Dia dia Pampas He dia hānai holoholona ʻo ʻAmelika Hema. Ma muli o kā lākou loli kiʻekiʻe genetika, aia nā dia pampas i waena o nā mammals polymorphic ʻoi loa. ʻO kā lākou peʻe he huluhulu ʻeleʻele, ʻoi aku ka māmā ma loko o ko lākou mau wāwae a ma lalo. Loaʻa iā lākou nā kī keʻokeʻo ma lalo o ka ʻāʻī a ma nā lehelehe, ʻaʻole loli ko lākou kala e pili ana i ke kau.
Ke kumu o ka laha a me ka wehewehe
Kiʻi: dia Pampā
No nā ʻohana dia ka ʻohana ʻo Pampas - he huaʻōlelo ʻē aʻe kēia no nā ʻano dia a pau o ʻAmelika Hema. A hiki i kēia manawa, ʻekolu wale nō ʻāpana o nā dia pampas i loaʻa ai: O. bezoarticus bezoarticus, i loaʻa ma Brazil, O. bezoarticus celer ma Argentina, a me O. bezoarticus leucogaster ma ke komohana hema o Brazil, ʻākau hikina o Argentina a me hema o Bolivia.
ʻO ke ola ʻana o nā ʻāpana ʻelua o ka pampas deer endemik i Uruguay, O. bezoarticus arerunguaensis (Salto, ʻĀkau komohana Uruguay) a me O. bezoarticus uruguayensis (Sierra de Agios, hema hikina Uruguay), i wehewehe ʻia e pili ana i ka cytogenetic, molekope a me nā morphometric data.
Video: ʻO Pampas Deer
ʻOi aku ka nui o nā dia pampas kāne ma mua o nā wahine. Hiki i nā kāne manuahi i ka lōʻihi 130 cm (mai ka piko o ka waha a hiki i ke kumu o ka huelo) me ka lōʻihi o 75 cm ma ka pae poʻohiwi a me ka lōʻihi o ka huelo o 15 cm. Paona lākou ma kahi o 35 kg. Eia nō naʻe, kuhikuhi ka ʻike mai nā holoholona hānai pio i nā holoholona liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi: nā kāne ma kahi o 90-100 knm ka lōʻihi, 65-70 cm ke kiʻekiʻe poʻohiwi, a me ke kaupaona 30-35 kg.
He mea hoihoi: he ʻāpana kūikawā kā nā dia kāne pampas kāne i ko lākou mau ʻaoʻao hope e hāʻawi ana i kahi ʻala i hiki ke ʻike ʻia a 1.5 km ka mamao.
Kūlike ka nui o nā antlers o nā dia pampas i ka hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā dia ʻē aʻe, paʻakikī a lahilahi. Hiki i nā pepeiaohao ke 30 knm i ka lōʻihi, ʻekolu mau kiko, kahi kihi kuʻemaka a me kahi kua, a me kahi lālā ʻoiʻoi ʻoi aku ka lōʻihi. Ua hōʻea nā wahine i 85 knm i ka lōʻihi a 65 knm i ke kiʻekiʻe o ka poʻohiwi, ʻoiai ko lākou kino kaumaha he 20-25 kg. ʻOi aku ka pouli o nā kāne ma mua o nā wahine. He pepeiaohao ko nā kāne, ʻoiai he curls nā wahine e like me nā kī liʻiliʻi. Māhele ka niho dorsal o ka pepeiaohao o ke kāne, akā ʻo ka niho nui o mua ka mea hoʻomau mau.
ʻO ka helehelena a me nā hiʻohiʻona
Kiʻi: He aha ke ʻano o nā dia pampas
ʻO ke kala nui o nā piko a me nā lālā o ka dia pampas he ʻulaʻula ʻulaʻula a hina hina melemele. ʻEʻeleʻele ka waha a me ka huelo. ʻOi aku ka momona o ke kala o ka pale ma ke kua ma mua o nā lālā. ʻIke ʻia nā wahi momona i nā ʻūlū ma nā wāwae, ma loko o nā pepeiao, a puni nā maka, ka umauma, ka ʻāʻī, ke kino haʻahaʻa a me ka hiʻu o lalo. ʻAʻohe ʻokoʻa i ʻike ʻia ma waena o ke kala kau a me ka hoʻoilo o nā dia Pampā. ʻO ke kala o nā keiki hānau hou he chestnut me ka lālani o nā kiko keʻokeʻo ma kēlā me kēia ʻaoʻao o ke kua a me ka laina ʻelua mai nā poʻohiwi a i nā hiʻupuʻu. E nalo nā kiko ma kahi o 2 mau mahina, e waiho ana i kahi papa ʻōpio ʻōpio.
