nā pihi ihu, hoʻomohala loa ʻia ka ʻala. Ikaika ka hooho e holo ai i kahi mamao. He "kaikamahine o ka steppes" maoli. Wikiwiki a ikaika hoʻi e like me ka makani.
ʻOiai liʻiliʻi, ʻokoʻa ia mai nā lio kūloko a me nā lio ākea. ʻO kona helehelena kokoke i nā lāhui holo moʻomeheu, ʻaʻole i nā lio Mongolian. ʻO kahi poʻo nui ma ka ʻāʻī ikaika ʻaʻole e ʻae iā ia e hoʻonohonoho ʻia i waena o nā trotting mares.
Hoʻokahi manamana o ka lālā - ʻo ka waena. ʻO kāna phalanx hope loa i mānoanoa a hoʻopau me ka hao. Ua hoʻemi ʻia ke koena o nā manamana me ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka manawa. Hāʻawi kēia hiʻohiʻona i ka holoholona i ka hiki ke neʻe wikiwiki.
ʻAʻole like ia me kona ʻohana maʻamau, ʻaʻole hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻia ka lio hihiu o Przewalski. ʻO ka makemake wale a me ka makani ka mea hiki ke hoʻolilo iā ia. Kamaʻilio mau mākou e pili ana i kēia mea i ke kāne wahine, ʻoiai ʻoi aku ka pololei o ka ʻōlelo ʻana i ka lio o Przewalski, he ʻano ʻino loa ia.
Nā ʻano
ʻEkolu ʻāpana o nā lio hihiu - tarpe steppe, ululāʻau a, i ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, ʻO ka lio a Przewalski... Ua ʻokoʻa lākou āpau i kahi nohona a me ka nohona. Akā i kēia manawa hiki i ka tarpan ke manaʻo ʻia he holoholona make.
I kēia manawa, hiki ke kapa ʻia nā ʻohana pili loa o ka moʻopuna Dzungarian ka lio kūloko, ka hoki steppe, kulan, zebra, tapir a me kahi rhinoceros hoʻi. Pili lākou āpau i ke kaʻina o nā kaulike.
He mau māmela ʻāina hānai lākou i kahi mau manamana wāwae heʻe ʻokoʻa. Ma waho aʻe o kēia ʻāpana like o ke kino, hui like lākou āpau e nā hiʻohiʻona hiʻohiʻona: liʻiliʻi a ʻaole paha e ulu ana i ka ʻīlani, he ʻōpū maʻalahi lākou a he mau lāʻau iki.
Ua hānai ʻia kekahi o lākou e like me nā lio a me nā hoki. Ua hāʻawi kēia i ka impetus i ka ulu ʻana o ka nohona kanaka. Hoʻolohe i ka poʻe, lawe lākou iā lākou, hana ma ko lākou ʻāina, lawelawe i nā pae āpau o ka noho maluhia a me ka pūʻali koa.
ʻO nā lanakila āpau o ke kanaka ma luna o nā holoholona, ʻo ka mea pono a nui loa ka lanakila ʻana ma luna o ka lio. Ke ʻōlelo nei mākou i kēia, ke ʻano o ka mālama ʻana i kekahi o kona ʻano. ʻO kēia mau mea hanohano āpau he mau kōkua kōkua, hoaaloha a me nā kauā kūpaʻa o ke kanaka.
ʻAʻole ʻike ʻia ʻo wai a i ka manawa hea i hoʻolālā ʻia ai e hoʻolaʻa iā lākou, akā i kēia manawa paʻakikī e noʻonoʻo i ke ola o ke kanaka i ka nohona mōʻaukala me ka ʻole o nā lio. A ʻo kēlā mau holoholona kaulike ʻole ʻia a ke kāne i hoʻohuli ʻole ai, alualu ʻo ia me ka pū. Loaʻa i kēia mau holoholona āpau kahi mea like hou - nui lākou maʻamau, a no laila he mau pahuhopu makemake ʻia no ka hopu holoholona.
