Jackdaw — manuhālāwai pinepine ʻia e nā kamaʻāina o nā kūlanakauhale ʻEulopa a me ʻAsia. Loaʻa iā ia kahi kanaka, ʻike ʻia kona helehelena a me kahi uē nui, hoʻomāinoino. Jackdaw - hui pū ʻia me nā ʻalalā, nā ʻūlū, nā ʻāpana i ka mea hoʻohālikelike olaola.
I ka wā kahiko, ua kāhea ʻia kēia mau corvids e ka inoa maʻamau: gayvorone, gai, mob. Aia kahi koho: gal, galʻe. Ua hoʻololi a hoʻopaʻa ʻia kekahi o nā inoa Slavic kuʻuna: ua hoʻomaka ka manu e kapa ʻia he jackdaw.
He manaʻo aloha ʻole ka poʻe i nā vranovs āpau. Ua helu ʻia lākou me kahi pilina me ka honua i lalo, nā ʻuhane o ka poʻe lawehala. Aia kekahi mau kumu maʻalahi no ka manaʻo maikaʻi ʻole i nā manu: ua manaʻo ka poʻe mahiʻai e hōʻino nā corvids i ka hua.
Hōʻike a me nā hiʻohiʻona
Jackdaw - ka lunamaka'āinana liʻiliʻi loa o nā corvids. Ua like ka loa me ka nūnū: 36-41 knm. ʻO ke kaupaona e kūlike i ka nui o ke kino a ʻaʻole i ʻoi aku ma mua o 270 g. E hāmama ana nā ʻēheu e 66-75 knm. ʻO ka huelo o ka lōʻihi waena a he mau hulu ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi ma mua o nā ʻeheu.
ʻO ke kinona o ke kino, nā ʻēheu a me ka huelo e hana i nā manu nā pōpō maikaʻi loa. Hoʻokele lākou i ka hoʻokele i ka lele. He aha nā mea e pono ai i ke ola kūlanakauhale. Ma nā lele lōʻihi, hōʻike nā jackdaws i ka hiki ke hoʻolālā a lele ma muli o nā hahau kakaikahi. Ua helu ʻia ʻo ka nui o ka wikiwiki e hiki i kahi manu he 25-45 km / h.
Kūleʻa ke ʻano kala i nā corvids. ʻO ka kala nui he antracite. ʻO ka pelu, ka ʻāʻī, ka umauma a me ke kua ke kala o Marengo. ʻO ka ʻāpana ventral like o ke kino. Hāʻawi ka hulu ma nā ʻeheu a me ka huelo i kahi lilina poni a ʻeleʻele uliuli paha.
Kūlike ka nuku ma ka nui, akā akāka ʻia no ka hana ʻoʻoleʻa. Uhi ʻia ka hapalua o ka ʻaoʻao i luna me ka hulu. Ma ka ʻaoʻao haʻahaʻa, noho lākou i ka hapahā o ka papa. Hoʻololi nā maka i ko lākou kala me ka makahiki. Polū nā moa. I ka manawa o ke oʻo, lilo ka iris i hina hina, ʻaneʻane keʻokeʻo.
He paʻakikī ke ʻike ʻia ka dimorphism moekolohe. I nā kāne kāne makua, hulu nā hulu ma ka ʻāʻī a me ke kua o ke poʻo a lilo i ka hinuhinu. ʻAʻole hiki i kahi loea ke ʻōlelo me ka hilinaʻi i ke ʻano o jackdaw i ke kiʻi: kāne a wahine paha.
ʻO nā kākika a me nā manu ʻōpio ke kala like ʻole. ʻO ka hohonu, ka māʻona o ke kani, ke kū ʻana o nā hoʻohui kala i nā manu e noho ana i nā ʻāpana ʻāina ʻokoʻa. I ka manawa like, ma waena o kahi ʻohana, hiki i nā ʻokoʻa ma waena o nā kānaka ke ʻoi aku ma waena o nā heluna holoʻokoʻa.
ʻO Jackdaws, e like me nā corvids ʻē aʻe, he hoʻomanaʻo maikaʻi, nā wits wikiwiki a me ka hiki ke hoʻohālikelike i nā leo like ʻole. Ua ʻike lōʻihi ka poʻe i kēia a mālama pinepine i kēia mau manu i ka home. Ua kōkua ʻia kēia ka nui o ka jackdaw a me ka hōʻalo wikiwiki i ka poʻe. I kēia manawa, he mea leʻaleʻa kēia.
