ʻO Ruff - iʻa i hoʻopau ʻia e ka lā, ʻo ke ʻano maʻamau. Noho ʻo ia a kope i nā kahawai a me nā loko o Eurasia. Ma ke komohana, ua hoʻokumu ʻia ka palena o ka laulā ma Pelekane, ma ka ʻākau e kūlike ia me ka Arctic Circle, ma ka hikina e hōʻea i ka muliwai Kolyma, ma ka hema hiki i nā ʻāina Central Central.
ʻO ka mea ʻano ʻē o ka ruff ka makemake o kekahi poʻe. Mālama nā lawaiʻa e hopu i nā iʻa hanohano hou aʻe. ʻAʻohe mea e makemake e ulu i kahi ruff i nā ʻano hana. ʻAʻole ia no ka hoihoi kalepa. Eia nō naʻe, hoihoi ka iʻa.
Hōʻike a me nā hiʻohiʻona
ʻO Ruff — he iʻa liʻiliʻi, gregarious, sedentary. ʻAʻole i ʻoi aku ka hiʻohiʻona o nā mākua ma mua o 10 cm. Kuhi ʻia kahi ruff i ka nui o ka pāma i nui. I ka Danube, ʻike nā lawaiʻa i nā ruffs i hōʻea i 30 knm. Akā he rarity kēia.
ʻO ke poʻo me kahi ʻikepili e iho mai ana mai ka hope a i ka waha lipolipo. ʻO ka waha o ka ruff he palena, ʻo ia hoʻi, ʻane like nā kaua ʻelua i kēlā me kēia. Hoʻomoe iki ʻia ka hāmama o ka waha i lalo a i ʻole ma ka laina o ke kino. Me kēlā waha, ʻoi aku ka maʻalahi no kahi ruff e hopu i ka mea pio i mua ona.
Nui nā niho liʻiliʻi a ʻoi hoʻi ma nā ā luna o lalo a me lalo. ʻAʻohe o ka niho i ʻōlelo ʻia he specialization, e ʻōlelo nei i ka maʻalahi o ka ruff ma ke ʻano he predator. Pili ʻia ka iwi ā luna i ka iwi poʻo - he waha waha paha kā ka ruff.
Nui nā maka o ka ruff, ʻolokaʻa ʻia. ʻAe iā ʻoe e hoʻokele a ʻimi i nā wai kūpikipiki. Iris o nā leo polū-poni. ʻO ke kūlana o nā maka ma nā ʻaoʻao o ke poʻo e hōʻike i ka ʻike monocular. ʻO ia, ʻike ka ruff i ke kiʻi o ka honua me kēlā me kēia maka ʻokoʻa.
Aia nā puka ihu i mua o nā maka ma ka hope o ka ihu. ʻO kēia kahi hiʻohiʻona kūwaho o nā lālā olfactory. Hoʻopili kēlā me kēia puka ihu i kahi fossa i hoʻopihapiha ʻia me nā huna ʻala. ʻO ke ʻano pālua o nā puka ihu a me nā lua olfactory hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻaʻole wale i ka pilau, akā i ke ʻaoʻao hoʻi kahi i hele mai ai.
ʻAʻohe o nā mea kū i waho o ka hoʻolohe ʻana - pepeiao. ʻAʻole pono lākou. Pili kēia i ke kaiapuni kahi e noho ai nā iʻa. Hoʻolahalaha ke kani me ka wiwo ʻole i loko o ka wai a komo i loko o ke kino iʻa me ka ʻoni ʻole. ʻIke ka pepeiao o loko iā ia. ʻAʻole kani ka lohe ʻana o nā ruffs akā maikaʻi loa.
ʻO ka pepeiao o loko, me ka hoʻohui ʻana i nā hana lohe, hoʻokani i ke ʻano o kahi ʻokena no ka hoʻoholo ʻana i ke kūlana kaulike. Hoʻomaopopo ka pepeiao o loko i nā pilikia kaulike me ka laina ʻaoʻao. ʻO kēia kahi hui ʻokoʻa i loaʻa wale i nā iʻa a me kekahi mau amphibians, no ka laʻana, tadpoles, kekahi ʻano o nā newts.