ʻOiaʻiʻo leʻaleʻa: ʻO ke kala ʻeleʻele ʻōmaʻomaʻo o nā dia pampas e ʻae iā ia e hui maikaʻi me nā wahi a puni. He mau keʻokeʻo kā lākou e pili ana i nā maka, nā lehelehe, a ma ka ʻāʻī. Pōkole a puʻupuʻu kā lākou huelo. ʻO ka mea i loaʻa iā lākou kahi keʻokeʻo ma lalo o ko lākou huelo e wehewehe i ke kumu e huikau pinepine ai lākou me nā dia keokeo.
ʻO ka dia pampas kahi ʻano liʻiliʻi me ka dimorphism moekolohe iki. He mau pepeiaohao ʻekolu mau manamana māmā ko nā kāne e hele ma waena o ka pōʻaiapule makahiki i ʻAukake a Kepakemapa paha, me kahi seti hou e hānai ʻia ana e Kekemapa. ʻAʻole hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ka niho mua o ka pepeiaohao, ʻokoʻa i ka mea kiʻekiʻe. I nā wahine, ʻano like nā wili o ka lauoho me he ʻōpala lā o nā pepeiaohao.
Loaʻa i nā kāne a me nā wahine nā kūlana ʻokoʻa i ka wā o ka urination. Loaʻa ka pilau o nā kāne i hana ʻia e nā glands i nā hope hope, a hiki ke ʻike ʻia a 1.5 km ka mamao. Hoʻohālikelike ʻia i nā ruminants ʻē aʻe, he mau testicle liʻiliʻi ko nā kāne ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia i ko lākou kino nui.
Ma hea e noho ai nā dia pampas?
Kiʻi: nā dia Pampā i ke kūlohelohe
Noho ʻo nā dia pampas ma nā wahi hānai kūlohelohe ma ka hikina o ʻAmelika Hema, aia ma waena o 5 a 40 degere latitude. I kēia manawa ua kaupalena ʻia ka hāʻawi ʻana i ka heluna kanaka kūloko. ʻIke ʻia nā Pampas ma ʻAmelika Hema a ʻike ʻia ma Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Paraguay, a me Uruguay. Aia i loko o ko lākou wahi noho ka wai, nā puʻu a me ka mauʻu i hiki ke kiʻekiʻe e hūnā i nā dia. Noho nā dia pampas he nui ma nā ʻāina palahalaha ʻo Pantanal a me nā wahi ʻē aʻe o nā pōʻaiapuni kahawai i kēlā me kēia makahiki.
ʻEkolu mau ʻāpana o ka dia pampas:
- O.b. bezoarticus - noho ma ka waena a me ka hikina o Brazil, ma ka hema o Amazon a me Uruguay, a he ʻalani ʻulaʻula keʻokeʻo;
- O.b. leucogaster - noho ma ke komohana hema o Brazil a hiki i ka ʻaoʻao hikina hema o Bolivia, Paraguay a me Northern Argentina a ʻeleʻele-ʻeleʻele i ke kala;
- O.b. celer - noho ma ka hema o Argentina. He lālani ʻaneʻane make ia a me nā dia Pampas rarest loa.
Noho nā dia pampas i nā ʻano lau ākea ākea ākea ma nā wahi haʻahaʻa. Hoʻopili kēia mau wahi i nā wahi i hoʻopiha ʻia no ka manawa hou me ka wai hou a estuarine paha, nā ʻāina puʻu a me nā wahi me ka maloʻo o ka hoʻoilo a ʻaʻohe wai paʻa mau. ʻO ka hapa nui o ka poʻe pampas deer heluna nui i hoʻololi ʻia e ka mahiʻai a me nā hana kanaka ʻē aʻe.