ʻAʻole nui nā ʻenemi o Jackdaws. I ke kūlanakauhale, ʻo nā moa nui ka mea e luku i ko lākou mau pūnana. I nā kūlana kūlohelohe, ke hoʻonui nei ka papa inoa o nā ʻenemi. ʻO kēia nā manu kikokiko, nā pōpoki hānai a me nā mea ʻino ʻē aʻe i hiki ke hopu i kahi jackdaw. E like me nā holoholona e noho nei i nā kaiāulu kokoke, ʻaʻole kāpae ʻia nā hiʻohiʻona o epizootics.
Nā ʻano
Māhele ʻia ka genus o jackdaws i ʻelua ʻano.
- Pākaa komohana. Ke kamaʻilio lākou e pili ana i nā jackdaws, manaʻo lākou i kēia ʻano kikoʻī.
- Piebald a i ʻole Daurian jackdaw. ʻO kahi ʻano like ʻole i aʻo ʻia. Kūlike ka noho i ka inoa - ʻo Transbaikalia a me nā wahi e pili ana. ʻO nā mea āpau i kapa ʻia ʻo Dauria.
ʻO ka jackdaw komohana ka mea i aʻo nui ʻia a hoʻolaha ākea. Ua ʻike ʻepekema ʻepekema ʻehā o kēia manu. Akā ʻaʻohe ʻae i waena o nā biologists.
- ʻO Coloeus monedula monedula. Nā ʻāpana koho inoa. ʻO Scandinavia ka wahi nui. Neʻe kekahi poʻe hipa i ʻEnelani a me Palani no ka hoʻoilo. He mea nui ʻole nā hiʻohiʻona o ka hiʻohiʻona: nā kaha keʻokeʻo ma ke kua o ke poʻo a me ka ʻāʻī.
- Coloeus monedula spermologus. Nā lāhui ma ʻEulopa. ʻO ka pōʻeleʻele loa, i ke kala, nā ʻano jackdaws ʻokoʻa.
- Coloeus monedula soemmerringii. Noho i nā panalāʻau nui o Western a me Central Asia, ma Trans-Urals, Siberia. I ka helehelena, like ia me nā subspecies nominative. I kekahi manawa hoʻohui ka poʻe loea i kēia a me nā mea koho nominative i hoʻokahi kalona.
- ʻO Coloeus monedula cirtensis. Nā wahi noho o ʻApelika ʻĀkau, Algeria. ʻOkoʻa ia mai nā jackdaws ʻē aʻe i kahi kala like a me ke kala puʻupuʻu.
Aia kekahi manu i kapa ʻia ʻo jackdaws. Ua mālama ʻo ia i kēia kuhi hewa i kona inoa: alpine jackdaw or ʻeke ʻeleʻele... Noho ka manu ma nā pali o nā mauna ma Eurasia a me ʻApelika ʻĀkau.
Ua haku ʻia ma kahi kiʻekiʻe o 1200 a 5000 mau mika ma luna o ka pae kai. Ua alakaʻi nā loiloi genetic i ka mea i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia kahi genus ʻokoʻa no ka manu i ka ʻōnaehana biolo, e waiho ana i nā corvids i ka ʻohana.
ʻAʻole like me ka jackdaw Alpine, ʻo ka jackdaw Daurian kahi pili pono o ka jackdaw maʻamau. Komo me ia i hoʻokahi ʻohana. He inoa waena ko kēia manu - piebald jackdaw. Noho ʻo ia ma Transbaikalia, ma ka hikina a me ka ʻākau o Kina, ma Kōlea.
ʻOkoʻa ia mai kahi ʻano e pili ana i kahi keʻokeʻo kokoke o ke poʻo, ke kola, ka umauma a me nā iris ʻeleʻele o nā maka. ʻO ka lawena, nā ʻanoʻai, nā ʻano i nā keiki e like me ka jackdaw maʻamau.
Ka nohona a me ka nohona
ʻO ka nīnau "manu hoʻoilo a i ʻole ka migratory»Wehe maʻalahi ʻia. E like me nā manu ʻē aʻe, hoʻohui ka jackdaw i nā ʻano ʻelua. ʻO ke kumu, he manu ola kēia, ʻo ia hoʻi, ʻaʻole ia e neʻe i nā kau o ke kau.
Jackdaw i ka hoʻoilo noho i nā wahi like kahi e pā ai i nā moa. Akā ʻo nā heluna kanaka i mākaukau i nā wahi ʻākau o ka pae, me ka hōʻea ʻana o ke kauwela, ʻākoakoa i nā hipa a lele i ka hema. I ʻEulopa Waena a me ʻEulopa Hema.
