Solpuga He wao nahele arachnid me ka nui, ʻokoʻa, a curved chelicerae, pinepine like ka lōʻihi me ka cephalothorax. He mau mea ʻinoʻino lākou i hiki ke neʻe wikiwiki. Loaʻa ʻo Salpuga i nā wao nahele tropical a me nā temperate a puni ka honua. Hoʻonui kekahi o nā kaʻao i ka wikiwiki a me ka nui o nā solpugs, a me ko lākou kūlana weliweli i nā kānaka, he mea ʻole ia.
Ke kumu o ka laha a me ka wehewehe
Kiʻi: Solpuga
ʻO Salpugi kahi hui o arachnids i loaʻa nā inoa like ʻole. Noho kaʻawale nā solpugs, ʻaʻohe onaona a ʻaʻohe mea hoʻoweliweli i nā kānaka, ʻoiai he huhū loa lākou a neʻe wikiwiki a hiki ke hōʻeha i ka nahu.
ʻO ka inoa "solpuga" mai ka Lākina "solifuga" (kahi ʻano nunu ʻona a spider paha), a ʻo "fugere" kekahi (e holo, lele, holo aku) a ʻo sol (lā). ʻO kēia mau mea ʻano ʻokoʻa he mau inoa maʻamau i ka ʻōlelo Pelekania a me ka ʻApelika, a ʻo ka hapa nui o ia mau huaʻōlelo "spider" a i ʻole "scorpion." ʻOiai ʻaʻole ia ʻo ka mea ʻē aʻe a me kekahi, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka "spider" i ka "scorpion." Hoʻohana ʻia ka huaʻōlelo "spider sun" i kēlā mau ʻano i hana i ka lā, kahi e ʻimi ai e pakele i ka wela a hoʻolei iā lākou iho mai ke aka a i ke aka, e hāʻawi pinepine nei i kahi manaʻo hoʻopilikia i nā kānaka ke wili nei lākou iā lākou.
Video: Solpuga
Loaʻa paha ka huaʻōlelo "ʻulaʻula Roma" mai ka huaʻōlelo Afrikaans "rooyman" (kāne ʻulaʻula) ma muli o ke kala ʻulaʻula ʻulaʻula o kekahi ʻano. ʻO nā huaʻōlelo kaulana "haarkeerders" ʻo ia hoʻi "nā mea pale" a hele mai nā ʻano ʻē o kekahi o kēia mau holoholona ke hoʻohana lākou i nā holoholona bale. Me he mea lā e manaʻo ka wahine wahine solpug i ka lauoho e like me ke ʻano laʻa kūpono. ʻO nā hōʻike a Gauteng i ʻōlelo ʻia ua ʻoki ka solpugi i ka lauoho o ka poʻe me ka ʻike ʻole. ʻAʻole kūpono nā salpugs no ka ʻoki ʻana i ka lauoho, a hiki i ka hōʻoia ʻana o kēia ke waiho i kahi kaʻao, ʻoiai hiki iā lākou ke haki i ke kumu o nā hulu manu.
ʻO nā inoa ʻē aʻe no ka solpug me nā spider solar, nā spider Roman, scorpion makani, spider makani, a me nā spider camel paha. Manaʻo kekahi poʻe noiʻi pili pili loa lākou i nā pseudo-scorpion, akā hōʻole ʻia kēia e nā noiʻi hou loa.
ʻO ka helehelena a me nā hiʻohiʻona
Kiʻi: He aha ke ʻano o ka solpuga
Māhele ʻia ke kino o kahi solpuga i ʻelua ʻāpana: prosoma (carapace) a me opisthosoma (ʻōpū ʻōpū).
Aia ʻo Prosoma i ʻekolu mau ʻāpana:
- ka propeltidium (poʻo) loaʻa nā chelicerae, nā maka, nā pedipalps a me nā paʻa mua ʻelua o nā paws;
- aia i ka mesopeltidium kahi kolu o nā paʻa wāwae;
- Loaʻa i ka metapeltidium ka pā ʻehā o nā paws.
