Puku - nā holoholona kīkōkō i hoʻopili ʻia mai ka ʻohana o nā bovids, e pili ana i ka genus o nā kao wai. Noho ma nā wahi waena o ʻApelika. ʻO nā wahi punahele kahi e noho ai nā pāpū ākea kokoke i nā kahawai a me nā wai kai. Pilikia ʻo Puku i ka haunaele a paʻa ʻia i kēia manawa i nā wahi kaʻawale i nā wahi noho kahawai. Hoʻohālikelike ʻia ka heluna heluna kanaka ma kahi o 130,000 mau holoholona, heleleʻi ʻia ma nā wahi kaʻawale.
Ke kumu o ka laha a me ka wehewehe
Kiʻi: Puku
Puku (Kobus vardonii) - pili ia i ke ʻano o nā kao wai. Ua hāʻawi ʻia ka inoa ʻepekema i ka laha e D. Livingston, kahi mea kūlohelohe nāna i ʻimi i ka ʻāina ʻApelika mai Sekotia. Ua make ʻole ʻo ia i ka inoa o kāna hoaaloha ʻo F. Vardon.
Mea hoihoi: Ua hoʻomohala nā ʻepekema ma ICIPE i kahi mea hoʻoweliweli lele lele tsetse no nā pipi.
ʻOiai ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia kēia ʻano ma ke ʻano he hema o ka coba, ua hōʻike ʻia nā noiʻi genetics o nā kaʻina DNA mitochondrial i ka ʻokoʻa loa o ka puku mai ka coba. Hoʻohui ʻia, ʻano nui ka nui a me ka lawena o nā holoholona. No laila, i kēia lā ua manaʻo ʻia ka pūpū he ʻano kaʻawale loa, ʻoiai ke kū nei ka maʻamau o ka genus Adenota no nā ʻano ʻelua.
Video: Pico
Aia ʻelua mau ʻāpana o ka ʻāpana:
- senga puku (Kobus vardonii senganus);
- puku hema (Kobus vardonii vardonii).
ʻAʻole i loaʻa kekahi mau mōʻalihaku waterbuck. ʻO nā fossil maʻAfelika, ka wahi moe o ke kanaka, he kakaikahi wale nō, ʻike ʻia lākou i loko o kekahi mau ʻeke o Svartkrans ma ka ʻākau o ʻApelika Hema i ka moku ʻo Gauteng. Ma muli o nā kumumanaʻo o V. Geist, kahi i hōʻike ʻia ai ka pilina ma waena o ka ulu ʻana o ka nohona a me ka noho ʻana o nā ungulate i ka Pleistocene, ke kapakai hikina o ʻApelika - ka Horn o ʻApelika ma ka ʻākau a me ke awāwa hae o ʻApelika Hikina ma ke komohana - ua manaʻo ʻia he home kūpuna ia o ka waterbuck.
ʻO ka helehelena a me nā hiʻohiʻona
Kiʻi: He aha ke ʻano o ka puku
ʻO Puku nā anelope liʻiliʻi. ʻO ko lākou hulu ma kahi o 32 mm ka lōʻihi a kala ʻia i nā ʻāpana like ʻole o ke kino. ʻO ka hapanui o ko lākou hulu he melemele gula i ke kala, ʻoi aku ka brown o ka lae, kokoke i nā maka, ma lalo o ka ʻōpū, ʻāʻī a me ka lehelehe luna, keʻokeʻo ka hulu. ʻAʻole bushy ka huelo a lōʻihi kona lauoho i ka piko. Hoʻokaʻawale kēia i ka pūpū mai nā ʻano like ʻē aʻe o ka antelope.
Puku wahine dimorphic. He pepeiaohao ko nā kāne, akā ʻaʻohe wahine. Hoʻopiʻi hope nā pepeiaohao i hope i ʻelua hapakolu o ko lākou lōʻihi, i loaʻa i kahi ʻaoʻao ribed, kahi ʻano lira vague a lilo i laumania i nā ʻōlelo aʻoaʻo. ʻOi aku ka liʻiliʻi o nā wahine i ke kaupaona, ke kaupaona nei i ka awelika 66 kg, ʻo ke kaupaona o nā kāne ma ka awelika 77 kg. He ʻāpana pulu liʻiliʻi ko Puku. Nui ka ʻāʻī o nā kāne Teritorial ma ka awelika ma mua o nā bachelors. Loaʻa ka hoʻokuʻu glandular i ka ʻāʻī.