I kēia manawa ʻike ʻoe i ka ʻāina nui e noho ai nā dia pampas. E ʻike kākou i kāna mea e ʻai ai.
He aha ka ʻai a nā dia pampas?
Kiʻi: nā dia Pampas ma ʻAmelika Hema
ʻO ka papaʻai o nā dia pampas ka mauʻu mauʻu, nāhelehele a me nā mea kanu ʻōmaʻomaʻo. ʻAʻole lākou e ʻai i ka mauʻu i ka wā e nānā ai, ʻo kēia nā lālā, nā lau a me nā wana, a me nā forb, nā pua e pua ana i nā lau nui me nā kumu palupalu. ʻO ka dia maʻamau e neʻe i kahi o ka meaʻai ke kumu nui.
ʻO ka hapa nui o nā mea kanu i hoʻopau ʻia e nā dia pampas e ulu ana ma nā lepo momona. E ʻike ai inā e hoʻokūkū ana nā dia me nā holoholona no ka meaʻai, ua nānā ʻia kā lākou mau feces a hoʻohālikelike ʻia i kēlā mau mea mai nā pipi. ʻO ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, ʻai lākou i nā mea kanu like, ma nā ʻāpana like ʻole wale nō. ʻAi nā dia de Pampas i nā mauʻu liʻiliʻi a me nā mauʻu hou aku (pua i nā mea kanu ākea me nā koʻokoʻo palupalu), a nānā i nā wana, nā lau, a me nā lālā.
I ka wā ua, 20% o kā lākou papaʻai me nā mauʻu hou. Neʻe lākou e pili ana i ka loaʻa o ka meaʻai, keu ʻo nā mea kanu pua. Hoʻonui ka loaʻa o nā pipi i ka nui o nā mauʻu ulu i makemake ʻia e nā dia pampas, e kōkua ana i ka hoʻolaha ʻana o ka manaʻo ʻaʻole e hoʻokūkū nā dia me nā holoholona no ka meaʻai. Hōʻike nā haʻawina ʻē aʻe i nā dia pampas e hōʻalo i nā wahi e noho ai nā pipi, a i ka manawa e hele ʻole ai nā pipi, ʻoi aku ka nui o nā wahi home.
Nā hiʻohiʻona o ke ʻano a me ka nohona
Kiʻi: dia Pampā
ʻO nā dia Pampas nā holoholona kaiaulu e noho i nā hui. ʻAʻole hoʻokaʻawale ʻia kēia mau hui e ka moekolohe, a neʻe nā kāne ma waena o nā hui. ʻO ka maʻamau aia wale nō he 2-6 reindeer i kahi hui, akā ma nā kahua hānai maikaʻi he nui aku paha. ʻAʻohe o lākou mau kāne a ʻaʻohe harem.
ʻAʻole pale aku nā Pampas i nā panalāʻau a i ʻole nā hoa, akā he mau hōʻailona ko ka noho aliʻi. Hōʻike lākou i kahi kūlana koʻikoʻi ma ka hāpai ʻana i ko lākou mau poʻo a hoʻāʻo e mālama i ko lākou ʻaoʻao i mua a me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā neʻe lohi. Ke ʻaʻa aku kekahi kāne i kekahi i kekahi, ʻānai lākou i nā pepeiaohao i nā mea kanu a ʻānai iā lākou i ka honua. Kāpala nā dia Pampā i kā lākou mau ʻōpala i nā mea kanu a me nā mea. ʻAʻole hakakā lākou, akā hakakā wale me kekahi, a nahu mau.
