ʻOka ʻokaʻula - he ʻenemi umauma o nā wahine hale, kahi mea hoʻohaumia i ka pō o nā lumi kuke a me nā lua. ʻO kēia ka ʻenemi o ka wā kamaliʻi, ko mākou hale kipa ʻae ʻole ʻia, hoa hele, hoa noho hōkele a me kahi hoa paʻalima i ke keʻena. Ke hoʻāʻo nei lākou e lime iā ia i mau kenekulia, a like me ke kūʻē ʻana i ka paʻakikī, ka hoʻololi ʻana i nā ʻono a me ka maʻalahi i nā mea ʻawahia. He koa kēia o ke ao holoʻokoʻa, ke kiaʻi nei i kāna kānāwai paʻa - ke ola i kēlā me kēia kumu kūʻai.
Ke kumu o ka laha a me ka wehewehe
Kiʻi: ʻoka ʻokaʻula
ʻO ka ʻokaʻula ʻulaʻula, ʻike ʻia ʻo Prusak (Blattella germanica), no ka ʻohana Ectobiidae. Ua wehewehe ʻia e Karl Linnaeus ma ka "ʻōnaehana o ke kūlohelohe" i ka makahiki 1767. ʻO ka inoa o ka genus mai ka huaʻōlelo Lākina "blatta", kahi i kapa ʻia e ko Roma he mau ʻeneka makaʻu i ka mālam.
ʻO Ectobiids, a i ʻole nā ʻūlū lāʻau, ʻo ia ka ʻohana cockroach nui loa, kahi o ka hapalua o nā kūpina āpau mai ke kauoha Blattodea. Akā ma waho o ka Prusak, i waena o lākou ʻaʻole e ʻoi aku ma mua o 5 nā mea ʻino like e noho ana i nā hale o ka poʻe. ʻO nā mea kaulana loa o lākou he ʻeleʻele a he ʻAmelika. ʻO ke koena makemake i kahi ola manuahi i ke kūlohelohe.
Video: ʻoka ʻokaʻula
I ke ʻano o nā ipukukui, hiki ke ʻike ʻia nā ʻōuli primitive o nā mea kolo kahiko: ka nau ʻana i ka iwi ā, nā ʻili lele lele maikaʻi ʻole. ʻO ka manawa o ko lākou helehelena, ke hoʻokolokolo nei e nā paʻi paʻi pono, mai ka hoʻomaka o ka Carboniferous (ma kahi o 320 miliona mau makahiki i hala aku nei). Hōʻike ka loiloi Phylogenetic ua ala mua nā kūpikū - ma ka liʻiliʻi i ka manawa Jurassic.
ʻIke hoihoi: Hōʻike ʻia nā antipathies aupuni i nā inoa kaulana o kahi ʻelemu ʻoluʻolu ʻole. I Lūkia, ua kapa ʻia kēia ʻano cockroach ʻo "Prusak", ʻoiai ua manaʻo ʻia ua lawe ʻia mai Prussia. A ma Kelemania a me Czech Republic, kahi hapa o Prussia, ua kapa ʻia ʻo ia ʻo "Russian" no kekahi kumu like. ʻAʻole maopopo ia ma hea ʻo ia i hele mua ai. ʻAʻole i aʻo ʻia nā ala o ka neʻe ʻana o ka mōʻaukala o ka holoholona ʻulaʻula.
ʻO ka helehelena a me nā hiʻohiʻona
Kiʻi: He aha ke ʻano o ka ʻāʻā ʻāʻī ʻulaʻula
Pili nā ʻekeʻeke i nā kolo me ka pōʻaiapili hoʻololi ʻole a hele i loko o ʻekolu mau hanana i ko lākou ulu ʻana: he hua manu, he ʻūlū (nymph) a me kahi mākua (imago), a ʻokoʻa iki ka larva mai ka pae hope loa. Hoʻopiʻi ka larva mai ka hua manu ma hope o 14 - 35 mau lā a hala mai 6 a 7 mau molts, i kēlā me kēia manawa e hoʻonui ana i ka nui a hiki i ka nui o kahi ʻoka makua. Hana kēia hana i 6 a 31 mau pule. Noho ke kāne makua 100 a 150 mau lā. ʻO ka lōʻihi o ke ola o ka wahine he 190-200 mau lā. He agile, nosy, elusive a hoʻowahāwahā ka moa, ʻo ia hoʻi i ka pae hope loa.