ʻIke ka laina laina i nā palena ikaika o ka puni a puni: ka wikiwiki a me ke kuhikuhi o ke kahe, nā nalu o nā alapine haʻahaʻa a me ke kani e huki ana i ka kolamu wai. Wahi a ka ʻike i loaʻa mai ka laina ʻaoʻao, ua hoʻokumu ʻia kahi kiʻi o ka honua wai a puni i ka lolo o ka iʻa.
Holo ka laina ʻaoʻao i ke kino iʻa holoʻokoʻa. I ka ruff, ʻike maopopo ʻia ka laina ʻaoʻao a ʻoiai ke kumu o ka kino mottled-speckled. Uhi ʻia ka laina ʻaoʻao me nā unahi, ma lalo o laila nā pores. Hoʻopili lākou i ke kahawai e holo ana ma lalo o ka iʻa o ka iʻa me ke kaiapuni.
Lālā nā lālā mai ke kahawai i nā hunaʻi koʻikoʻi - neuromasts. Pane kēia mau hunaola i ka pulsations o ka wai, nā haʻalulu a me nā hoʻololi ʻē aʻe i ke kahe wai. Mai nā neuromas, ma kahi ʻē aʻe, kahi hōʻailona e pili ana i ka moku o ka wai ma o ka laina nerve hoʻopili e komo i ka lolo o ka ruff.
ʻO ka hoʻonohonoho o ke kahawai saphenous, neuromasts, a me nā kikoʻī ʻē aʻe ka laina ʻaoʻao. Maʻaleʻale loa kēia koʻokoʻo i loko o ka wai palolo a i ka pō hoʻololi ia i ka ruff o ka maka. Ma waho o nā ʻano manaʻo, nā ruffs, e like me nā iʻa āpau, he ʻokena o ka neʻe - he mau lāki kēia.
Noho ka fin dorsal (dorsal) kokoke i ke kua luna āpau. Māhele ʻia i ʻelua ʻāpana. ʻO ka mea nui, ka ʻāpana mua o ka fin dorsal he kāhili-like a hoʻokomo ʻia i nā spines 13-14. Hōʻike ʻia ko lākou koʻikoʻi palaha i ka kiʻi. Hoʻokumu ʻia ka ʻaoʻao ʻelua o ka fin ma nā kukuna palupalu 9-11.
ʻO Caudal fin me nā lobes hoʻokaʻawale maikaʻi ʻia. ʻO ka moʻo pālua hope ʻole ʻo ia ka fin tail. Hoʻohālikelike nā pelvic a me nā pectoral fins e pili ana i ke kino. Hōʻike ka nui o lākou i ka likelika o nā ruffs e hoʻokele i ka wā e hoʻokele.
ʻO ka ʻauʻau wikiwiki a ʻeleu hoʻi i nā ruffs he mea nui ia no ka predation. Hele ka mea pio i ka waha, kahi e paʻa ai nā niho liʻiliʻi. A laila hele i loko o ka ʻāʻī. Mai iā ia i loko o kahi ʻōpū hoʻonui. E hoʻopiha ai i ke kumu nui o ka ruff.
ʻOi aku ka wikiwiki o ka hana digestion i nā ruffs ma mua o nā iʻa ʻē aʻe. Hana nui ka ʻōpū. ʻAi ka ruff i hoʻokahi a me ka hapalua i ʻelua manawa ʻoi aku ka nui o ka meaʻai no kēlā me kēia anakahi ma mua o kāna mau wai wai hou: perches. ʻO kēlā nui mea ʻai, ʻike nā mea āpau.