I ke kau moʻo, hoʻokūkū nā kāne makua me kekahi i kekahi no nā wahine estrous. Hoʻopau lākou i nā mea kanu me ko lākou mau pepeiaohao a ʻānai i nā glands ʻala i loko o ko lākou mau poʻo, nā mea kanu a me nā mea ʻē aʻe. Hōʻike ka aggression iā ia iho i ka hoʻokuʻi ʻana i nā pepeiaohao a i ʻole ke kowali ʻana i nā wāwae mua. Kū nā hakakā pinepine ma waena o nā kāne o ka nui like. ʻAʻohe mea hōʻike i ka teritori, pili paʻa lōʻihi, a me ka hoʻokumu ʻana i ka harem. Hiki i kekahi mau kāne ke alualu i kahi wahine maʻalahi i ka manawa like.
ʻIke leʻaleʻa: Ke ʻike ka piʻo i nā dia, peʻe haʻahaʻa lākou i nā lau a noho a laila lele i ka 100-200 mika. Inā ʻo lākou wale nō, heʻe maʻalahi paha lākou. Hoʻopiʻi nā wahine i kahi limp ma kahi o nā kāne e hoʻohuli i ka predator.
ʻAi pinepine nā dia Pampas i ke ao, akā i kekahi manawa he pō. He hoihoi loa lākou a makemake e ʻimi. Kū pinepine ka dia ma ko lākou mau wāwae hope e kiʻi i ka meaʻai a ʻike paha i kekahi mea. He sedentary lākou a ʻaʻohe o ka neʻe manawa a i ʻole neʻe i kēlā me kēia lā.
ʻO ke kūkulu kaiāulu a me ka hana hou
Kiʻi: Pampas Deer Cub
ʻAʻole ʻike iki ʻia e pili ana i ka ʻōnaehana moena o nā dia Pampā. I Argentina, hānau lākou mai Kekemapa a Pepeluali. Ma Uruguay, holo kā lākou wā male mai Pepeluali a ʻApelila. He mau ʻano hoʻokano hoihoi ko ka dia Pampas e pili ana i ka hoʻolōʻihi ʻana, ka squatting ʻana a me ke kūlou ʻana. Hoʻomaka ke kāne e hoʻokamakama me ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa a hana i kahi kani palupalu. Kaomi aku ʻo ia i ka wahine a hiki ke kaomi i kona alelo iā ia a nānā aku. Noho kokoke ʻo ia i ka wahine a hiki ke ukali iā ia no ka manawa lōʻihi, e honi ana i kona mimi. I kekahi manawa hana ka wahine i ka noho aloha ma ka moe ʻana i ka honua.
Hoʻokaʻawale nā wahine i ka hui e hānau a hūnā i ka fawn. ʻO ka maʻamau, hānau ʻia hoʻokahi dia kaupaona ma kahi o 2.2 kg ma hope o ka manawa hānau ma mua o 7 mau mahina. Liʻiliʻi a ʻike ʻia nā dia hou a nalowale ko lākou mau kiko ma kahi o 2 mau makahiki o ko lākou mau makahiki. Ma 6 mau hebedoma, hiki iā lākou ke ʻai i ka meaʻai paʻa a hoʻomaka lākou e ukali i ko lākou makuahine. Noho ʻo Fawns me ko lākou mau makuahine no ka liʻiliʻi o hoʻokahi makahiki a hiki i ke ʻano hānau ʻana ma kahi o hoʻokahi makahiki o ko lākou mau makahiki. Hiki i ka paulele ʻana i ka wā pio ke hana ma 12 mau mahina.
ʻO ka dia pampas kahi mea hoʻouluulu kau. Hiki i nā kāne kāne makua ke hānai i ka makahiki holoʻokoʻa. Hiki i nā wahine ke hānau keiki i nā manawa he 10 mau mahina. Hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā wahine hāpai a i nā mahina he 3 ma mua o ka lawe ʻana. ʻO ka hapa nui o nā keiki bipi i hānau ʻia i ka puna (Kepakemapa a Nowemapa), ʻoiai ua hoʻopaʻa ʻia nā hānau hānau ma kahi o nā mahina āpau.
ʻEnemi kūlohelohe o nā dia pampas
Kiʻi: He dia wahine pampas kāne a wahine
ʻO nā pōpoki nui e like me nā cheetah a me nā liona e ʻimi aku i kahi pio ma nā wahi hānai. Ma ʻAmelika ʻĀkau, nā ʻīlio hae, nā ʻāko, a me nā ʻalopeke i hopu i nā iole, nā lāpaki, a me nā dia pampas. Kōkua kēia mau mea hōkai i ka mālama ʻana i nā lehulehu o nā holoholona hānai i ʻai ʻole nā kahu hipa i nā mauʻu a me nā mea kanu ʻē aʻe āpau i ka biome.