ʻO ka poʻe Prussians makua he 12.7 - 15.88 cm ka lōʻihi a kaupaona ʻia mai 0.1 a 0.12 g. He ʻalani nā kala ākea, ʻelua mau ʻāpana ʻeleʻele ākea e holo ma ka ʻaoʻao dorsal o ka prothorax. Lahilahi ka varnish chitinous a palupalu ke kino, kahi e hoʻonui ai i ka hōʻole i kēia kolo. Hoʻololi ʻia ke kinona o ke kino, oval, pālahalaha a hoʻopili ʻia e paheʻe ai i loko o nā āpau.
Hele ʻoluʻolu nā ʻāpana thoracic i loko o ka ʻōpū i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia, i uhi ʻia me nā ʻēheu palupalu i hui ʻia. Ke makaʻu, hohola ka moa i kona mau ʻeheu, akā hiki ke hoʻohana wale iā lākou no ka hoʻolālā ʻana, no ka laʻana, mai kahi papa i ka papahele. ʻO nā wāwae spiked he lōʻihi a ikaika - nā wāwae o ka mea holo maoli. Hoʻonani ʻia ke poʻo pālahalaha maikaʻi me nā ʻumiʻumi lahilahi lahilahi, a nā kiaʻi Prusak i hana ʻino ai, e hoʻāʻo nei e hopu i ka weliweli.
He lahilahi a ʻoi iki nā kāne ma mua o nā wahine, puka ka wī o ka ʻōpū mai lalo o nā ʻēheu a hāʻawi ʻia me nā setae protruding - cerci. I nā wahine, hoʻopuni ʻia ka hopena o ka ʻōpū, halihali maʻamau i nā hua i kahi pūʻulu kūikawā - ooteca. Larvae - ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o nā nymphs, akā ʻo ke ʻano like. ʻEʻeleʻele ke kala, hoʻokahi ka ʻāpana a hoʻomohala ʻia nā ʻeheu. Poepoe nā hua, ʻeleʻele māmā.
Ma hea e noho ai ka ʻalalāʻulaʻula?
Kiʻi: ʻoka ʻoka ʻulaʻula
ʻO Asia Hema ka ʻāina hānau i ʻike ʻia o ka poʻe Prussians. Hoʻomaka ko lākou hāʻawi nui ʻana i ka kenekulia 18 - ke au o ka huakaʻi holoʻokoʻa i ka honua, nā huakaʻi ʻepekema a me ke kālepa kolone. I kēia manawa ua hoʻopuehu nā ʻāpā ʻulaʻula i ka honua holoʻokoʻa a ua noho lākou i nā wahi kūpono āpau, ʻaʻole hoʻohilahila i ke alo o nā ʻohana kūloko. ʻO kekahi, ʻo kahi laʻana, ka ʻoka ʻeleʻele ʻEulopa, ua hoʻokele lākou iā lākou mai kā lākou niche ecological ecological.
Ma o kona ʻano, he noho ka ʻāpā i ka tropic, kahi mea aloha i kahi aniau mehana a hau a ke iho ka mahana i lalo -5 C °. Ma lalo o nā kūlana kūlohelohe, ʻaʻole ia e noho ma waho o ke kihi me kahi aniau hau ʻole, ma nā mauna ma kahi o 2000 m, a ma nā wahi maloʻo hoʻi, e like me nā wao akua. ʻO ke anuanu a me ka maloʻo wale nō e pale iā ia mai ka lanakila ʻana i ka honua holoʻokoʻa, ʻoiai, e hoʻohana ana i ka hōʻoluʻolu o nā hale kanaka, hiki iā ia ke holomua a hiki i ka Arctic.