Aia ma waena o lākou nā tapir, kahi mea o ka huli holoholona haʻuki. ʻO kēia mau holoholona kahi waiwai nui o ka ʻili a me ka meaʻai. ʻImi ʻino ʻia ʻo Rhino no ko lākou pepeiaohao a me nā ʻāpana kino ʻē aʻe. Hoʻohana ʻia lākou i ka lāʻau lapaʻau ʻē aʻe. No laila mākou iho e holoi i nā ʻōiwi kaulike o ka equids mai ke alo o ka honua.
Ka nohona a me ka nohona
Manaʻoʻiʻo ʻia ʻO ka lio a Przewalski - holoholona, i ola i ka wā hau i hala. Nui nā ʻāina kahi āna i noho ai. Aia ka palena ʻākau ma kauwahi o waenakonu o ʻEulopa a hōʻea i Volga, a ma ka hikina - kokoke i ka Moana Pākīpika.
Mai ka hema, ua kaupalena ʻia kā lākou expanses e nā kuahiwi. Ma loko o kēia panalāʻau nui, ua koho lākou i nā wao nahele semi, maloʻo a me nā awāwa foothill no ka noho ʻana. I ka hopena o ka wā Ice, ua lilo malie ka tundra a me nā steppe o ʻEulopa i mau ulu lāʻau. ʻAʻole kūpono kēia ʻāina i nā lio. A laila ua neʻe a paʻa i ka ʻāpana o ko lākou noho ʻana ma ʻAsia.
Ma laila lākou i ʻike ai i ka meaʻai na lākou ma nā mauʻu momona. Ma mua o ka ʻike ʻia ʻana he ʻano ʻokoʻa, ua ʻike lōʻihi ʻia ia e nā kamaʻāina o nā wahi o Lake Lob-Nor. Ua kapa ʻia nā holoholona he "takhi". Kāhea ka poʻe Mongol i ko lākou ʻāina hānau ʻo Takhiin-Shara-Nuru ridge ("Yellow ridge of a wild wild").
Ma hea e noho ai ka lio a Przewalski I kēia lā? Hoʻomaopopo wale mākou iā ia ma hope o kāna ʻike ʻia. I kēlā manawa ua noho ʻo ia ma Mongolia, ma ka moku ʻo Dzungarian Gobi. ʻO kēia mau steppe expanses ka mea kūpono loa no kāna mau pono kino.
Nui ka makemake, nā lau nahele, kakaikahi ka poʻe. Mahalo i nā punawai hou a me ka paʻakai liʻiliʻi, i hoʻopuni ʻia e nā ʻaila, loaʻa iā lākou nā mea āpau a lākou e pono ai no ke ola - ka wai, ka meaʻai, ka hale. Ua loaʻa iā lākou ko lākou inoa e noho nei i mea hoʻomanaʻo no ka mea kālaihonua Lūkini nui a me ka mea ʻimi ʻike nāna i ʻike a hoʻokaʻawale iā lākou. A ma mua ua kapa ʻia kēia ʻano ka lio Dzungarian.
Me ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ke ahiahi, ua loaʻa i nā kau bipi, ma lalo o ke alakaʻi ʻana o ke alakaʻi, kahi wahi no ka hānai. Ua hauʻoli ka poʻe holoholona i kā lākou meaʻai i ke ākea i ka pō holoʻokoʻa. A i ke kakahiaka ua alakaʻi ka alakaʻi iā ia i kahi palekana, nā wahi hoʻomalu. I ka wā o ka hānai ʻana a me ka hoʻomaha ʻana, ʻo ia nō ke kuleana no ka palekana o kāna pipi.
Aia ka lio nui i luna iki aʻe ma mua o kona mau hoahānau, ma kahi puʻu, a nānā pono pono i nā mea āpau. Alakaʻi pono ʻo ia iā lākou i ka lua ninini. Holo aku ka pūʻā mai ka wela, ke anuanu a me nā mea ʻaihue, ke kau nei i ka pōʻai.
Ma nā ʻāpana steppe a me nā semi-wao nahele o Central Asia, ua kiʻi hou kēia mau equid i nā waihona wai a me nā wahi mahiʻai mai nā holoholona. Pepehi ka poʻe kahu holoholona i nā lio hihiu e hānai i kā lākou. ʻO kēia kūlana, a me nā kūlana kūlohelohe paʻakikī, alakaʻi i ka ʻoiaʻiʻo ke ʻike wale nei mākou iā lākou ma nā zoo.
