Mahalo pinepine nā mea hoʻomaha ma ke kai i nā manu e lele ana i luna o ka wai. Kiola nā keiki iā lākou i nā ʻāpana berena a me nā hua. Akā noʻonoʻo ka poʻe liʻiliʻi ehia mau ʻano gull aia ma ka Honua. A noho nā mea ʻēheu ʻaʻole kokoke i nā waihona kai paʻakai.
Nā hiʻohiʻona ʻohana
Ma waena o nā lunamakaʻāinana o nā Chaikovs, aia nā laʻana o nā nui like ʻole. ʻOi aku ka liʻiliʻi o nā manu liʻiliʻi ma mua o kahi nūnū a kaupaona ma kahi o 100 g. ʻO ka mea nui loa i hiki i 80 cm ka lōʻihi a kaupaona ʻia 2 kg. No nā poʻe kamaʻāina, he mea hoʻohālikelike nā palena awelika.
Ma waho, nānā like nā moʻo āpau. He kōkoʻolako kā lākou a me nā plumage laumania. Kūpono ka huelo a me nā ʻeheu i nā koi āpau o nā aerodynamics, nā mea e lele maikaʻi ai nā manu, hiki ke lele no kahi manawa lōʻihi a hana i nā maneuvers ʻoi. Hiki i nā wāwae o ka pūnaewele ke ʻae iā ʻoe e noho wiwo ʻole i ka wai, a mai hoʻopilikia i ka neʻe wikiwiki ʻana i ka ʻāina (ʻoiai ke holo nei).
ʻO kahi ʻokoʻa iki ma waena o nā mākua ke ʻano o ka nuku. I kekahi, nunui ia, lou ʻia. Ua hoʻonohonoho ʻia nā poʻe ʻē aʻe me kahi lālā lahilahi i kuhikuhi ʻia me ka nani. Akā ua hoʻopili ʻia lākou āpau e hoʻopaʻa i nā mea pahee me ka maʻalahi.
Nā ʻano o nā limu ʻokoʻa i ke kala. ʻO ka hapanui he kino māmā a ʻeleʻele hoʻi nā ʻeheu (hina, ʻeleʻele). Akā aia kekahi mau kānaka maʻalahi, i waena o nā mea keʻokeʻo a keʻokeʻo e kū nei. Hiki i nā pā a me ka nuku ke melemele, ʻulaʻula, ʻeleʻele.
ʻAʻohe ʻokoʻa kūwaho i ka moekolohe i loko o nā gull, akā ʻike ʻia ka ʻōpio o ka ʻohana e ko lākou mau ʻano brownish-variegated. No nā manu, he ʻano loli ke ʻano o ke kapa - e ke kau moʻo, loaʻa i nā pulu hoʻoilo keu.
Hoʻopiʻi hou
ʻO ka mea like ʻole o nā limu he monogamy. Kūpono nā hoa ʻohana kekahi i kekahi. Hāʻawi ka wahine i nā keiki i hoʻokahi manawa i ka makahiki. Mālama ke "poʻo o ka ʻohana" i kāna meaʻai i ka wā o ka pūnana, i kū ʻia ma ʻApelila-Iulai (kaukaʻi ʻia i ka ʻāina). I nā ʻano gull he nui, hakahaka nā hoa i ka hatching keiki.
Hiki i ka lālau ke hoʻopaʻa ʻia mai ka 1 a i ka 3 mau hua i hoʻopili ʻia, a ʻo nā moa hatch ma hope o 3-4 mau pule. ʻIke ʻia nā keiki i uhi ʻia me ka fluff, hoʻomohala maikaʻi, akā i ka pule mua ʻaʻole hiki iā lākou ke neʻe kūʻokoʻa. Hiki i nā ʻōpio ʻōpio ke oʻo kolohe e ka makahiki ʻekolu o ke ola. ʻO ka lōʻihi o ko lākou ola ʻana he 15-20 mau makahiki.