Mahalo i ka maʻalahi o nā makemake a me nā meaʻai undemanding, noho ka Prussians i nā wahi wela i nā kūlanakauhale a me nā kauhale, kahi pilikino a me ka lehulehu. ʻOi aku inā nui ka meaʻai a me ka momona, e like me nā lumi kuke a me nā lua. ʻO nā Prussians i nā haukapila a me nā hale hana lawelawe e lilo ana i pōʻino maoli. ʻO ka hale kūlanakauhale me ka hoʻomehana waena a me ka wai kahe e kūpono no lākou. Ma loko o ka hale, neʻe lākou ma o ka ʻōnaehana ea a me nā ʻūpā ʻōpala, a hoʻohana pinepine i nā ʻeke a i ʻole nā lako e neʻe ai i nā wahi hou.
ʻOiaʻiʻo: ʻo kekahi o nā ala kūpono e kāpae ai i nā kaikunāne obsessive o kā mākou mea liʻiliʻi e hoʻopili i ka hale. No laila, ʻaʻole kū ka ʻāpiki i nā hale kau wela.
I kēia manawa ʻike ʻoe hiki iā ʻoe ke hālāwai me kahi ʻoka ʻoka ʻulaʻula i kou keʻena. E nānā kāua i ka ʻai a kēia mau ʻeneto.
He aha ka ʻai a ka ʻokaʻā ʻulaʻula?
Kiʻi: ʻoka ʻulaʻula nui
ʻAi nā mea ʻulaʻula i nā mea ola ʻole i loko o nā meaola. Hana pū lākou i ka cannibalism e ka ʻai ʻana i nā mea make. ʻO nā ʻōpala ʻōpala a me nā wahi ʻē aʻe kahi e hōʻiliʻili ai ka ʻōpala o ke ola kanaka, nā mahiʻai, nā hale hoʻoulu mea kanu, nā hale ʻaina, nā haukapila, nā hale hōʻikeʻike o nā kūlohelohe a me herbaria, nā waihona waihona puke o nā waihona, nā waihona a me nā hale waihona mea lawelawe iā lākou ma ke ʻano he papa ʻaina a me kahi hale.
Ua hoihoi loa lākou i:
- 'ōpala' iʻo a me ke kino;
- ʻai starchy;
- nā mea āpau i loaʻa i ke kō;
- meaʻai momona;
- ka pepa, keu hoʻi o nā puke kahiko;
- nā lole kūlohelohe, ʻoi aku ka lepo;
- ʻili;
- ke kopa a me ka palaoa niho;
- kāpili kūlohelohe, e like me ka pelu iwi, i hoʻohana mua ʻia i ka hana ʻana i nā puke.
ʻO ka hiki o ka ʻāpiki e assimilate cellulose, e like me nā termite pili loa, pili ia i nā microorganism e noho ana i ko lākou ʻōpū a, ma ke ʻeli ʻana i ka fiber, kūpono ia i ke kino o ka mea hoʻokipa.
ʻIke hoihoi: ʻOiai ke hoʻomohala nei i kahi lāʻau make ākea no ka poʻe Prussians, ua ʻike nā ʻepekema ua ulu lākou i kahi heihei ʻai ʻole i ke kō a me nā mea āpau i loaʻa ka glucose. Hoʻohuli ʻia nā pepeke hōʻike i ka glucose ma ke ʻano he mea ʻoluʻolu ʻole a ʻawahia hoʻi. ʻO ia lāhui kahi hopena e ulu ai i nā maunu kō kō ʻono i hoʻopilikia ʻia i nā ipo ʻono a pau. ʻO kēlā mau ʻāpā i mālama ʻole i ka mālama ʻana pēlā i ola a hoʻonui.
Nā hiʻohiʻona o ke ʻano a me ka nohona
Kiʻi: ʻoka ʻulaʻula, ʻike ʻia ʻo Prusak
Pili nā Prussians i nā mea i kapa ʻia "nā meaola synanthropic", kahi e pili kokoke ana i ka nohona kanaka i ke ola a noho kokoke wale nō i ke anthropogenic environment, nā wahi noho o ka poʻe. ʻO kā lākou noho hou ʻana i nā panalāʻau hou e hana ʻia me ke kōkua o ke kanaka - huakaʻi ka ʻāpā me kā mākou mea a me nā meaʻai i nā paʻa o nā moku, ma nā kaʻaahi, nā kaʻa a me nā mokulele.