ʻIke leʻaleʻa: he 10 mau wāwae o Solpugs, akā ʻo ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, ʻo ka paʻa mua o nā appendages he pedipalps ikaika loa ia i hoʻohana ʻia no nā hana like ʻole e like me ka inu, hopu ʻana, hānai ʻana, moe ʻana, a me ka piʻi ʻana.
ʻO ka hiʻohiʻona maʻamau ʻole o nā solpugs nā ʻōiwi knotty ʻokoʻa ma nā wēlau o kā lākou mau wāwae. ʻIke ʻia hiki i kekahi salpug ke hoʻohana i kēia mau ʻāpana e piʻi i luna i luna, akā ʻaʻole koi ʻia kēia i ka nāhelehele. Loaʻa i nā paws āpau kahi femur. Lahilahi a pōkole hoʻi ka paʻa o nā ʻāpā mua a hoʻohana ʻia e like me nā mea pono tactile (tentacles) ma mua o ka locomotion a i ʻole loaʻa nā māiʻuʻu o nā māiʻuʻu paha.
ʻO nā salpugs, me nā pseudocorpions, nele i ka patella (kahi ʻāpana o ka paw i loaʻa i nā nananana, nā moʻo huelo ʻawa a me nā arachnids ʻē aʻe). ʻO ka pā hā o nā ʻāpā ka lōʻihi loa a loaʻa nā kuʻekuʻe wāwae, nā lālā ʻokoʻa i loaʻa paha nā waiwai chemosensory. ʻO ka hapanui o nā laha he 5 mau paʻa wāwae, ʻoiai he 2-3 mau pālua wale nō nā ʻōpio.
Hoʻololi nā salpug i ka nui (ka lōʻihi o ke kino 10-70 mm) a hiki ke loaʻa i kahi āpau a hiki i 160 mm. Nui ke poʻo, kākoʻo i ka nui, ikaika chelicerae (jaws). Hāpai ʻia ka propeltidium (carapace) i mea e lawa ai nā mākala hoʻonui ʻia e kaohi ai i ka chelicerae. Ma muli o kēia hanana kiʻekiʻena, hoʻohana ʻia nā inoa o nā spider kāmelo i ʻAmelika. He manamana kuʻikuʻi paʻa ko ka chelicera a me kahi manamananui ventral hiki ke hoʻoneʻe ʻia, i mākaukau pū ʻia me nā niho cheliceral e haki i ka mea pio. ʻO kēia mau niho kekahi o nā hiʻohiʻona i hoʻohana ʻia i ka ʻike o nā solpugs.
He mau maka maʻalahi ko Salpugs ma ka puʻupuʻu maka i hāpai ʻia ma ka palena mua o ka propeltidium, akā ʻaʻole naʻe i ʻike ʻia inā ʻike ka malamalama a me ka pouli a i ʻole ka hiki i ka ʻike. Manaʻo ʻia hiki i ka hihiʻo ke ʻoi a hoʻohana pū ʻia e nānā i nā mea lele lewa. Ua ʻike ʻia nā maka he paʻakikī loa a no laila pono hou ʻia kahi noiʻi. ʻAʻohe o nā maka maka maka mua.
Ma hea e noho ai ka solpuga?
Kiʻi: Solpuga i Lūkia
Loaʻa i ka ʻohana solpug he ʻohana 12, ma kahi o 150 genera a ʻoi aku ma mua o 900 mau ʻano a puni ka honua. ʻIke pinepine ʻia lākou ma nā wao nahele tropika a me subtropical ma ʻApelika, ka Hikina Waena, ʻAsia Komohana, a me ʻAmelika. Ma ʻApelika, loaʻa pū lākou i nā kula a me nā ululāʻau. Kū lākou ia i loko o ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa a me ʻEulopa Hema, akā ʻaʻole ma Australia a me Nūhōlani. ʻO nā ʻohana nui ʻelua o nā salpug ma ʻAmelika Hema ʻo Ammotrechidae lāua ʻo Eremobatidae, i hui pū ʻia e 11 genera a ma kahi o 120 mau ʻano. Loaʻa ka hapa nui o kēia ma ke komohana o ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa. ʻO ka ʻokoʻa ʻo Ammotrechella stimpsoni, i loaʻa ma lalo o ka ʻili o ka termitic i hoʻopiha ʻia ma Florida.