ʻOhana
Kūleʻa ka halo o nā gull - ʻike ʻia lākou ʻaʻole wale i ka lele ʻana ma luna o ke kai a i ʻole nā kai ākea. Noho nā manu ma kahi o nā kahawai a me nā wai wai. Loaʻa lākou iā lākou i ka tundra a me ka wao akua, hiki ke ʻike ʻia lākou ma nā wahi nui o ke kūlanakauhale. Ma nā ʻāina āpau o nā manu e noho ai, pono ke kino o ka wai ma kahi kokoke. ʻO ke kumu nui no ke koho ʻana i kahi kahi manawa kūpono e loaʻa kālā ai mai kekahi mea.
Noho ka poʻe noho kai (iʻa, heʻe, hōkū) i kumu nui o nā meaʻai no nā ʻōpala. Akā ʻaʻole hoʻowahāwahā nā manu i ka "ʻai honua", e ʻohiʻohi ana i nā ʻōpala kanaka. I nā ʻōpala ʻōpala i kahakai a me nā ipu ʻōpala kokoke i nā hale noho, nānā lākou i nā koena o ka meaʻai holoholona.
Nā ʻano laha
Ma kahi e noho ai nā seagulls, no lākou ke ʻano pilikino - noho lākou i nā kolone. I ka manawa like, hoʻokaʻawale ʻia kahi hoa kanaka ʻohana ʻaʻole wale e nā ʻōuli kūwaho - he ʻōlelo ponoʻī ko kēlā me kēia lāhui, e helu ana i nā ʻano o nā leo like ʻole.
I loko o ka ʻohana i hōʻike ʻia aia ma kahi o 60 mau ʻano gull e hoʻopuehu ʻia a puni ka honua. Noho noho ʻole kekahi, auwana wale kekahi. ʻO ka mea mua, pono e hoʻopā i ke kumuhana, he aha ke ʻano o nā ʻāpala noho i Rūsia.
Liʻiliʻi
Ma waho, ua like ka manu me ka manu o ka loko, akā ʻeleʻele loa kona poʻo (me ke kua o ke poʻo). ʻAe, a ʻaʻole i puka ka nui o ka manu - aneane hiki ʻole i 30 cm ka lōʻihi me kahi eheu o 62-69 cm, ʻaʻole kaumaha ma mua o 100 g.
Hoʻololi ka lole ma muli o ke kau. I ka hoʻoilo, lilo ke poʻo i keʻokeʻo, me ke ʻano o nā kiko hina hina ma ke kalaunu. I ke kau moʻo, hoʻololi - ma ka hapa nui o ke kino, loaʻa i ka plumage keʻokeʻo i kahi aniani ʻalani. ʻO ka ʻōpua liʻiliʻi no ka ʻano neʻe. ʻO ke kau o ka helehelena i Lūkia e hāʻule ma Mei-ʻAukake.
ʻO ka hapanui pinepine, hiki ke ʻike ʻia nā manu ma nā waihona wai a me nā kahawai o Tatarstan (Nizhnekamsk, Kuibyshev). ʻO nā kolone nui ka mea maʻamau ma ka ʻākau o ʻEulopa, akā ʻike ʻia lākou ma ʻAsia. Makemake ka seagull e pūnana ma kapa o nā muliwai a me nā kahawai, ma nā mokupuni moana. ʻO ke kumu nui o ka meaʻai ka iʻa a me nā invertebrates.
Kaiwaenahonua
ʻO kahi lunamakaʻāinana koʻikoʻi o nā Chaikovs - me kahi kino o 52-58 knm, ʻo ka wing wing he 1.2-1.4 m. Ua pena ʻia ka kua a me nā ʻeheu i kahi malu hina hina, pouli nā fenders me nā kāhiko. Keokeo ke koena o ka hulu.
ʻO ka nuku ikaika a me nā wāwae i kahi kani melemele-ʻalani. ʻO ke kala a me nā iris like o nā maka, i uhi ʻia me ke apo ʻulaʻula. ʻO ka nohona nui ka Bay of Biscay a me ka Iberian Peninsula. Ma Rūsia lākou e noho ai ma kahakai o ke Kai ʻEleʻele.