Noho i loko o ka hale, hele nā mākua a me kā lākou mau nimema e ulu ana i ka pō e ʻaihue. ʻOiai ʻume ʻia lākou i nā wahi mālamalama i ka pouli, ke huli nei i ke kukui e heʻe koke nā Prussians. ʻAʻole kani kēia ʻano, akā ʻo ke ʻano o ka ʻēheu o nā ʻeheu a me nā wāwae i hoʻoili ʻia e kahi ʻohana e heʻe ana, ua kamaʻāina i nā poʻe āpau i loaʻa ka pōʻino e noho pū me lākou i ka hale like.
Hana kūlike ʻo Cockroaches, ʻoiai ua hoʻokumu ʻia kekahi mau pilina ma waena o nā lālā o ke kaiāulu kūloko i noho i hoʻokahi lumi. Hoʻohana lākou i nā mea pilau i kapa ʻia pheromones e hōʻailona i ke alo o kahi e puʻuhonua ai, ka meaʻai a i ʻole ka weliweli, e hoʻouna ai i nā hōʻailona moe kolohe. Kuhi ʻia kēia mau pheromones i nā feces, a haʻalele nā pepelu holo i aneʻi a ma aneʻi nā ala ʻike e ʻākoakoa ai kā lākou mau hoa no ka meaʻai, ka wai, a i ʻole e ʻike i kahi hoa pili.
ʻOiaʻiʻo: Ua alakaʻi ka ʻepekema i kahi hoʻokolohua e ʻike i kahi e hana ʻia ai nā pheromones a loaʻa, kahi e hōʻiliʻili pū ai i nā ʻāpā. Ua hōʻino ʻia kahi hui o Prusaks e nā microorganism ʻōpū a ua hoʻololi ʻia ua pau ko lākou mau ʻōpala e ʻumeʻume i nā kānaka ʻē aʻe. Ma hope o ka hānai ʻana i nā mea koʻohune i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia mai nā faeces o nā ipo i hana ʻole ʻia, hoʻi hou ka hoihoi o kā lākou excretions. Ua hoʻohuli ʻia ke kuleana o kēia mau koʻohune no ka synthesive o 12 mau momona waikawa, i evaporate i ka lewa a lilo i hōʻailona no ka hōʻiliʻili maʻamau.
ʻO ke kūkulu kaiāulu a me ka hana hou
Kiʻi: ʻoka ʻulaʻula
Kūleʻa ʻo Prussians a, ke noho pū, hana i kahi kaiāulu kemokalaka maoli o nā mea kaulike, i hui pū ʻia ʻaʻole wale ma nā hale maʻamau a me nā nemphs e ulu ana, akā me nā makemake like pū kekahi. ʻO ka mea nui ka meaʻai, a haku ka ʻoka i ka mea i loaʻa me ke ʻano leʻaleʻa, e hoʻomaopopo akamai ana i kā lākou mau hoa e pili ana i kona wahi a me ka helu me ke kōkua o pheromones. ʻO ke ala o ka cockroach e alakaʻi ai i kahi kumu meaʻai, ʻoi aku ka nani o nā poʻe ʻē aʻe. Ua noa lākou e koho i kahi hoa moekolohe.
Hoʻoikaika ikaika ka poʻe Cockroach. I kona ola ʻana, kau ka wahine mai 4 a 9 mau pūʻolo (ooteca) a i 8 mm ka lōʻihi, a ʻo kēlā me kēia mea he 30 - 48 mau hua. ʻO ke kūkulu ʻana o ka capsule a me ke kō ʻana o nā hua i loko o 28 mau lā ma ka awelika, a aneane i kēia mau manawa āpau e hāpai ka wahine iā ia ma ka hopena o ka ʻōpū. ʻOiai, i ka hopena, hiki iā ia ke hāʻule i ka ukana i kahi kihi pouli.