Mea leʻaleʻa: Salpugs fluoresce ma lalo o kekahi kukui UV o ka nalu lōʻihi a me ka mana, a ʻoiai ʻaʻole lākou e fluoresce e like me ka ʻōlinolino, ʻo kēia ke ʻano o ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana iā lākou. ʻAʻole e hana nā kukui UV UV i kēia manawa ma nā solpugs.
Kuhi ʻia nā salpugs he endomas hōʻailona o nā biome wao nahele a loaʻa i nā wao nahele mehana o ka Hikina Waena a me nā scrublands ma nā ʻāina āpau koe wale ʻo Australia a me Antarctica. ʻAʻohe mea kupanaha, ʻaʻole hiki ke loaʻa ka solpug ma Antarctica, akā no ke aha lākou ʻaʻole ma Australia? Minamina, paʻakikī e ʻōlelo - ʻo ka nānā ʻana i nā paʻakai paʻakai i ka nahelehele he paʻakikī loa ia, a ʻaʻole ola maikaʻi lākou i ka noho pio ʻana. He mea paʻakikī kēia e aʻo ai. ʻOiai aia ma kahi o 1,100 mau ʻāpana o nā solpugs, nui nā ʻokoʻa i kahi e hōʻike ai a me nā mea a lākou e ʻai ai.
I kēia manawa ʻike ʻoe i kahi e loaʻa ai ka solpuga. E nānā kāua e ʻai ai kēia nananana.
He aha ka solpuga e ʻai ai?
Kiʻi: Spider solpuga
Hoʻopio nā salpug i nā ʻano mea kolo like ʻole, nā nananana, nā moʻo huelo ʻawa, nā mea kolo liʻiliʻi, nā manu make, a ʻo kekahi hoʻi. ʻO kekahi ʻano laha he predite predite wale nō. Noho kekahi poʻe solpugi i ka malu a hoʻohālua i kā lākou mea pio. Pepehi kekahi poʻe i kā lākou mea pio, a i ka manawa a lākou e hopu ai me ka waimaka ikaika a me ka hana ʻoi o nā āiwaha mana a ʻai koke ia, ʻoiai ke ola nei ka mea i hōʻino ʻia.
Ua hōʻike ʻia nā kiʻi wikiō e hopu i nā solpugs i kā lākou mea pio me nā pedipalps ākea, e hoʻohana ana i nā lālā distal o ka suctorial e heleuma i ka mea pio. ʻAʻole ʻike ʻia ke kinona momona ma muli o ka paʻa ʻana o ka lehelehe cuticular dorsal a me ka ventral. Ke hopu ʻia a lawe ʻia ka mea pio i ka chelicerae, pani ʻia ke gland guction. Hoʻohana ʻia ka kaomi hemolymph e wehe a puka i ka ʻōpū o ka umauma. Me he mea lā ʻo ke alelo pōkole o ka chameleon. ʻO nā mea lina ke kuhi ʻo Van der Waals.
ʻO ka hapa nui o nā ʻano saltpug he poʻe ʻaihuna pō hoʻi e puka mai ana mai nā lua kūmau mau e hānai ana i nā artropoda like ʻole. ʻAʻohe o lākou glands ʻona. Ma ke ʻano he mea ʻaihue nunui, ʻike ʻia lākou no ka hānai ʻana i nā moʻo liʻiliʻi, nā manu, a me nā mea hānai manu. I nā wao nahele o ʻAmelika Hema, hānai nā pae lapalapa ʻole o nā salpug i nā kauā. ʻAʻole e haʻalele kahi Solpugs i kahi pāʻina. ʻOiai ʻaʻole pōloli lākou, e ʻai ka solpugi i ka ʻaina awakea. Maopopo iā lākou āpau i kekahi manawa he paʻakikī ka loaʻa ʻana o ka meaʻai iā lākou. Hiki i nā salpugs ke hōʻiliʻili i ka momona o ke kino e ola i nā manawa ke pono ʻole ka nui o nā meaʻai hou.