Ma waho o ka meaʻai, ʻo ka oxygen ka mea e hoʻoholo ai i ka mea ola. Lawe ʻo Ruff iā ia mai ka wai e hoʻohana ai i nā gills. Komo ka wai i nā gills ma ka waha. Hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻia ma o nā ʻōiwi, nā mea i kapa ʻia he stamens, a holoi i nā ʻili ʻili, i kapa ʻia he petals. I ka launa pū ʻana me lākou, hāʻawi ka wai i ka oxygen, i komo i loko o nā moku capillary koko.
Hoʻokuʻu nā capillaries ma o nā petal i ke kalapona kalapona kalapona i loko o ka wai. Komo ke koko hoʻonui ʻia i loko o ke aʻa koko. Mai iā lākou e hele i nā aʻa o ke aorta, mai kahi e ukali ai i ka aorta dorsal. Hāʻawi kēia ipu kumu i ke koko i ke poʻo, nā mea o loko a me nā mākala āpau.
Wehe ka lipo i nā uhi o ka ʻiʻo. I ka pharyngeal-branchial space, hoʻemi ke kaomi. Kuhi ʻia ka wai i loko o ka wahi ʻāpana. Hana ʻia ke kaʻina hana o ka hoʻololi kinoea. Ke pani ʻia nā operculum e ka nui o ke kaomi, hoʻolei ʻia ka wai i waho.
Hinahina ka waihoʻoluʻu laulā o ka iʻa me nā pepa melemele-ʻeleʻele. ʻO ke kala o ka kua i luna e kūlike i ke kala laulā, akā ʻike ʻia ʻoi aku ka pouli. ʻO ka ʻōpū o ka ruff keʻokeʻo keʻokeʻo. Ua hoʻopuehu ʻia nā wahi ʻeleʻele liʻiliʻi a puni ke kino, me nā pūhaka. Ma waho aʻe o nā kiko a me nā kiko, i hoʻonani ʻia ka uhi me nā kiko pōuliuli.
Aia ke kala o ka ruff i ka nohona. Hāʻawi ka wai kahawai aniani me kahi one o lalo i kahi sheen kila me ka yellowness. Nā loko iʻa hohonu me ka wai stagnant e pena i ka pahu i nā leo ʻeleʻele, e like me ke kani.
ʻO ka mucus, i uhi ʻia me kahi ʻōpala, hāʻawi ʻia me nā hana pale. Loaʻa i ka muʻu kahi mea make e hōʻeha ai ke kui o kahi kākalaioa. Akā no kahi ʻōpala, hoʻomaikaʻi kahi mucus. Kōkua ia e hoʻoponopono i kekahi mau pilikia:
- e heʻe aku i ka waha o ka mea ʻino i kekahi manawa,
- hoʻopiha me nā kākalaioa ʻaʻole i ka ruff ka waiwai pio maikaʻi loa no nā iʻa predatory,
- pale i ke kino mai nā hopena mechanical a me thermal.
ʻO kā Spines kahi kāleka kāhea ruff. ʻOi aku nā spines ma ka fin dorsal a lōʻihi. I nā mea ʻino a pau, hulu ka ruff me kēia mea kaua. Hoʻohui ʻia, pale ʻia nā pāpālina a me nā uhi o nā iʻa o nā iʻa.
Nā ʻano
I ka mea hoʻohālikelike olaola, hoʻokomo ʻia nā ruffs ma lalo o ka inoa ʻo Gymnocephalus. ʻO ka genus o nā ruffs he 5 mau ʻano wale nō. Pau ʻano ruff like like kekahi me kekahi.
- Gymnocephalus cernua - Eurasian a i ʻole nā ruff maʻamau. Noho ʻia ka hapa nui o nā kahawai a me nā loko o ʻEulopa a me Siberia. Hoʻokomo hewa ʻole ʻia i ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa i ka muliwai ʻo St. I loko o nā waihona wai o ka Lakes Nui, ua hoʻokumu ʻo ia i kahi heluna lehulehu.