Hiki ke kūkulu ʻia nā pūnana ma nā puʻupuʻu puʻupuʻu, nā pali a me nā kaupaku o nā hale kiʻekiʻe. ʻAʻole pīhoihoi ʻo ia i ke koho ʻana i kahi papa kuhikuhi - ʻai ʻo ia i nā mea e hiki mai ana. Ma waho aʻe o ka poʻe noho wai, ʻaʻole ia e hoʻowahāwahā i nā mea kolo, nā koʻokoʻo, nā ʻoka. Hiki ke luku i nā pūnana o nā gull o kahi ʻohana kokoke.
Hinahina
ʻO kēia kahi ʻano o nā gull nui e kaupaona ana a i hoʻokahi a me ka hapalua kilogram. Aia ka lōʻihi o ke kino ma ka awelika 60 cm, a ʻo ka eheu ʻo 1.25-1.55 m. I kekahi mau ʻāina, manaʻo ʻia he manu manu lele i hiki ke hoʻouka i kahi kanaka e hoʻokokoke ana i ka pūnaewele pūnana.
Nuku nuku, pālahalaha ʻia mai nā ʻaoʻao, pelu i ka hopena. Pena melemele a ʻōmaʻomaʻo paha me kahi māka ʻulaʻula ma ka mandible o lalo. I ka tonality, ʻokoʻa nā paws mai ka nuku i ke kala ʻulaʻula a me ka ʻulaʻula. ʻO kahi limu me nā plumage keʻokeʻo i loaʻa kona inoa no ke kala o kona mau ʻeheu, me he mea lā i uhi ʻia me ke kālā.
Loaʻa ia ma nā wahi āpau a pili i kahi ʻano nomadic ʻano laha. Noho noho kēlā mau kānaka e noho kokoke ana i nā waihona wai o nā ʻāina hema. Hele nā gull o ka ʻĀkau o ʻAulopa i ʻAsia.
ʻAʻole wale nā manu silvery nā omnivores - hana lākou e like me nā poachers. ʻAʻole paʻakikī iā lākou e ʻaihue i ka iʻa mai ka ʻupena, loaʻa kālā mai nā hale kūʻai o nā mea kūʻai aku i ke alanui, a luku i nā pūnana o ko lākou ʻano ponoʻī a me nā manu o nā ʻohana ʻē aʻe. ʻAi lākou i nā holoholona liʻiliʻi a ʻaʻole haʻalele i ke kino.
ʻEleʻele poʻo poʻo ʻōmaʻomaʻo
ʻOi aku kahi nui a hiki i 70 cm ka nui a kaupaona ma kahi o 2 kg. Ua manaʻo ʻia he subspecies o ka gull herring ma muli o ka like me ka ʻakaʻaka ʻōpio. I kēia manawa ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ia i kahi hui kūʻokoʻa ma muli o kāna ʻano kūwaho.
ʻEleʻele ke poʻo o kahi manu makua. ʻO ka hulu o nā ʻeheu a me ke kua ka lehu lehu. Melemele nā wāwae, a kokoke ke kala nuku i ka ʻalani, ma ka hopena ua māka ʻia me kahi ʻāpana ʻeleʻele. Hoʻopili ʻia nā maka me ka "lipine" keʻokeʻo. Noho i nā kolone nui. ʻO nā wahi punahele ma nā latitude Lūkia ʻo nā kai Azov a me Caspian, Crimea. I ʻEulopa, noho i ke Kaiwaenahonua.
Relic
Hoʻoiho ia i ka nānā me kona nani a me kona helehelena. ʻO ka lōʻihi awelika o ke kino he 44-45 knm. Ua pena ʻia ke poʻo a me ka ʻāʻī i ʻeleʻele hohonu (i ka hoʻoilo ua keʻokeʻo lākou). Hoʻohui nani ʻia nā piko o nā ʻēheu hina. ʻO ka plumage o ke kua o ke kala kila like.
Keokeo ka ʻōpū a me ka huelo. Kū i kēia kāʻei kua, ʻūlū paws, kahi nuku ikaika a me ka ʻili a puni nā maka ke kū maikaʻi. Hoʻopili ʻia nā ʻōmaka o luna a me lalo me kahi kaula keʻokeʻo. Hiki ke ʻike ʻia nā kolone o nā gull relict ma nā waihona wai hema o Lūkia, ma Kazakhstan, a me Kina. No kahi ʻano ʻane make ia, no laila ua helu ʻia ia i loko o ka puke ʻula.