No kekahi kumu, hahai ka poʻe solpugs i kekahi manawa i ka pūnana o ka nunu, haehae wale lākou i nā naonao i ka hapalua i ka ʻākau a hema a hiki i ka hoʻopuni ʻia ʻana e kahi puʻu o nā kupapaʻu ant i ʻokiʻoki ʻia i ka hapalua. Manaʻo kekahi ʻepekema pepehi paha lākou i nā lū e mālama iā lākou ma ke ʻano he meaʻai māmā no ka wā e hiki mai ana, akā ma 2014 ua paʻi ʻo Reddick i kahi ʻatikala e pili ana i ka papaʻai ʻo Salpug, a me kahi mea kākau pū, ua ʻike lākou ʻaʻole makemake nui ʻo Salpugs i ka ʻai ʻana i nā lū ʻO kekahi wehewehe hou aʻe no kēia ʻano hana ke hoʻāʻo nei lākou e hoʻomaʻemaʻe i ka pūnana o ka naonao i mea e loaʻa ai kahi maikaʻi a pakele mai ka lā wao akua, akā he mea pohihihi nō ia no ke aha lākou e hana ai i kēia.
Nā hiʻohiʻona o ke ʻano a me ka nohona
Kiʻi: Crimean Solpuga
ʻO ka hapa nui o nā solpug i ka pō, e hoʻolilo ana i ka lā i kanu hohonu ʻia i nā aʻa o ka pāpale, i nā lua a i ʻole ma lalo o ka ʻili, a e noho ana a kali i kahi mea pio ma hope o ka pouli. Aia kekahi mau lā diurnal e ʻoi aku ka mālamalama i ke kala me nā mālamalama a me nā ʻāpana pouli ma ko lākou lōʻihi holoʻokoʻa, ʻoiai he ʻano tan a ʻano nui ka nui o ka manawa. Uhi ʻia ke kino o nā ʻano he nui me nā hulu o nā lōʻihi like ʻole, a hiki i 50 mm ka lōʻihi, e like me ka huluhulu ʻōlinolino. ʻO ka hapa nui o kēia mau bristles he mīkini tactile.
ʻO Solpuga ke kumuhana o nā kaao kaona a me nā hoʻonui e pili ana i kā lākou nui, ka wikiwiki, ka lawena, ka makemake a me ka lethality. ʻAʻole nui lākou, ʻo ka nui loa o kahi āpau o paw e pili ana i 12 cm. Wikiwiki lākou ma ka ʻāina, manaʻo ʻia ko lākou wikiwiki i 16 km / h, a aneane he hapakolu ka wikiwiki ma mua o ka sprinter kanaka wikiwiki loa.
ʻAʻohe o ka salpugs glands a i ʻole kekahi hāmeʻa lawe lima, e like me nā ʻūlū kolo, nā nahu ʻāpā, a i ʻole nā hulu pūpona o nā ʻenuhe lonomia. Ua hōʻike pinepine ʻia kahi noiʻi ʻana mai 1987 i ka loaʻa ʻana o kahi ʻokoʻa i kēia kānāwai ma ʻInia no ka mea ʻo ka salpuga i loaʻa i nā ʻōpala, a me ka hoʻokomo ʻana i kā lākou mau huna i nā ʻiole i hopena pinepine i ka make. Eia nō naʻe, ʻaʻohe noiʻi i hoʻokūpaʻa i nā ʻoiaʻiʻo e pili ana i kēia pilikia, no ka laʻana, ka ʻike kūʻokoʻa o nā gland, a i ʻole ka pili o nā mea i ʻike ʻia, e hōʻoia ai i ko lākou kūpaʻa.
Mea leʻaleʻa: Hiki i nā Solpugs ke hana i kahi kani ke kani ke ʻike lākou aia i kahi makaʻu. Hāʻawi ʻia kēia ʻōlelo aʻoaʻo i mea e hiki ai iā lākou ke hoʻokuʻu iā lākou mai kahi pilikia paʻakikī.