- Gymnocephalus acerina - Don ruff. Nā ola a me nā laha i nā kahawai a me nā loko o ke kai ʻEleʻele a me ko ʻAzov. I nā wahi i loaʻa ai kēia iʻa, kāhea ʻia ia ʻokoʻa: nasar, beaver, privet, puaʻa.
- ʻO Gymnocephalus ambriaelacus kahi ʻano i hoʻokomo ʻia i ka mea hoʻohālikelike olaola i ka makahiki 2010. ʻO Endemikia i hoʻokahi loko, aia ia ma Kelemania, i ka loko kiʻekiʻe o Danube. Kapa ʻia ka loko ʻo Ammersee.
- Gymnocephalus baloni - Danube a i ʻole Czech ruff. Ua manaʻo ʻia kēia iʻa he hopena i ka Danube. Akā ʻike nā ichthyologists i ka helehelena o nā laha i nā kahawai ʻē aʻe o ʻEulopa Hikina a me nā waihona wai.
- ʻO Gymnocephalus schraetser - muliwai muliwai, ka mea i haku i nā waihona wai o ka ipu wai Danube. ʻO ka inoa o ka inoa maʻamau o ka ruff bela.
Ma waho aʻe o ka ʻoiaʻiʻo o ka ruff kahi genus e hōʻike ana i 5 mau ʻano, aia kekahi waihoʻoluʻu a me nā ʻokoʻa anatomical ma waena o ka laha. ʻO ia, ʻo ka lālau like o ka ruff e noho nei i kahi loko pāpaʻu a hohonu e hiki ke loaʻa i kāna mau ʻano morphological ponoʻī.
Hōʻike kēia i nā hiki ke adaptive kiʻekiʻe o ka iʻa. Ua loli ke ʻano - ua hoʻomaʻa ka iʻa iā lākou. Ma muli o ka palena o nā hoʻololi i ke kaiapuni o ka noho ʻana, ʻike ʻia ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i nā hiʻohiʻona morphological, akā ʻaʻole ka cardinal.
Ka nohona a me ka nohona
He paʻakikī e noʻonoʻo i kahi kino o ka wai ma waena o ʻEulopa, kahi i hiki ʻole ai i ka ruff ke hele aku - he iʻa loaʻa kēia. ʻO nā muliwai Siberian a me nā loko i piha iā ia i ka wai Kolyma. Eia kekahi, ʻaʻole hopohopo ka ruff e pili ana i ka liʻu o ka wai - a i ka 12 ‰.
Aloha nui ʻo Ruff i nā kahawai palaualelo a me nā loko hohonu me kahi mea palupalu a me ka lepo lepo ma lalo. Kūpono ʻo Ruff i nā lau nahele o kahakai. Makemake ʻo ia i nā wahi malu o ka waihona. I kēlā mau wahi, ʻoi aku ka maʻalahi o ka ruff e hoʻohana i kāna keu pono: ʻike maikaʻi ʻo ia i ke kukui haʻahaʻa.
ʻO ke kaulike biological i nā wahi kahi e noho ai ka ruff hiki ke hōʻino ʻia. Inā ʻaʻohe kaomi i ka ruff mai iʻa iʻa, hoʻomaka ia e hoʻonui wikiwiki. ʻO nā Ruffs o nā makahiki āpau i kā lākou papaʻai e alakaʻi nui ʻia e nā hua iʻa. I ka ʻai ʻana iā ia, hiki ke hoʻemi ʻia nā heluna o nā iʻa waiwai i ka ʻole.
Meaʻai kūpono
Nui ʻino ʻo Ruff. I ka wā ʻōpio, ʻohiʻohi ʻo ia mai lalo a hopu i nā larvae kolamu wai, nā hua manu, zooplankton. Ke ulu lākou, neʻe nā ʻōpala i nā meaʻai nui aʻe. Noho ka Arthropods i ʻāpana nui o ka papaʻai.