Stepnaya
Hiki ke noʻonoʻo ʻia kēia laha primordally home - noho nā manu ma kahakai o ka Caspian a me nā Kai ʻEleʻele, e hopu ana i ka panalāʻau o Ukraine. Loaʻa nā hōʻiliʻili nui o nā gull i Polani, Belarus, Hungary, Kazakhstan.
Kū i waho i waena o nā ʻano o nā ʻano lokomaikaʻi. ʻOiai ka nui o ia (55-66 cm ka lōʻihi) a me ke kaumaha kupaianaha (ma kahi o 1.2 kg), neʻe ka manu manu liʻiliʻi i ka ʻāina a lele nani i ka lewa.
ʻO kahi hiʻohiʻona hiʻohiʻona kahi poʻo liʻiliʻi me ka lae e moe ana a me ka ʻāʻī lōʻihi. Loaʻa iā ia kahi kala maʻamau no ka nui o nā laha. Mālamalama nā wāwae lahilahi a me ka nuku. He keʻokeʻo ka plumage nui, hina hina nā ʻeheu. Ua kapa ka poʻe i ka manu steppe ka ʻaka. Hāpai pinepine ʻo ia i kona poʻo, hana i nā kani o ka guttural e like me ka ʻakaʻaka.
Kai kai
ʻO ka lunamakaʻāinana nui loa o nā Chaikovs 75-80 cm ka lōʻihi, me kahi ʻēheu o 1.7 cm a me ke kaumaha o 2 kg. Keʻokeʻo nā plumage a pau o ka manu, pena wale ʻia nā ʻāpana luna o nā ʻeheu i ʻeleʻele hohonu. ʻO nā ʻōpio a i 4 mau makahiki i ka plumage ʻeleʻele. Hoʻohālike i ka limu, ʻo kona nuku melemele me ka hopena ʻulaʻula he mana, lōʻihi a kōwili. ʻO nā wāwae ʻāwihi ikaika a mae.
Ka inoa o nā ʻano gull hoʻoikaika koʻikoʻi i kā lākou hiʻohiʻona. Noho kēia mau ʻelele o ka ʻohana i nā kolone nui ma kahakai ʻākau o ka Moana ʻAkelanika. Noho pū lākou ma ʻEulopa ʻEulopa. Hele kekahi poʻe lehulehu i ka hema i ka hoʻoilo a hiki ke hālāwai ʻia ma Crimea.
ʻEleʻele-huelo
ʻO ka nui waena a he mana kona, ʻūlū iki i ka nuku melemele me nā kaha ʻulaʻula a me nā ʻeleʻele i ka hopena. Kū i waho o nā pale keʻokeʻo a hina hina ma waena o nā ʻano ʻē aʻe me nā hulu huelo ʻeleʻele.
ʻO nā wahi nui o ka noho ʻana ʻo Asia Hikina. Akā aia kekahi mau heluna ma ʻAmelika Hema, ʻĀkauka. I Lūkia, hiki ke loaʻa ka gull huelo ʻeleʻele i nā waihona wai o nā wahi hema.
"Nā kamaʻāina"
Hoʻomaʻamaʻa loa kēia mau manu kai i ka noho kūlanakauhale ʻana hiki ke ʻike ʻia ma ke kapikala Lūkini. Manaʻo ʻia ʻano o nā limu ma Moscow, hoʻokaʻawale ka mea maʻamau - hina a lacustrine. I kēia mau lā, ua ʻike ʻia kekahi mau kānaka silvery.
ʻO nā wahi punahele o nā kolone ka wahi Kopotnya, Severny (kokoke i ke alaloa ʻo Dmitrovskoe), Lake Kiyovo. Pili kēlā ʻano hoʻohui me ka hemahema o ka hānai kūlohelohe a me kahi nui o nā landfill kahi e hiki ai iā ʻoe ke loaʻa pono mai nā ʻōpala o nā meaʻai. I kēia hihia, ua lawe nā limu i nā kuleana o ka poʻe scavenger.