Ma muli o ko lākou helehelena punawelewele a me ka neʻe wikiwiki, hiki i nā solpugs ke hoʻoweliweli i nā poʻe he nui. Ua lawa kēia makaʻu e kipaku aku ai i ka ʻohana i waho o ka hale i ka wā i loaʻa ai ka solpugu i ka hale o kahi koa ma Colchester, ʻEnelani, a ua koi ʻia ka ʻohana e hoʻopiʻi i ka solpuga no ka make o kā lākou ʻīlio aloha. ʻOiai ʻaʻole lākou he mea ʻawaʻawa, hiki i ka chelicerae mana o nā kānaka nui ke hoʻokau i kahi hahau ʻeha, akā mai kahi ʻike olakino, ʻaʻohe mea nui kēia.
ʻO ke kūkulu kaiāulu a me ka hana hou
Kiʻi: Solpuga maʻamau
Hiki i ka hana hou ʻana o nā solpugs ke hoʻopili i ka hoʻololi pololei a pololei ʻole o ka sperm. Loaʻa nā lepe solpugs i ka lewa e like me ka flagella ma chelicerai (e like me nā antennae huli hope), ʻano kū hoʻokahi no kēlā me kēia laha, kahi e hoʻokani ai i ka male ʻana. Hiki i nā kāne ke hoʻohana i kēia flagella e hoʻokomo i kahi spermatophore i loko o ka wahine o ka wahine.
Ke ʻimi nei ke kāne i ka wahine, e hoʻohana ana i kāna aʻa, āna e huki ai mai ka wahine mai kāna hoʻi hope. Hoʻohana ke kāne i nā pedipalps e hoʻopaʻa i ka wahine a i kekahi manawa lomilomi i kona ʻōpū me kāna chelicerae ʻoiai e waiho ana ʻo ia i ka spermatophore i loko o ka wahine.
Ma kahi o 20-200 mau hua e hana ʻia a hake ʻia i loko o ʻehā mau pule. ʻO ka pae mua o ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ka solpuga ka larva, a ma hope o ka haki ʻana o ka pūpū, kū ka pae pupal. Noho ʻo Solpugs ma kahi o hoʻokahi makahiki. He mau holoholona mehameha lākou e noho nei i nā hale one i hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻia, pinepine ma lalo o nā pōhaku a me nā lāʻau a i ʻole nā lua a hiki i 230 mm ka hohonu. Hoʻohana ʻia ʻo Chelicerae no ka ʻeli ʻana ke hoʻopulapula ke kino i ke one, a i ʻole hoʻohana ʻia nā wāwae hope e hoʻomaʻemaʻe i ke one. He paʻakikī e mālama i ka pio a make mau i loko o 1-2 mau pule.
ʻIke leʻaleʻa: Hele nā Solpugs i loko o nā pae he nui, e like me ka hua manu, 9-10 mau makahiki papeti, a me ka pae makua.
Solpug ʻenemi kūlohelohe
Kiʻi: He aha ke ʻano o ka solpuga
ʻOiai manaʻo pinepine ʻia lākou nā predators voracious, hiki i ka salpugs ke lilo i mea hoʻohui nui i ka papaʻai o nā holoholona he nui i loaʻa i nā kaiaolaola maloʻo a semi-arid. ʻO nā manu, nā māmele liʻiliʻi, nā mea kolo a me nā arachnids e like me nā kolo i waena o nā holoholona i hoʻopaʻa inoa ʻia ma ke ʻano he carnivores o solpug. Ua ʻike ʻia nō hoʻi e hānai nā solpugs kekahi i kekahi.
ʻO ka pueo ka mea he predator solpug maʻa mau ma ka hema o ʻApelika e pili ana i ka loaʻa ʻana o nā koena cheliceral i loaʻa i nā pulu pueo. Hoʻohui ʻia, ua ʻike ʻia ʻo nā lio lio o ka Honua Hou, nā lark a me nā wagtails o ka Honua Honua pū kekahi e ʻimi solpug, a ʻo nā koena o ka chelicera i loaʻa pū ʻia i loko o nā lepo o nā bustard.