ʻO ka hana meaʻai ka kūlana kūlohelohe o nā ruffs. Kū kekahi hāʻule i ke kau a me ka hoʻoilo. Kū paʻa loa ʻo Zhor i ka wā e hānau keiki ana. Hoʻokaʻawale loa nā Ruffs i ka caviar iʻa. Hāʻawi kēia hanana i nā ruffs i ke kūlana o ka weime wale nō, akā ʻo ka iʻa weliweli pū kekahi.
Kakaʻikahi nā mea ʻino e makemake e ʻai i ka ruff iho. Hoʻopili ka pike iā ia i nā hihia kūikawā. ʻO ka burbot e noho ana i nā papa o lalo e ʻimi no ka ruff mau. ʻAʻole noʻonoʻo ʻo Pike perch i ke kākalaioa a ʻoi aku i kēia iʻa i ka makahiki holoʻokoʻa. ʻO ka ʻoiaʻiʻo o ka ʻoluʻolu e lawe i ka pike perch i hana i ka iʻa prickly kekahi o nā maunu lawaiʻa kaulana loa. Akā ma mua o kēlā pono ʻoe e hopu i ka ruff.
Lālau hopu
Mālama maikaʻi ʻia ʻo Ruff i kēlā me kēia manawa o ka makahiki. Koe wale no ʻApelila, ke puka mai. Hāʻawi ʻia ke aloha o ke aloha i ke anuanu, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka hoʻomaka ʻana i ka lawaiʻa ʻana i ke ahiahi, i ke ahiahi. ʻO ka hoʻāʻo ʻana i ke kakahiaka hiki ke hana maikaʻi pū kekahi.
ʻO ke kī no kēia iʻa maʻalahi ʻole, hiki iā ʻoe ke koho i ka mea maʻalahi loa - he koʻokoʻo lana. Kūpono kēia mea hoʻāʻo no ka lawaiʻa kauwela a me ka hoʻoilo. ʻO ia, i ka hoʻoilo, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi jig.
ʻOhi maikaʻi ka ruff ma kahi ilo, ʻo ia hoʻi kahi mea i kuʻi ʻia, kahi e lawaiʻa ai kekahi mau lawaiʻa i ka piko o ka ilo. ʻAʻole paʻa ʻo Ruff, ʻaʻole ʻo ia hopohopo e pili ana i ka paʻakikī o ka mea hana. ʻOiai ʻo ka kui o ka lou, ʻaʻole ia e haʻalele.
Lawe i hoʻokahi ruff i kahi wahi malu, hiki iā mākou ke kuhi ua hōʻoia ʻia ka kūleʻa lawaiʻa. Pākuʻi Prickly - iʻa kula. ʻAʻole hoʻoweliweli ka nalo ʻana o kekahi lālā o ke kime i nā ruff i koe, ʻaʻole e koi i ka ʻohana e neʻe i kahi ʻē aʻe.
Mālama ʻia nā ruffs i hopu ʻia i loko o ka hale paʻa. Pale kēia i nā iʻa ʻē aʻe mai ka make make ʻole, i hiki ke kumu ʻia e nā pricks ruff, ʻono ʻia me ka mucus ruff ʻona.
ʻO ka hana hou a me ke ola o ke ola
Me ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka pūnāwai, hoʻomaka ka ruff e hoʻomākaukau no ka hānai ʻana. Hoʻopili pinepine kēia hana i nā ruffs i ka makahiki o 2-3 mau makahiki. I ka heluna kanaka ʻokoʻa, ma muli o nā kūlana o waho, hiki i ke ola o ka hapa nui o nā kānaka ke lilo i manawa pōkole. I kēia hihia, e komo ana nā ruffs hoʻokahi makahiki i ka hanau keiki ʻana.
ʻO Ruffs, e like me kekahi iʻa ʻē aʻe, loaʻa iā lākou ka hermaphroditism. ʻO ia, hoʻokahi a hoʻokahi like ruff i loaʻa i nā wahine a me nā kāne reproductive organ. ʻAʻole ʻike ʻia kēlā ʻano ʻokoʻa i nā lehulehu āpau a ʻaʻole i ʻoi aku ma mua o 25% o nā ruffs i kahi ʻohana. Hoʻolālā ia ma ke ʻano he uku compensatory no ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka make o nā iʻa o nā kāne āpau.