Hoʻomaopopo maikaʻi ʻole ʻia nā ala hele. ʻO Jackdaws, e like me nā huakaʻi, kahaha aku iā ʻoe i kekahi manawa Loaʻa lākou ma Iceland, ka Faroe a me nā mokupuni ʻo Canary. Lele nā jackdaw Daurian iā Hokaido lāua ʻo Hanshu. I ka hopena o ke kenekulia 20, ua ʻike ʻia nā jackdaws ma Kanada, ma ka panalāʻau o Quebec.
ʻAʻole uhi ka neʻe ʻana o nā kau ma mua o 10% o ka nui o nā manu. Akā aneane pau nā hui manu e neʻe. ʻAʻole hiki ke hoʻopaʻa i nā neʻe i kahi kau kikoʻī. Pili pinepine me ka loli i ka mokuʻāina o ka waihona meaʻai, ka ʻimi no nā wahi maikaʻi no ka pūnana.
ʻO Jackdaw kahi mea ola synanthropic. Noho a hānau i nā moa ma nā wahi noho. Ma waena o nā hale, i nā pā a me nā landfill, hiki ke loaʻa iā lākou i ke kaiāulu like me nā rook. I loko o nā pūʻā huikau, ma ka ʻaoʻao o nā jackdaws, hiki iā ʻoe ke ʻike i nā nūnū, i nā lūlū, nā ʻakaʻaka.
ʻOi aku ka nui o nā jackdaws e noho ana ma nā wahi kahi kahi o nā hale pōhaku kahiko a haʻalele ʻia. Me nā ʻalalā a me nā manu nūnū, noho lākou i nā hale kia bele, nā hale hana lapuwale, nā ʻāina nele. ʻO ka ʻumeʻume i nā hale pōhaku e hōʻike ana ua noho kēia mau manu ma nā kapa pali pōhaku o nā kahawai a me nā kuahiwi.
Ke hānai pū nei me nā manu ʻē aʻe, ʻaʻole ʻike ʻia ka hui kaiāulu o kahi jackdaws kahi hui i hoʻonohonoho ʻia me kahi hierarchy. Ke hakakā nei nā kāne no kahi i ka papa o ka papa. Hoʻoholo wikiwiki ʻia nā pilina. Ma ke ʻano he hopena o nā hakakā pōkole, noho ke kāne i ka pae hierarchical hou. Pairing iā ia papakū wahinehuli i ka ma ka pae o ka nui like.
Hōʻike ʻia ka hoʻonohonoho ke pūnana nā manu. ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi loa o ka wahine ʻelua. ʻO ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i nā pono no nā manu ʻē aʻe e kūlike me kahi hierarchy maopopo. Ma waho aʻe o ke kūkulu ʻana i kahi kolone o nā pūnana, hōʻike ʻia ka hui i ka wā e pale aku ana i nā mea ʻaihue a i ʻole nā mea hakakā nui aʻe no ka pūnaewele.
Meaʻai kūpono
ʻO Omnivorous kahi maikaʻi e kōkua i kahi manu e maʻa i kēlā me kēia ʻano. ʻO ka ʻāpana protein o ka papaʻai nā ʻano pepeke āpau a me kā lākou larvae, ʻenuhe. ʻOi aku ka liʻiliʻi ma mua o nā corvids ʻē aʻe, nānā ka jackdaw i ka make. Hiki iā ia ke luku i nā pūnana o ka poʻe ʻē aʻe, ʻaihue i nā hua manu a me nā moa kōkua ʻole.
ʻOkoʻa ka papaʻai papa mea kanu. Aia i loko ona nā ʻanoʻano o nā mea kanu a pau. ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi o ka palaoa mahiʻai. ʻAʻole nānā ʻia: peas, acorn, berry a pēlā aku. I nā kūlanakauhale a me nā kaona, ʻume ʻia nā manu i nā wahi kahi e loaʻa ai nā ʻōpala o ka meaʻai.
I ka wā o ka hānai ʻana, kanu nā mea kanu i nā meaʻai no 20% o ka nui o ka hānai, protein - 80%. ʻO ke koena o ka manawa, hoʻololi ke kaulike i aniani: 80% ka meaʻai mea ʻai, 20% ka meaʻai holoholona.
I ka ʻimi ʻana i ka meaʻai, makemake nui nā jackdaws e hoʻopomo i nā ʻōpala o ka ʻili, i nā lau i hāʻule. ʻAʻohe hopu pinepine ʻia nā mea kolo ma nā kumu lāʻau. I nā wahi e hānai ʻia ai nā holoholona, kuleana lākou no ka ahu o ka manure. ʻIke pinepine ʻia nā manu ma ke kua o nā hipa, nā puaʻa, a me nā bipi, kahi e hoʻokuʻu ai lākou i nā holoholona mai nā kik a me nā ʻūlū ʻē aʻe.