ʻO Sizaya
ʻOiai ke kaupaona ʻana o ka manu mai 300 a 550 g, ʻaʻole hiki iā ʻoe ke kāhea liʻiliʻi - ʻo ka lōʻihi o ke kino ma ka liʻiliʻi 46 cm. Ua piʻi ka ʻēheu i 1.2 m. Ma nā ʻōlelo aʻoaʻo, pena ʻia nā ʻeheu i ka ʻeleʻele a keʻokeʻo. ʻAʻohe o ka nuku melemele, ʻūlū iki, i ka kiko ʻulaʻula o nā gull.
ʻAʻole nā ʻāina noho wale nā mokupuni a me nā kahakai kai, akā pili pū kekahi i nā wai o uka o Eurasia a me ʻAmelika Hema. No ka hoʻoilo neʻe ia i luna o ʻApelika a noho i nā kolone ma ke Kaiwaenahonua, kahi e hānau ai.
ʻOkoʻa iki ia mai nā ʻano ʻē aʻe i ke ala o ka meaʻai. ʻAʻole hana nui nā Predators, ʻike me nā mea āpau e hele pū mai ana. Akā hiki iā ia ke kiʻi i nā pio mai nā gull nāwaliwali o kahi kolone haole. Makemake e pāʻina ma nā hua.
Ozernaya
ʻO ka manu maʻamau o nā mea āpau i loaʻa i ka ʻāina. Hiki iā ʻoe ke ʻike iā ia e kona kino keʻokeʻo a me ka nape, ke poʻo ʻeleʻele a me nā ʻeheu hina. Ua pena ʻia ka hulu o ka huelo me nā aka like. ʻUlaʻula ka ʻūpā a me ka nuku lahilahi. Manaʻo ʻia ka gull poʻo poʻo ʻeleʻele i manu manu waena - hoʻokahi mau ʻēheu e hiki i kahi mika. Kaupaona ʻia kahi kanaka makua 350 g, 40 cm ka lōʻihi o ke kino.
Noho ka seagull ma kahakai a kokoke i nā muliwai a me nā loko. Hiki ke loaʻa kēia ʻano i nā kūlanakauhale me nā kino nui o ka wai. Ulu nā pūnana i nā ʻohe, e hoʻomoe ana i nā hua o ka lau nahele ʻōmaʻomaʻo i loko o lākou. Mākaukau nā moa hake e lele i kā lākou iho ma hope o 30 mau lā.
Nā lehulehu haole
ʻO Gull e like me ʻano manu - kahi kamaʻāina maʻamau o nā latitude Lūkini. Akā ʻaʻole i loaʻa kekahi mau ʻano ma aneʻi.
Hinahina
ʻO nā pūnaewele pūnana nui o ka heluna kanaka ʻo ʻAmelika Hema (Peru, Chile). ʻO ka poʻe kipa pinepine i nā kahakai Pākīpika. Hiki ke kapa ʻia kēia mau lunamakaʻāinana he mau manu awelika. ʻAʻole hiki ke lōʻihi o ke kino i 45 cm, a kaupaona ke gull ma kahi o 360-450 g.
Hōʻoiaʻiʻo ka manu i kona inoa - nā plumage āpau i ke kala kēpau. Inā ʻaʻole māmā ka ʻōpū i ka leo ma mua o ke kua. ʻAe, i ke kau moʻo, lilo ke poʻo i keʻokeʻo-hina. Pākuʻi ʻia nā hulu o ka huelo e kahi kaula ʻeleʻele a keʻokeʻo. ʻO nā wāwae a me ka nuku he ʻōniʻoniʻo, a me nā iris o nā maka i ʻeleʻele.
Krasnomorskaya
ʻO ka inoa ponoʻī o nā ʻano e hōʻike ana i ka "hoʻopaʻa inoa" - ke kahawai ʻo Aden a me ke kahakai o ke Kaiʻula. Hiki iā ʻoe ke mahalo i kāna lele ʻana i nā United Arab Emirates, Israel, Iran, Oman, Turkey.