Mea hoihoi: Hoʻohana nā kāne o ka Teritori i kā lākou huna huna glandular e hoʻolaha i ko lākou ala i loko o kā lākou panalāʻau. Hūnā lākou i nā hormoni hou aʻe mai ko lākou ʻāʻī ma mua o nā kāne kāne.
Hoʻomaopopo kēia ʻala i nā kāne ʻē aʻe e hoʻouka kaua nei i ka ʻāina haole. ʻAʻole ʻike ʻia nā kiko o ka ʻāʻī i nā kāne kūloko a hiki i ka wā i hoʻokumu ai lākou i ko lākou ʻāina. ʻO ka puku i ka poʻohiwi ma kahi o 80 cm, a ua hoʻomohala maikaʻi ʻia lākou i nā lua inguinal me kahi hohonu o 40 a 80 mm.
I kēia manawa ʻike ʻoe i ke ʻano o ka pūpū. E nānā ma hea kahi e loaʻa ai kēia antelope.
Ma hea e noho ai ka puku?
Kiʻi: ʻApelika antelope puku
Ua pālahalaha mua ka antelope i nā wahi hānai kokoke i ka wai mau i loko o nā ululāʻau sabana a me nā kahawai o ka hema a me ka waena o ʻApelika. Ua hoʻoneʻe ʻia ʻo Puku mai ka hapanui o kāna pae mua, a ma kekahi mau ʻāpana o kāna pae hoʻokaʻawale i hoʻoliʻiliʻi ʻia i nā hui kaʻawale loa. ʻO ke kumu, aia kona pae ma ka hema o ka equator ma waena o 0 a me 20 ° a ma waena o 20 a 40 ° hikina o ka meridian mua. Ua hōʻike ʻia kahi noiʻi hou e loaʻa nā puku ma Angola, Botswana, Katanga, Malawi, Tanzania a me Zambia.
Loaʻa nā heluna nui loa i kēia manawa i nā ʻāina ʻelua wale nō, ʻo Tanzania a me Zambia. Ua koho ʻia ka heluna kanaka ma 54,600 ma Tanzania a me 21,000 ma Zambia. Ma kahi kokoke i ʻelua hapakolu o ka pūpū e noho nei i ke awāwa ʻo Kilombero ma Tanzania. I nā ʻāina ʻē aʻe kahi a lākou e noho ai, ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o ka heluna kanaka. Ma lalo o 100 mau kānaka i koe ma Botswana a hāʻule nā helu. Ma muli o ka emi o ka nohona, ua hoʻoneʻe ʻia nā puku he nui i nā pāka aupuni a kokoke i ka hapakolu o ko lākou lehulehu i kēia manawa i nā wahi pale.
ʻO ko Puku wahi noho:
- Anagola;
- Botuana;
- Konokō;
- Malaui;
- Tanazania;
- Zamibia.
Kuhi ʻole ʻia ka alo a i ʻole aia kekahi poʻe hele hewa:
- Namibia;
- Zimababue.
Noho ʻia ʻo Puku e nā wahi ulu, nā ʻāina sabana a me nā kahawai kahawai. Hoʻololi nā hoʻololi o ka wā i ka mahana a me ka ua i ka pā ʻana a me ka neʻe ʻana o nā ʻāpana hipa. ʻO kahi laʻana, i nā wā mākū, neʻe nā ʻohana i nā wahi kiʻekiʻe ma muli o ka wai hālana. I ke kau maloʻo, noho lākou ma kahi o nā kino wai.
He aha ka ʻai a ka pūpū?
Kiʻi: kane puku
Noho ʻo Puku i nā wahi hānai kokoke i ka wai mau ma loko o nā ululāʻau savannah a me nā kahawai kahawai o ka hema a me ka waena o ʻApelika. ʻOiai pili pū ʻia me nā wahi pulu a me nā lau nahelehele, pale i ka wai kū hohonu. ʻO kekahi ulu ʻana i kekahi mau heluna ma muli o ka hopena o nā pae lawaiʻa kūpono ʻole i nā wahi pale, ʻoiai ma nā wahi ʻē aʻe e emi mau nei.
Mea hoihoi: ʻO nā mea kanu me nā mea protein kiʻekiʻe e makemake ʻia e ka pūpū. ʻAi lākou i nā ʻano like ʻole o ka mauʻu mauʻu mau e loli me ke kau.