I koʻu hōʻaiʻē, he nui nā zoo i ka honua e noʻonoʻo i kā lākou pahuhopu nui ʻaʻole e hoʻokipa i ka lehulehu, akā e mālama a hana hou i nā holoholona. Me ka lio o Przewalski, hiki nō kēia hana, ʻoiai ʻaʻole maʻalahi. Ua hānai maikaʻi ʻia kēia holoholona i ka lawe pio ʻana a hele aku me ka lio kūloko.
No laila, ua hoʻāʻo ʻia e hoʻokuʻu iā ia i loko o kona wahi maoli - nā steppes a me nā wao akua o Mongolia, Kina, Kazakhstan a me Lūkia. Ua neʻe aku nā lio i kēia mau ākea e nānā pono ʻia e nā ʻepekema.
Hoʻomaopopo lākou i ke ʻano o ia mau holoholona i nā aʻa ma nā ʻano like ʻole. No laila, ma kahi o ka Dzungarian Gobi, ua hana hou ia ma mua o nā wahi ʻē aʻe. ʻOiai ʻo kēia mau wahi kona wahi nohona hope loa.
Ua loli paha nā kūlana, a i ʻole nā loli i ke ʻano o ka lio ponoʻī, akā ua hoʻomaka ʻo ia e loaʻa ka meaʻai ma laila me ka paʻakikī. A inā lawa ka ʻai, ʻaʻole e hoʻonui ka nui o nā holoholona.
Ma hope o ka noiʻi ʻana, ua maopopo he ʻanoʻai kā lākou i mua. ʻAi wale lākou i ka mauʻu i ke kauwela a me ke kauwela, a i ka hoʻoilo a me ke kauwela ʻai lākou i ka lāʻau make a me nā lālā. Ua hūnā lākou ma lalo o ka nahele mai ke kanaka, no laila nā mea nui i ka meaʻai.
I kēia manawa ʻaʻole lākou e peʻe, i ka mea ʻē aʻe, mālama ʻia lākou. Eia naʻe, ʻo ka paradox kēia ka mea i "hōʻino" iā lākou, no laila e ʻōlelo. ʻAʻole hiki iā lākou ke hoʻokūkū hou me nā holoholona home, no ka mea, ʻoi aku ka nui o kā lākou makemake i ka capricious, a ua hoʻemi ʻia ko lākou ola. Ke ulu nei ka nāwaliwali me ka nāwaliwali loa. Pono mākou e hānai mau i kēia mau holoholona i ʻole lākou e make.
Hiki ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia ko lākou wahi noho ma ke ʻano he mau mālama. ʻO ka ʻimi ʻana iā lākou he hewa nui loa. Ua hoʻoholo ka poʻe noiʻi, i ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana i kēia mau holoholona i ka wā e hiki mai ana, pono e aʻo mua ʻia lākou i kekahi ʻano o ke ola a me ka meaʻai.
Meaʻai kūpono
ʻO ka meaʻai no ka lio e like me ka mauʻu mauahi steppe paʻakikī, nā lālā a me nā lau o nā kumulāʻau. Hele ʻo ia i ka nāhelehele i ka wā ahiahi. I loko o nā mahina hoʻoilo paʻakikī, pono ʻo ia e ʻeli i ka hau hohonu e hele i ka mauʻu maloʻo.
Ua hōʻike kekahi mau nānā a me nā noiʻi i kahi mea hoihoi. He mana ko ke alakaʻi i loko o ka pūʻā, akā alakaʻi ka wahine wahine makua i nā mea āpau i ka ʻimi ʻana i ka meaʻai. I kēia manawa, pani ka alakaʻi i ka hui.
ʻO ke kumu o kā lākou meaʻai ka cereal: ka mauʻu hulu, mauʻu palaoa, fescue, chiy, a me ka ʻohe. ʻAi pū lākou i ka lāʻau awaawa, ʻakaʻaka, a me ka nau ʻana i nā lāʻau liʻiliʻi. Ua makemake lākou i ka saxaul a me Karagan. Ma ke ala, ʻo nā poʻe e noho nei i kēia manawa i nā mālama ma nā ʻāina ʻē aʻe e ʻae pono i ka papa kuhikuhi kūloko.