Aia kekahi o nā mammal liʻiliʻi me ka solpug i kā lākou papaʻai, e like me ka mea i hōʻike ʻia e ka hōʻuluʻulu ʻana o ka dispers. Ua hōʻike ʻia ka ʻalopeke pepeiao pepeiao nui e ʻai i ka solpug i nā wā mākū a me nā kau maloʻo hoʻi ma ka Kalahari Gemsbok National Park. Hoʻohana ʻia nā moʻolelo ʻē aʻe e like me nā mōhai no nā mea hānai liʻiliʻi o ʻApelika ma muli o ke kālailai ʻana i nā mea genetical maʻamau o ka geneta maʻamau, ka civet ʻApelika, a me ka jackal jackal.
No laila, hoʻopau kekahi mau manu o ka pio, pueo, a me nā mea hānai liʻiliʻi i ka solpug i kā lākou papaʻai, e like me:
- ʻalopeke pepeiao pepeiao nui;
- genet maʻamau;
- ʻAlopeka ʻApelika Hema;
- Civet ʻApelika;
- ʻīlio laka-ʻeleʻele.
Heluna a me ke kūlana o kēia ʻano
Kiʻi: Solpuga
ʻO nā lālā o ke kime solpug, kapa ʻia he kolo kolo, nā kolo kolohe, nā kolo kolo Roma, he nananana o ka lā, he moʻo huelo makani, he ʻano ʻokoʻa a pīhoihoi hoʻi, akā he poʻe mākaukau ʻike ʻole ʻia, ka hapa nui o ka pō, e holo ana i nā arachnids, i ʻike ʻia e kā lākou chelicerae ʻelua ʻāpana ikaika a ʻole ʻole wikiwiki loa. ʻO lākou ke ono o nā ʻano ʻokoʻa o nā arachnids e pili ana i ka helu o nā ʻohana, nā hanauna a me nā ʻano.
ʻO Salpugs kahi ʻaoʻao elusive o nā arachnids e noho ana i nā wao akua a puni ka honua (kokoke i nā wahi āpau, koe wale nō ʻo Australia a me Antarctica). Manaʻo ʻia aia ma kahi o 1,100 mau ʻano, a ʻo ka hapa nui ʻaʻole i aʻo ʻia. ʻO kēia kahi ma muli o ka ʻoiaʻiʻo o nā holoholona i ka nahelehele paʻakikī loa e nānā, a ʻo kekahi hapa no ka mea ʻaʻole hiki iā lākou ke noho lōʻihi i ka hale hana. He waiwai nui ko ʻApelika Hema i nā holoholona salpug me 146 mau ʻano i ʻeono mau ʻohana. ʻO kēia ʻano, he 107 (71%) ka hopena o ʻApelika Hema. ʻO ka holoholona ʻApelika Hema ka 16% o nā holoholona o ka honua.
ʻOiai ka hapanui o ko lākou inoa maʻamau e kuhikuhi i nā ʻano mea kolo kolo - nā moʻo huelo makani, nā nananana o ka lā - pili maoli lākou i kā lākou pono ponoʻī o nā arachnids, hoʻokaʻawale ʻia mai i nā nananana maoli. Hōʻike kekahi mau noiʻi e pili kokoke ana nā holoholona i nā scorpion pseudo, ʻoiai ua hoʻopili nā mea ʻē aʻe i ka saltpug i kahi hui ticks. Kū palekana ʻole nā salpug, paʻakikī e mālama pio, a no laila ʻaʻole makemake ʻia i ke kālepa holoholona. Eia nō naʻe, hiki ke hoʻoweliweli ʻia lākou e ka haumia a me ka luku ʻana i ka nohona. I kēia manawa, ʻike ʻia he 24 mau ʻano solpugs e noho nei i nā pāka aupuni.
Solpuga ʻO ia ka mea alualu wikiwiki i ka pō, i ʻike ʻia ʻo ke kolo kolo a i ʻole ka punawelewele lā, ka mea i hoʻokano ʻia e kā lākou chelicerae nui. Loaʻa lākou ma nā wahi maloʻo. Hoʻololi nā salpug i ka nui mai 20 a 70 mm. Aia ma mua o ka 1100 i wehewehe ʻia nā ʻano solpugs.
Lā hoʻopuka: 06.01.
Lā hou: 09/13/2019 ma 14:55