ʻO Miombo ka mea kanu nui i ʻai ʻia e nā pūpū no ka mea aia i loko o ka protein protein he kumu. Ma hope o ka oʻo ʻana o ka mauʻu, hoʻemi ka nui o ka protein protein, a hoʻohana ʻia nā pūpū e nā mea kanu ʻē aʻe e loaʻa ka protein. I Malaki, 92% o kā lākou papaʻai o ka lālā broadleaf, akā ʻo kēia e pani no ka nele o E. rigidior. Loaʻa i kēia mea kanu 5% protein protein.
ʻAi ʻo Puku i kā Dewdrop ʻoi aku ma mua o nā antelope ʻē aʻe, kiʻekiʻe kēia mea kanu i ka protein akā haʻahaʻa i ka fiber crude. ʻO ka nui o ka ʻāina e pili ana i ka nui o nā kāne kaiāulu i ka wahi a me ka loaʻa o nā kumuwaiwai kūpono i ka wahi noho.
Nā hiʻohiʻona o ke ʻano a me ka nohona
Kiʻi: wahine ʻo Puku
Hui kū kaʻawale nā kāne kūloko. Aia nā kāne kāne ʻōpio i loko o ka pā no nā kāne wale nō. Loaʻa pinepine nā wahine i nā hui o 6 a 20 mau kānaka. Kūleʻa ʻole kēia mau pūʻā wahine no ka mea ke loli mau nei kā lākou lālā. Holo ka pipi, ʻai a moe pū. Mālama nā kāne Teritori i kā lākou ʻāina i loko o ka makahiki.
I mea e pale aku ai i ka ʻāina, hoʻopuka kēia mau kāne mehameha i 3-4 mau whistles, kahi e aʻoaʻo aku ai i nā kāne ʻē aʻe e noho mamao. Hoʻohana ʻia kēia whist ma ke ʻano he hōʻike i ka wahine a paipai iā ia e hoa. Hānai nā holoholona i ka hapanui o ke kakahiaka a i ke ahiahi hoʻi.
ʻO Puku ka mea e kamaʻilio mua ai. Nānā ʻole i ke kāne a i ʻole ka makahiki, ʻāwī lākou e hoʻoweliweli i nā mea hōʻeuʻeu e hōʻea mai ana. ʻO nā ʻōpuʻu ʻōpio e ʻimi i ka maka o ko lākou makuahine. Hoʻopili nā kāne o ka ʻāina i ko lākou pepeiaohao i ka mauʻu e māʻona ai ka mauʻu me nā huna o ko lākou ʻāʻī. Hoʻomaopopo kēia mau mea huna i nā kāne hoʻokūkū aia lākou i ka ʻāina kāne ʻē aʻe. Inā komo ke kēkelē i ka panalāʻau i noho ʻia, a laila kipaku iā ia ke kāne ʻāina.
Mea hoihoi: ʻOi aku ka nui o nā hakakā ma waena o nā kāne kūloko ma mua o waena o kahi kāne a me kahi kāne hele hewa. Hana ʻia nā alualu ma waena o nā kāne a me nā kāne ʻōpio. Kū kēia mau alualu inā ʻaʻole hōʻike ka bachelor i nā ʻano hana kolohe i ke kāne ʻāina.
Inā he kāne ʻāina ʻokoʻa ia, hoʻohana ka mea ʻona i ka kamaʻilio ʻike i ka hoʻoweliweli ʻana i ka mea komo hewa. Inā ʻaʻole haʻalele ka kāne kūʻē, hoʻomaka ka hakakā. Hakaka nā kāne me ko lākou pepeiaohao. Kū ka hakakā o nā pepeiaohao ma waena o nā kāne ʻelua i ke kaua no ka ʻāina. Loaʻa i ka mea lanakila ka kuleana e paʻa i ka ʻāina.
ʻO ke kūkulu kaiāulu a me ka hana hou
Kiʻi: Antelope puku
Hānau ʻo Puku i loko o ka makahiki, akā lilo ka poʻe i mea moekolohe ma hope o ka ua nui o ke kau. ʻO nā kāne Teritorial he polygamous a me ka gregarious i kā lākou teritori. Akā aia he mau hōʻike e koho ana nā wahine i kā lākou wahine. I kekahi manawa ʻae ʻia nā kāne ʻōpio ma mua o ka male ʻana inā hōʻike lākou i ka hoihoi wahine i nā wahine.
Pili pili ka wā hānau i nā loli o ke kau, akā hiki i ka fuku ke hoʻohua i ka makahiki holoʻokoʻa. Aia ka hapa nui o ka male ma waena o Mei a Sepatemaba e hānau pono nā keiki i ka wā ua. Ua ʻokoʻa ka ua ma kēia kau mai kēlā makahiki a kēia makahiki. Hānau ʻia ka hapa nui o nā keiki bipi ma waena o Ianuali a me ʻApelila, no ka mea, ʻoi ka nui o ka lau nahele a momona i kēia wā. ʻO ka helu maʻamau o nā keiki bipi wahine no kēlā me kēia kau hānau he hoʻokahi ʻōpio.