Hiki mai kahi manawa paʻakikī loa no ka meaʻai i ka hoʻoilo, keu hoʻi ma hope o ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana. Hoʻopilikia ka jute (crust) i ka neʻe ʻana, paheʻe nā lio, paʻakikī iā lākou e haki i kēia pā hau a hele i ka mauʻu. Pōloli paha.
Maʻalahi e hānai iā lākou i ke pio ʻana, hoʻololi lākou i nā ʻano mea kanu mea kanu āpau. ʻO ka mea wale nō e hoʻomanaʻo ai i kā lākou mau ʻono maʻamau, me nā makemake inu. I kekahi manawa koi ʻia e hoʻohui i ka paʻakai i ka wai. Ma hope o nā mea āpau, he wai maoli nā wai brackish o ka Dzungarian Gobi iā lākou. He mea waiwai nui kēia wai i ka holoholona.
ʻO ka hana hou a me ke ola o ke ola
I nā wahi kūlohelohe, i nā steppe a me nā wao akua, mālama lākou i nā holoholona liʻiliʻi. Hana pinepine ʻia ka male ʻana ma ka pūnāwai, i ʻApelila a Mei paha. He 11 mau mahina ka lōʻihi o ka hāpai ʻana, no laila ua ʻike ʻia ka hua i ka puna aʻe.
ʻO kēia pōʻaiapuni kūleʻa i maʻalahi iā lākou e hana i nā kūlana kūpono no ka hānau a me ka meaʻai. Ua hānau ka makuahine i hoʻokahi keiki kāne, ma ke ahiahi a i ke kakahiaka. Ua ʻike ʻia ʻo ia mai ka wā hānau. A ma hope o kekahi mau hola hiki iā ia ke ukali i ka pua ma kāna mau wāwae ponoʻī.
Ua hoʻolalau ʻia e kahi kāne. I ke kau ʻana o ka pēpē ma hope, koi ʻo ia iā ia, e nahu ana i ka ʻili ma ke kumu o ka huelo. Ua hānai ka makuahine i ka cub no mau mahina a hiki i ka ulu ʻana o nā niho liʻiliʻi. A laila hiki i ka foal ke ʻai i ka mauʻu iā ia iho.
ʻO nā keiki kāne makua ke waiho wale ʻia i loko o ka pūʻā inā he lio wahine wale nō. Inā he lio lio, kipaku ka alakaʻi iā ia mai kāna ʻohana i hoʻokahi makahiki. A laila hoʻokumu nā ʻōpio i nā hui kaʻawale, kahi a lākou i ola ai a 3 mau makahiki, a hiki i ko lākou nui ʻana. I kēia makahiki, hiki i kahi kāne makua moekolohe ke lanakila i ka wahine a hana i kāna ʻohana ponoʻī.
I kēia manawa paʻakikī e ʻōlelo pehea ka lōʻihi o ka noho ʻana o kēia lio i ka nahelehele. Wahi a nā mea i loaʻa, hiki iā mākou ke kamaʻilio e pili ana i nā makahiki 8-10 o ke ola. Ma lalo o ka nānā ʻana a ke kanaka, hiki i kahi holoholona ke ola a 20 mau makahiki paha. I kēia lā, kuleana ke kanaka i ka noho lio Przewalski.
Kūleʻa ʻole kona mau helu, aia kahi makaʻu o ka monotony genetic. ʻO nā lio āpau i kēia manawa he ʻohana pili loa kekahi i kekahi, kahi e hiki ai i nā hoʻololi ʻana.
Hoʻohui ʻia, pili ia i ka maʻalahi o ka maʻi. Eia naʻe, ua hana nui ʻia. Ua mālama ka poʻe i kēia nani. ʻAʻole e hopohopo hou ka helu o nā lio. No laila he lana ka manaʻo no ka wā e hiki mai alohilohi no kēia laha.