ʻAʻohe hilinaʻi maopopo ʻole o ke kaʻina hana e hana i ka mahana o ka wai, ka mālamalama a me nā kūlana ʻē aʻe. I ka wanaʻao, puka mai kahi ʻāpana o nā ruffs mai ka hohonu a lākou i lanakila ai. ʻO nā kiko ma nā kino o nā kāne kāne e mālamalama a ʻoi aku ka hoʻohālikelike.
Neʻe ka ʻohana i nā wahi kahi e lawa pono ai ka wai i ka oxygen. ʻAʻole paha hoʻokahi manawa ke kaʻina hana. Hiki i ka wahine ke moe i 2-3 mau manawa. ʻO nā kāne e hele pū ana me nā wahine e hoʻoinu i nā hua me ka waiū. Kū ka ʻōmau mai 3 mau lā a i 2 mau pule.
Liʻiliʻi ʻo Ruff roe - mai 0.3 a 1 mm. Inā laki ʻo ia, a momona ʻo ia, ma hope o 1-2 mau wiki e ʻike ʻia kahi larva, a e ulu koke ia i loko o ka fry-ruff. ʻAʻole mālama ka iʻa mākua i ka caviar a i ʻole nā ʻōpio i puka aʻe mai ona mai.
I ka manawa o ka hānau ʻana, 1-2 hebedoma hoʻopau i ka hānai ʻana. He hana pale kūlohelohe paha kēia no nā hua mai ko lākou mau mākua ponoʻī. Hoʻohui ʻia, pale ʻia ka lāhui mai nā predators āpau e ka hana nui ʻana o nā keiki.
ʻO ka wahine, kaukaʻi i ka nui, kuha aku i ka ʻumi a i ka mau haneli tausani mau hua. ʻO ka helu ola no nā hua manu, nā larvae, nā ʻai i haʻahaʻa. Akā ʻo nā ruffs i pakele i nā mea ʻaihue, nā lawaiʻa a me nā maʻi hiki ke ola i 10 - 12 mau makahiki. ʻO kēia ka palena no nā wahine, ola nā kāne a ʻo 7 - 8 mau makahiki.
Kumukūʻai
ʻAʻohe lawaiʻa kālepa no nā ruff maʻamau, no laila ʻaʻole hiki ke kūʻai i kahi ruff i kahi hale kūʻai. Akā he mau inoa inoa nā ruffs ʻelua i hopu ʻia no ke kūʻai aku - nā ʻāpana kai a me nā ʻūhā flounder. ʻAʻole pili iki kēia iʻa i nā ruffs maoli. Akā ʻae lākou iā ʻoe e hana i nā mea hiki ʻole - e kūʻai i kahi ruff i ka hale kūʻai.
ʻAʻole maʻalahi ka iʻa FloOD-Ruff. Kūʻai pinepine ʻia ia i ka pepa maloʻo ma ke kumukūʻai o ma kahi o 500-600 rubles. no kg. Kai Ruff, ʻo ia ka mea i kapa ʻia ʻo ka scorpion, e kuhikuhi ana i nā mea ʻono. ʻO ke kumukūʻai o kahi ʻāpana kai pio i hiki ke ʻoi aku ma mua o RUB 1,500 i kēlā me kēia kg.
Akā ʻaʻohe o kēia mau iʻa e pani i kahi ruff maoli i loko o ka ipu me he pepeiao. Hoʻokahi wale nō mea i koe - e hoʻopili aku i nā lawaiʻa. ʻO lākou ka mea hiki ke hoʻolako i kahi kuke, ka wahine wahine me kahi iʻa lawa lawa e kuke i ka iʻa iʻa mai kahi ruff.