ʻO ka hana hou a me ke ola o ke ola
I ka makahiki o hoʻokahi, hoʻomaka nā jackdaws e nānā i kahi pālua na lākou. ʻAʻole ʻike ʻia nā loina e hoʻokumu ʻia ai ke koho a kahi hoa. Kū aʻe nā hui i mua, ma mua o ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ke kau hānau. I kekahi manawa wāwahi ka wā mua o nā kāne.
I ka makahiki ʻelua, ua loaʻa i nā manu āpau kahi hoa. Mau ke aloha aloha i ke ola holoʻokoʻa. Inā make kekahi o nā hoa, hana ʻia kahi ʻohana hou. Inā make ka kāne a wahine paha i ka wā o ka hānai ʻana i nā moa, waiho ka pūnana me nā ipukukui.
Pili ka wā hānau i ka manawa o ka hiki ʻana mai o ka puna. I ke ʻano o ka hoʻomehana mua ʻana, hoʻomaka ka wā male i ʻApelila, me ka hopena o ka puna - i Mei. Hoʻomaka ka pālua e kūkulu pū i ka pūnana. ʻO ka manawa pinepine ʻaʻole kahi hale i hana hou ʻia, akā kūkulu hou ʻia kahi mea kahiko, ʻaʻole pono nā kahi ponoʻī.
Pūnana Jackdaw he ʻano manu ʻano manu i hana ʻia me nā lālā a me nā lālā i paʻa pū ʻia e ka pālolo, ka lepo, ka manure, a i ʻole waiho pono ʻole ʻia. Hoʻomoe ʻia nā mea palupalu ma lalo o ka pūnana: ka hulu, ka lauoho, ka lau o ka mauʻu, ka pepa.
Hoʻokumu ʻia nā pūnana i loko o nā lua o nā kumulāʻau kahiko, ma lalo o nā kaupaku o nā hale, i nā niches a me nā puka hāmele o nā hale noho. ʻO nā paipu hoʻomehana kekahi o nā wahi i kūkulu ʻia ai nā pūnana. ʻO ka hoʻohana ʻana o ke kapuahi a me nā chimney kapuahi e alakaʻi i nā hopena anecdotal a i kekahi manawa pōʻino.
I ka hopena o ke kūkulu ʻana, hoʻohui ʻia kahi paʻa. ʻO ka lālau, i hana ʻia ma hope koke o ka moʻo ʻana, he 4-6 mau hua. Loaʻa iā lākou kahi ʻano kuʻuna a me ke kala wormwood me nā kiko liʻiliʻi. I kekahi manawa piʻi kā lākou helu i nā ʻāpana 8. I ka hanana o ka luku ʻia ʻana o ka pūnana, ka make ʻana o ka pōhaku, hana hou ʻia nā mea āpau: kūkulu ʻia kahi noho hou, hana ʻia kahi pōhaku hou.
Hoʻokomo ka wahine i ka pua ma kahi o 20 mau lā. I kēia mau manawa āpau, mālama ke kāne i kāna meaʻai. Piʻi Jackdaw kaomi paʻamau. Mālama kēia i ke kaʻina hanai o ka hanauna hou. ʻAʻohe kōkua o nā manu hānau hou, makapō, uhi ʻia i lalo i lalo.
E hānai nui ana nā mākua ʻelua i ka gabbling no hoʻokahi mahina. Ma hope o 28-32 mau lā, hele aku nā moa mai ka pūnana mai. Noho lākou ma hope ona. Ma hope o 30-35 mau lā mai ka manawa o ka hānau ʻana, hoʻomaka e lele kahi hanauna hou o nā jackdaws. Akā ʻaʻole pau ka hānai ʻana ma laila. ʻO Chicks, ʻaʻole haʻahaʻa i ka nui i nā manu makua, alualu i ko lākou mau mākua a noi i ka meaʻai. Lōʻihi kēia 3-4 mau pule.
ʻO ka hope loa, ua hoʻonohonoho ʻia nā manu ʻōpio a me nā mākua i nā pūʻā. Ke hui pū nei me kā lākou mau hoa hele mau: nā nūnū a me nā ʻalalā, hoʻomaka lākou e nānā no nā wahi momona loa. ʻO Jackdaws kahi ʻano i hoʻoweliweli ʻole ʻia me ka make.
Hoʻopaʻa nā Ornithologists i nā fluctuations i ka helu o nā manu ma kahi o 15-45 miliona mau kānaka. Ka nele o ka hoʻopili i kahi papaʻai kikoʻī, ka hiki ke noho i kahi kaona kaona, hōʻoia i ke ola o kēia mau manu. Eia kekahi, ola nā jackdaws i 13 mau makahiki, 12 o lākou e hiki ai ke hānau keiki.