Ma hope o kekahi mau pule, hoʻomaka ʻo ia e hoʻomohala i ka edema hou. I ka huina, hoʻopuka kēlā me kēia wahine i 500 mau hoʻoilina. ʻO ka hana hou ʻana i kahi pūʻulu e kū mau ana a hiki i nā hanauna a me nā pae o ka hoʻomohala ke kū i loko o ia i ka manawa like. Ma kahi maikaʻi, ulu ka lehulehu o ka ʻāpō e like me ka pōpō hau a i ʻole, ma ka ʻōlelo o ka makemakika, exponentially. Hiki ke hoʻolohi ʻia ka ulu ʻana e ka hōʻoluʻolu o loko a i ʻole ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe.
ʻImi hoihoi: ua lilo ʻo Nadezhda cockroach i holoholona mua e hāpai i ka lewa. Ua hana ia ma Kepakemapa 14 - 26, 2007 ma ka biosatelit unmanned Foton-M 3. Hele ʻo Cockroaches i kahi ipu, a ua hoʻopaʻa ʻia ka ʻoiaʻiʻo o ka hapai ma ka wikiō. Ke hoʻi nei mai ka mahuka, ua hānau ʻo Nadezhda he 33 mau keiki. ʻO ka mea maʻamau ʻole e pili ana iā lākou ka ulu wikiwiki ʻana ma mua o kā lākou mau hoa honua a loaʻa mua i kahi kala ʻeleʻele. ʻAʻole i hōʻike nā moʻopuna a Nadezhda i kekahi mau ʻano ʻē.
ʻO nā ʻenemi kūlohelohe o ka ʻāpā ʻulaʻula
Kiʻi: He aha ke ʻano o ka ʻāʻā ʻāʻī ʻulaʻula
ʻAʻole ʻawa ka moa a, i ke kumu, hiki ke ʻai ʻia e kekahi holoholona e hōʻole ʻole i nā kolo. Akā hāʻawi kahi nohona kanaka iā ia me kahi pale hilinaʻi mai nā manu a me nā mea ʻai manuahi ʻē aʻe. Maʻaneʻi hiki iā ia ke hoʻoweliweli wale ʻia e nā ʻūpala moe ʻē aʻe synanthropic a me nā kauā.
Inoaia:
- punawelewele;
- centipedes;
- manu kūloko;
- hiki i nā pōpoki a me nā ʻīlio ke hopu iā lākou no ka leʻaleʻa.
ʻO ka ʻenemi nui o ka Prusak ʻulaʻula kekahi mea ma lalo o kona kaupaku e hāʻule ai kēia mea kolohe. E ʻae like kēlā me kēia "ʻōmaʻomaʻo" me ka ʻoiaʻiʻo o ka pepelu i kumu ʻino nui. Ua lawa iā ia ke ʻike i kāna pākaukau kīhini ma hope o kā lākou kipa.
No ke aha e hoʻopōʻino ai ʻo Prusak:
- hali ʻoi aku ma mua o 40 pathogens o microbial a me nā maʻi viral (me ka disentery), he mea nui ia i nā haukapila;
- mea lawelawe waena o ʻekolu mau ʻano helminths a me ka protozoa;
- kumu a hoʻonāukiuki i nā maʻi āpau, worsens asthma;
- hana i kahi pilau i loko o ka lumi mahalo i nā pheromones;
- hōʻino i ka meaʻai;
- hoʻohaʻahaʻa i nā mea;
- pili i ka psyche a nahu paha.
Ua hoʻomaikaʻi ʻia nā ana pest no nā kenekulia. Hoʻokaʻawale i nā ʻōpala o ka meaʻai a me ka wai, hoʻonohonoho i nā pahele i hiki ʻole ai iā lākou ke puka i waho, nā lumi hau, a ʻo ka hopena, ke kaua kemika - ua hoʻāʻo ʻia nā ʻano hana āpau. ʻAʻole maikaʻi loa nā hana mechanical, a ʻo nā ʻano kemika wale nō e alakaʻi i ka hoʻomaikaʻi hou ʻana o ka pest. Pilikia ka poʻe Prussians i kēia manawa i nā pyrethroids - nā ʻano pepeke kahiko a maʻalahi hiki ʻole i nā papa pesticides ʻē aʻe. Hana nā lāʻau hou (hydroprene, methoprene) i mea hoʻoponopono ulu a ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi. Hoʻolālā lākou i ka molting a pale i ka hoʻomohala ʻana o nā kolo.