Mea hoihoi: ʻAʻohe paʻa paʻa o nā wahine me kā lākou keiki. ʻAʻole pale iki lākou i nā pēpē a nānā ʻole paha i ko lākou kahe ʻana, kahi e hōʻike ai i kahi noi no ke kōkua.
He paʻakikī nā pēpē e loaʻa no ka mea "hūnā." ʻO kēia ka haʻalele ʻana o nā wahine iā lākou i kahi mehameha, ma mua o ka huakaʻi pū me lākou. I ka wā ua, loaʻa i nā wahine nā meaʻai kiʻekiʻe e mālama ai i ka lactation, a hūnā nā mea kanu nunui i nā antelope liʻiliʻi no ka puʻuhonua. ʻO ka manawa hānau he 8 mau mahina. Ua ukuhi nā wahine wahine ʻo Puku i kā lākou pēpē mai ka hānai ʻana me ka waiū ma hope o 6 mau mahina, a hiki lākou i ke kino i ka 12-14 mau mahina. Kū mai nā keiki bipi makua mai ka lalo o ka honua a hui pū me ka pūʻā.
ʻEnemi kūlohelohe o ka pūpū
Kiʻi: Puku i ʻApelika
Ke hoʻoweliweli ʻia, hoʻopuka ka pūpū i kahi whist like hou, i hoʻohana ʻia e aʻoaʻo aku i nā ʻohana ʻē aʻe. Ma waho aʻe o ka predation kūlohelohe mai nā leopadi a me nā liona, aia pū kekahi me ka makaʻu ʻole i nā hana a ke kanaka. ʻO ka lawaiʻa ʻana a me ka nalo ʻana o nā wahi ka mea hoʻoweliweli nui i ka ʻāʻī. ʻO nā mauʻu i makemake nui ʻia i ka puku e lilo i poʻe lehulehu e nā holoholona a me nā poʻe i kēlā me kēia makahiki.
ʻIke ʻia nā mea ʻaihue:
- liona (Panthera leo);
- leopadi (Panthera pardus);
- crocodiles (Crocodilia);
- kanaka (Homo Sapiens).
ʻO Puku kahi ʻāpana o kahi hānai holoholona i mea nui no ke kūkulu ʻana i nā kaiāulu hānai a me ke kākoʻo ʻana i nā lehulehu o nā mea hōkai nui e like me nā liona a me nā leopadi, a me nā scavenger e like me nā ʻekue a me nā hyenas. Manaʻo ʻia ʻo Puku he pāʻani. Pepehi ʻia lākou no ka meaʻai e ka lehulehu kūloko. Hiki iā lākou ke lilo i wahi hoʻokipa.
ʻO ka mahele o ka noho ʻana i hoʻokumu ʻia e ka hoʻonui ʻia ʻana o nā wahi noho a me ka hānai holoholona ʻana he mea hoʻoweliweli ʻino ia i ka ʻaʻā. ʻO ka ʻōnaehana nohona / ulu hānai ka mea maʻalahi i ka luku ma muli o ka nohona a me ka ʻāpana holoholona, me nā hopena lōʻihi o ka hiki ʻole ke kiʻi i nā lehulehu.
Ma ke awāwa ʻo Kilombero, ʻo ka hoʻoweliweli nui i ka puku mai ka hoʻonui ʻia ʻana o nā holoholona ma ka palena o ka muliwai a me ka hōʻino ʻana i ka nohona i ka wā mākū e nā mahiʻai i hoʻomaʻemaʻe i ka ululāʻau Miombo. Kohu mea lā, ʻo ka ʻimi ʻana i kaohi ʻole a me ka ʻimi ʻana i ka ukana kaumaha ua luku ʻia ka pūpū i ka hapa nui o kā lākou pae.
Heluna a me ke kūlana o kēia ʻano
Kiʻi: He aha ke ʻano o ka puku
Ua heluia ka heluna Kilombero Valley e 37% i nā makahiki he 19 i hala (ʻekolu mau hanauna). Kuhi ʻia nā heluna kanaka o Zambia e kūpaʻa, no laila ke kuhi ʻia nei ka hōʻemi honua holoʻokoʻa ma luna o ʻekolu mau hanauna e hoʻokokoke i 25%, e hoʻokokoke ana i ka paepae no nā ʻano nāwaliwali. Loiloi ʻia ka laha ma ke ʻano he pilikia weliweli loa, akā pono ka hanana i ka nānā pono ʻana a me nā hōʻemi hou ʻana i ka heluna Kilombero a i ʻole nā heluna nui ma Zambia e alakaʻi koke i nā ʻano i ka paepae o ka nāwaliwali.