Hoʻoweliweli ʻia ka Pampas e ka hopu holoholona a me ka ʻaihue nui ʻana, ka nalowale ʻana o ka nohona ma muli o ka maʻi o nā holoholona a me nā holoholona hihiu, ka mahiʻai, ka hoʻokūkū me nā holoholona i hoʻolauna hou ʻia, a me ka hoʻohana nui ʻia. Ma lalo o 1% o ko lākou nohona kūlohelohe i koe.
Ma waena o 1860 a me 1870, nā palapala no ke awa o Buenos Aires wale nō e hōʻike ana ua hoʻouna ʻia ʻelua miliona mau ʻie pampas deer i ʻEulopa. I nā makahiki he nui ma hope mai, i ka wā i waiho ʻia ai nā ala ma loko o ka steppes ʻAmelika Hema - nā pampas - ua maʻalahi nā kaʻa no nā mea ʻai holoholona e loaʻa nā dia. Pepehi kanaka ʻia lākou no ka meaʻai, lāʻau lapaʻau, a me nā haʻuki.
Ua lawe mai nā kamaʻāina i ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka mahiʻai, ka hoʻokahuli a me ka maʻi i nā dia pampas me ka hoʻolauna ʻia ʻana o nā holoholona kūloko a me nā holoholona hihiu. Ua hoʻokaʻawale kekahi mau mea ʻona i kekahi o kā lākou waiwai no kahi mālama no nā dia pampas a mālama pū i nā holoholona ma kahi o nā hipa. ʻAi paha nā hipa i ka honua a hoʻoweliweli nui i nā dia pampas.
Heluna a me ke kūlana o kēia ʻano
Kiʻi: He aha ke ʻano o nā dia pampas
Wahi a ka IUCN Red List, ka heluna nui o nā dia pampas ma waena o 20,000 a 80,000. Loaʻa ka heluna nui loa ma Brazil, me kahi o 2000 mau kānaka ma ka kaiaola ʻākau o Cerrado a me 20,000-40,000 mau kānaka ma Pantanal.
Kuhi ʻia kekahi mau heluna o nā lāhui dia pampas ma nā ʻano aʻe:
- i ka mokuʻāina ʻo Parana, Brazil - ma lalo o 100 mau kānaka;
- i El Tapado (Keʻena ʻo Salto), Uruguay - 800 mau kānaka;
- ma Los Ajos (keʻena ʻo Rocha), Uruguay - 300 mau kānaka;
- ma Corrientes (keʻena o Ituzaingo), ʻAtelana - 170 mau kānaka;
- i ka panalāʻau o San Luis, Argentina - 800-1000 mau kānaka;
- ma Bahia de Samborombom (panalāʻau o Buenos Aires), Argentina - 200 mau kānaka;
- ma Santa Fe, Argentina - ma lalo o 50 mau kānaka.
Wahi a nā manaʻo like ʻole, ma kahi o 2000 mau keiki Pampas i koe ma ʻAtenekia. Hoʻokaʻawale ʻia kēia heluna kanaka ākea i 5 mau pūʻulu heluna kanaka i hoʻonohonoho ʻia ma nā panalāʻau o Buenos Aires, San Luis, Corrientes a me Santa Fe. Heluna kanaka o nā mea kōkua O.b. ʻO ka leucogaster, i loaʻa ma Corrientes, ʻo ia ka mea nui loa ma ka ʻāina. He kakaikahi loa kēia mau mea lawelawe ma Santa Fe, a ʻaʻole ia ma nā panalāʻau ʻelua ʻē aʻe. I ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i kona koʻikoʻi, ua hoʻolaha ka moku ʻo Corrientes i nā dia pampas he hoʻomanaʻo kūlohelohe, ʻaʻole ia e pale wale i ka holoholona, akā pale pū kekahi i kona wahi noho.
Hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā dia pampas ma ke ʻano he 'endangered', ʻo ia hoʻi he mea ʻaneʻane hoʻoweliweli lākou i ka wā e hiki mai ana, akā i kēia manawa ua lawa ka nui o lākou e kū ʻole i ka hopena o ka hopena.
Ka pale ʻana i nā dia pampas
Kiʻi: nā dia Pampas mai ka puke ʻula
Ke hana nei ka Pūʻulu Conservation ma ka Ibera Nature Reserve ma ka moku Argentina o Corrientes e hoʻohuli i nā laha i loaʻa i ka noho a me nā nalo o nā lāhui ma ka mālama ʻana a me ka hoʻihoʻi ʻana i nā kaiaolaola kūloko a me kā lākou flora a me nā holoholona. ʻO ka mea mua ma ka papa inoa o nā mea nui ka hoʻolauna hou ʻana o nā dia Pampas i wāwahi ʻia kūloko i nā wahi mahiʻai Iberia.
He ʻelua mau pahuhopu nui ka nui o ka papahana Iberian pampas reindeer: ʻo ka mea mua, e hoʻokūpaʻa i ka lehulehu i kēia manawa ma ka moku ʻo Aguapei, kahi e pili kokoke ana i kahi mālama, a ʻo ka lua, e hana hou i kahi heluna nona ponoʻī i loko o ka waihona. Mai ka makahiki 2006, ua mālama ʻia nā census wā o ka heluna kanaka pampas e nānā i ka mahele a me ka nui o nā laha i ka moku ʻo Aguapea. I ka manawa like, ua hoʻomohala ʻia nā hoʻolaha, ua hoʻonohonoho ʻia nā hālāwai me nā mea nona nā bipi, nā pepelu, nā pelaha, nā alana, a me nā pāʻina aʻo, a ua hoʻonohonoho ʻia kahi hōʻike papeti no nā keiki.
Me ke kōkua o nā flora a me nā holoholona Argentina, ua hoʻokumu ʻia kahi mālama kūlohelohe he 535 hectare e mālama a hoʻolaha i nā dia pampas. Ua kapa ʻia ka inoa mālama me Guasutí Ñu, a i ʻole the Land of the Deer i ka ʻōlelo ʻōiwi o Guaraní. ʻO ia kahi wahi pale mua i hoʻolaʻa wale ʻia no ka mālama ʻana i nā dia pampas ma ka ʻāpana ʻo Aguapea.
I ka 2009, ua hoʻopau kahi hui o nā veterinarians a me nā biologists mai Argentina a me Brazil i ka hopu mua ʻana a me ka hoʻoili ʻana o nā dia pampas ma Corrientes. Ua kōkua kēia i ka hoʻihoʻi hou ʻana i ka heluna lāhui i ka San Alonso Nature Reserve, ma kahi o 10,000 hectares o ka wahi hānai kiʻekiʻe. Aia ʻo San Alonso ma ka Ibera Nature Reserve. ʻO ka heluna dia ma aneʻi ma San Alonso ka ʻelima mau lāhui i ʻike ʻia i ka ʻāina. Me ka hoʻohui o San Alonso i ka ʻāina pale o ka ʻāina, ua pāhā ka ʻāpana i kuhikuhi ʻia no ka mālama koʻikoʻi ʻana ma Argentina.
Dia dia Pampas he malihini pinepine ia i nā kula o ʻAmelika Hema. I kēia manawa, eia nō naʻe, ua kaupalena ʻia kēia dia a me ka liʻiliʻi me ka liʻiliʻi o nā kaiāulu ma o kā lākou pae ʻāina. No Uruguay, Paraguay, Brazil, Argentina a me Bolivia nā dia pampas. Ke emi nei ka nui o nā dia pampas a hiki i nā kumu he nui ke hiki, e like me nā maʻi i hoʻopiha ʻia e nā holoholona mahiʻai, overhunting a me ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻana i ko lākou wahi noho ma muli o ka hoʻonui ʻana o ka mahiʻai.
Lā paʻi: 11/16/2019
Lā hou: 09/04/2019 ma 23:24