ʻOiaʻiʻo hoihoi: Ma mua, i nā hale, keu hoʻi i nā kuaʻāina, hānai ʻia nā titmouses a me nā tit titio, keu hoʻi e hakakā me nā kūpuna. Hūnā nā manu i ka mehana, hoʻomaʻemaʻe i ka hale mai nā mea ʻino, a i ka puna, e like me ka moʻomeheu ma Easter, ua hoʻokuʻu ʻia lākou.
Heluna a me ke kūlana o kēia ʻano
Kiʻi: ʻāʻā ʻāʻī ʻulaʻula i loko o ke keʻena
ʻAʻohe mea i helu i ka nui o ka poʻe Prussians ma ka honua. Makemake wale kēlā me kēia e hoʻemi i kekahi o lākou. Akā i kēia manawa he moeʻuhane nō ia. ʻOiai ke hoʻomaikaʻi maikaʻi nei ka Prusak i ka like me ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana o nā hana o ka paio a me kona kūlana hiki ke hoʻomaopopo wiwo ʻole ʻia e "hoʻonui i ka helu".
Hiki i ka helu i kahi māhele kikoʻī ke loli nui. E nalowale paha nā ʻalalā ma hope o ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻana, a laila nui ka nui o lākou a hoʻomaka lākou e holoholo ma waena o ka lā. Hiki paha ke pohā ka heluna lehulehu inā ʻaʻole ʻoe e ʻike e ulu nui ana ka nui o ka poʻe Prussians e like me ke kānāwai o Malthus, ʻo ia hoʻi, lohi i ka mua, a ʻo ka piʻi ʻana o ka helu i ka wikiwiki a me ka wikiwiki. E kaupalena iā ia, e like me kā Malthus, hiki wale i ka pōloli, nā maʻi ahulau a me nā kaua ke hiki. Ua hoʻohaʻahaʻa ka mea kālaihana ʻEnelani i kāna kānāwai no ka lāhui kanaka, akā ʻo ka ʻoka ʻoka ka lawena ma ke ʻano he kumu hoʻohālikelike maikaʻi loa e hōʻike ai pehea e holo ai.
ʻAʻole hoʻoweliweli ʻia ʻo Prusak i ka pōloli a me nā maʻi ahulau. Ke kaua mau nei ke kanaka me lākou. Ua like nā ʻepekema ʻepekema me nā hōʻike e pili ana i ka hakakā, kahi a lākou e kūkākūkā ai i ka hoʻomohala ʻana o nā hoʻolālā, ka nalowale ʻana o ka ʻenemi, nā kumu o ka holo pono ʻole. Ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, hōʻoia ka noiʻi ʻo ka poʻe nāna e hāʻawi i ka poʻe Prussians ma ka lawe ʻana iā lākou i nā kaʻa a hana i nā wahi hou e noho ai: nā hale hoʻoulu mea kanu, nā mahiʻai hoʻomehana, nā hale mālama mehana. No laila i nā makahiki he 20 i hala aku nei, ua lilo ka poʻe Prussians i mea hōʻino hōʻino ma nā mahi puaʻa US. Ua hōʻike ʻia kahi noiʻi genetic ʻaʻole lākou e puunaue ʻia ma waena - mai ka ʻoihana hoʻokele, akā lawe ʻia e nā limahana mai nā mahiʻai kokoke. E ulu ʻo Prusak i ka lōʻihi o kēia pōʻai ʻino.
Aia kekahi mau holoholona e like me ke kokoke ʻana i ka poʻe a kakā ʻulaʻula mai waena mai o lākou. ʻO ka pilikia, ʻaʻole pono ka poʻe i kēlā hoa like. E hiki iā lākou ke kāpae iā ia, a e aʻo paha lākou e hoʻohana ia mea i ka home i ka leʻaleʻa like? ʻAʻole pane ʻia kēia mau nīnau a hiki i kēia manawa.
Lā o ka paʻi ʻia: 01/22/2020
Lā hou: 05.10.2019 ma 0:54