Mea hoihoi: ʻO kahi ana ʻenekini ʻē aʻe o ke awāwa ʻo Kilombero, kahi home no ka heluna nui o nā pūpū ma ʻApelika, ua hoʻohana i ʻelua mau ʻano hana e kuhi ai i ka nui o nā kānaka. Ke ana ʻia me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā ʻano hana like e like me ka helu mua ʻana, ua koho ʻia ka nui o ka heluna kanaka ma 23,301 ± 5,602, a ʻoi aku ka haʻahaʻa ma mua o nā koho mua o 55,769 ± 19,428 i ka makahiki 1989 a me 66,964 ± 12,629 i ka makahiki 1998.
Eia nō naʻe, ua mālama ʻia kahi ana ʻoi loa (e hoʻohana ana i kahi mamao ma waena o 2.5 km ma kahi o 10 km) kikoʻī e helu ai i ka ʻāpana, a ua hopena kēia i kahi koho o 42,352 ± 5927. Hōʻike kēia mau helu i ka hāʻule ʻana o 37% o ka heluna kānaka ma Kilombero ma kahi manawa (15 mau makahiki) e like me ka liʻiliʻi ma mua o ʻekolu mau hanauna (19 mau makahiki).
Ua hoʻopau ʻia ka heluna kanaka liʻiliʻi i loko o ka ʻāina pale o Selous. Ua manaʻo ʻia ʻo Puku e emi ana i nā kahawai ʻo Chobe, akā ua piʻi nui ka heluna kanaka ma ia wahi mai ka makahiki 1960, ʻoiai ua neʻe ka manaʻo o ka lehulehu i ka hikina. ʻAʻohe kuhi kūpono o ka heluna kanaka ma Zambia, akā ua hōʻike ʻia he kūpaʻa.
Kiaʻi Puku
Kiʻi: Piku mai ka puke ʻula
Ua helu ʻia ʻo Puku i kēia manawa ma ke ʻano he mea weliweli e pili ana i ka heluna kanaka i kūpaʻa ʻole a ma lalo o kahi hoʻoweliweli e hiki koke mai ana. Pili ko lākou ola i nā hui ʻāpana. Pono ʻo Puk e hoʻokūkū me nā holoholona no ka hānai, a ʻeha nā poʻe ke hoʻololi ʻia nā wahi noho no ka mahiʻai a me ka hānai ʻana. Ua manaʻo ʻia ma kahi o ka hapakolu o nā kānaka āpau e noho i nā wahi pale.
Ma waho aʻe o ke awāwa ʻo Kilombero, nā wahi nui no ke ola pūpū me nā pāka:
- Aia ʻo Katavi ma ka moku ʻo Rukwa (Tanzania);
- Kafue (Zambia);
- Luangwa ʻĀkau a me Hema (Zambia);
- Kasanka (Zambia);
- Kasungu (Malawi);
- ʻO Chobe ma Botswana.
Ma kahi o 85% o ko Zambia puʻupuʻu e noho nei i nā wahi i pale ʻia. Ua kūkākūkā kikoʻī ʻia nā hana mua e mālama ai i ka ʻaʻa ma waena o kā lākou pae. Ma Zambia, ua hana ʻia kahi papahana mai ka makahiki 1984 e hoʻolauna i kēia mau holoholona i ka nahelehele. A ʻike ʻia nā hopena. Ma hope o ka hoʻopau ʻana i ka lawaiʻa ʻana, ua hoʻomaka ka heluna o nā heluna e hoʻi mālie i kekahi mau wahi.
Puku noho i ka hihiu a hiki i 17 mau makahiki. ʻOiai ʻaʻole ʻai ka poʻe i ka ʻiʻo holoholona, ua ʻimi nā poʻe noho i ka antelope i ka wā o ka ulu ʻana o ka ʻāina, a ʻo ka safari kekahi. Hilinaʻi loa ka antelope puku a hui koke me nā kānaka. No laila, ua hiki i kahi hōʻemi hōʻino i ka nui o ka heluna kanaka i hiki.
Lā paʻi: 11/27/2019
Lā hou: 12/15/2019 ma 21:20