ʻO kahi manu liʻiliʻi (43 cm ka lōʻihi a me 1-1.2 m mau ʻeheu) kū i waho no kona lohi a me kona kūlana maikaʻi. He mau wāwae melemele kiʻekiʻe kona a me kahi nuku ʻulaʻula lōʻihi ʻeleʻele lahilahi me ka wēlau ʻeleʻele.
He hina hina ka hope i ke kala. ʻO ke aka māmā o ka umauma a me nā poʻohiwi. I kekahi mau wahi, hiki iā ʻoe ke ʻike i ka hulu keʻokeʻo. Ma nā ʻeheu, ʻeleʻele a hina ke kala hina i ke kumu i ʻeleʻele i nā ʻaoʻao.
Uhi ʻia ke poʻo a me ka ʻāʻī me nā plumage ʻeleʻele i ka wā o ka male ʻana. Kū maopopo i waho kahi palena keʻokeʻo ākea a puni ka iris pouli. Mai kēia, ua loaʻa ka inoa o ka manu i ka inoa ʻelua - maka keʻokeʻo.
Delaware
He lunamakaʻāinana kēia o ʻAmelika ʻAkau. Loaʻa kona mau pūnaewele i nā wahi āpau mai nā kikowaena o ka ʻāina a hiki i nā palena o Kanada. I ka hoʻoilo, neʻe nā kolone i ka ʻaoʻao hema o ka pae ʻāina. He awelika ka nui o ka manu - 41-49 cm kino a me 1-1.2 m mau ʻēheu. Hoʻonani ʻia ke kino lohi me kahi poʻo nui, kau ʻia ma ka ʻāʻī pokole. Hoʻohanohano ʻia ka laha e ka ʻāpana lahilahi, lōʻihi, kihi a me kahi huelo pokole.
ʻO ka plumage nui o ke kino he keʻokeʻo lalo, kahi poʻo hina. Aia ke kala ʻeleʻele ma ka piko o nā hulu lele. I ka wā moekolohe, keʻokeʻo ke poʻo, ʻike ʻia kahi ʻāpana uli i ka hope o ka nuku melemele. Pena melemele nā maka a me nā ʻūpā o ka manu. ʻAʻohe fluff a puni nā maka - ʻike ʻia ka ʻulaʻula ma laila.
Kaleponi
ʻO ia kekahi kamaʻāina o ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa, e noho ana mai Kanada a i Kolorā a me Kalifonia hikina. No ka hoʻoilo, hele nā ʻohana i ke kapakai Pākīpika, kahi e hānai ai lākou i nā moa.
Ma waho, ua like iki ka manu me ka gull herring, akā he poʻo poepoe kona a ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi. Melemele nā wāwae, e like me ka nuku me ke apo ʻeleʻele i ka hopena. Ua hoʻonani ʻia nā hulu ma ka ʻāʻī me nā blotches ʻeleʻele. ʻO ka hulu kua a luna a luna i hina hina. ʻO nā ʻāpana ʻē aʻe a pau o ke kino he keʻokeʻo keʻokeʻo.
ʻAno hoʻopuni
I kēia mau lā, ua hoʻolaha ka pāpāho i kēlā Ua hoʻomohala ʻia nā ʻōnehana ʻUkonia i kahi ʻano gull... ʻAʻole hāʻawi ʻia ka inoa a me nā hōʻailona. ʻO ka ʻike wale nō he mau guano ʻona nā manu i hiki ke ʻaʻai i ka mea hao. I ka mālamalama o nā hanana politika i nā makahiki i hala iho nei, hiki ke manaʻo ʻia he "supernova air arm" kā ka pūʻali koa Iukiniika i hiki ke luku i ke alahaka Crimean me nā palahū.
Panina hopena
Aia maoli ʻano o nā limu ma ke kiʻi... Hiki ke kapa ʻia nā manu he poʻe ʻaihue, akā maopopo maopopo i kā lākou kumu maoli e ke kūlohelohe. Hoʻomaʻemaʻe ka poʻe noho i nā waihona wai i ka Honua o ka haumia.
