Hōʻike a me nā hiʻohiʻona
Ma waena o ke aupuni holoholona, kū kahi mea kaʻawale i kapa ʻia ʻo ka opeapea. Kū hoʻokahi kona mau lunamakaʻāinana ʻo lākou wale nō mai ka papa o nā māmela hiki ke lele, a maikaʻi loa a ʻeleu hoʻi, me nā ʻeheu. He ʻokoʻa kēia kauoha a ua manaʻo ʻia ʻo ia ka lua o ka papa i ʻōlelo ʻia ma hope o nā rodents. Hoʻohālikelike ʻia kona mau lālā e kekahi hiʻohiʻona hiohiona.
ʻO ka mua e lele lele ana. Akā ʻokoʻa ʻokoʻa ia mai ke ʻano hoʻohālikelike o ka neʻe ʻana o nā manu. ʻO kēia ʻano neʻe ʻana i ka lewa e ʻae ai i nā ʻōpeʻapeʻa e hōʻike i ka maneuverability kupaianaha a me nā aerodynamics, a me ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā wikiwiki e ʻoi aku ka nui no nā mea lele lele honua.
ʻO kā lākou waiwai hoihoi ʻē aʻe ka hiki ke ʻike i ke ākea a me nā mea i loko. Kapa ʻia ia he eolocation. Hoihoi kēia mau mea ola i kū aʻe kahi ʻepekema holoʻokoʻa e hoʻopaʻa iā lākou - chiropterology.
Pili ka ʻohana ʻōpeʻapeʻa i kēia kaʻawale. Kāhea ʻia nā lālā o kekahi o kāna genera (pteropus) i nā ʻalopeke lele. Kāhea ʻia nā Lunamakaʻāinana o kekahi (rosetus): pō ʻōpeʻapeʻa, ʻīlio lele -ʻo kēia ka inoa lua o kēia mau mea ola.
ʻO nā kānaka ʻepekema, ʻaʻole kumu ʻole, kuhikuhi i nā ʻenekia ʻelua i ka mahele o nā archaic i waena o kā lākou mau hoahānau i ke kauoha. ʻOkoʻa lākou i nā ʻōpeʻapeʻa ʻē aʻe i ko lākou ʻano iwi mua. Eia kekahi, ʻaʻole hiki i nā ʻōpeʻapeʻa hua ke kaena i ka hiki ke hoʻomohala ʻia. Akā e kūkākūkā hou ʻia kēia ma hope.
ʻOkoʻa ke ʻano o nā ʻeheu o ia mau mea i ko nā manu. E like me nā māmela āpau, ʻehā ko lākou mau lālā, akā ʻike ʻia lākou e hoʻololi ʻia a lilo ia i iwi no nā ʻeheu. ʻO ka hope he membrane ʻili lahilahi lahilahi, ʻeleʻele, ʻeleʻele a melemele-ʻalani hoʻi i ke kala me nā ʻeleʻele ʻeleʻele, hohola ʻia e like me ka pāpaʻi i waena o nā paws a me ka huelo āpau, akā i ka manawa like, inā pono, pelu manuahi ia.
ʻOiai e neʻe ana i ka lewa, lele ikaika kēia mau mea ola i ko lākou mau ʻēheu, a kikoo nui ka ʻili o ka ʻili, a hoʻonui ka wahi i ʻehā mau manawa. Hāʻawi kēia hoʻolālā i nā mea maikaʻi no ka haʻalele ʻana i nā kūlana he nui, a hoʻonui pū i ka wikiwiki a me ka maʻalahi o ka huakaʻi ea. Neʻe nā peʻapeʻa i ka lewa mokulele me ka ʻole o ke kani o ka leo, a hiki iā lākou ke uhi a hiki i 100 km me ka hoʻomaha ʻole.
Ka inoa o ka holoholona maoli. ʻīlio lele, kanalua ʻole ma muli o kahi ʻike kūwaho kūwaho me ka mea i ʻōlelo ʻia i ka inoa, kamaʻāina loa i ke kanaka. ʻO kēia mau mea lele he ihu elongated me ka ihu e like loa me ka ʻīlio; pili paʻa, nunui, maka a puni; pepeiao liʻiliʻi; kahi kino i uhi ʻia me ka ʻulaʻula, ʻeleʻele, melemele, a ʻōmaʻomaʻo a ʻeleʻele paha i ka lauoho, ma ka ʻaoʻao haʻahaʻa o ke kino me nā mālamalama ʻike ʻia.
ʻO kā lākou huelo, ma ke ʻano he kānāwai, pōkole, a ua pau loa paha. Ma nā forepaws, hoʻolako ʻia nā manamana lima me nā māiʻuʻu. Hiki ke ʻokoʻa ke kino o kēlā mau mea ola: mai ka liʻiliʻi (ma kahi o 6 cm) a kokoke i ka hapalua mika. ʻO ka ʻēheu o nā opeapea hua nui loa ma lalo o ʻelua mau mika.
Noho nā meaola exotic ma nā ʻāina ʻAkia a me ʻApelika, a ma Australia hoʻi, a noho lākou i nā wahi tropical, akā loaʻa pinepine ʻia i nā subtropics. Aia i loko o kā lākou laulā, ʻo Iran, Iapana, Suria, Maldives, Oceania. ʻIke ʻia nā hiʻohiʻona āpau o kā lākou hanana ma ke kiʻi o kahi ʻīlio lele.
Nā ʻano
Ua ʻōlelo ʻia aʻe nei ʻaʻole hiki i nā ʻōpeʻapeʻa hua ke kaena i nā hiki eircocation kupaianaha, ʻaʻole like me nā ʻōpeʻapeʻa. Inā hāʻawi ʻia lākou me lākou, a laila ma kahi ʻano primitive loa. ʻO ke ʻano o ka hoʻonohonoho i ke ākea e ka hoʻohua ʻana i kekahi alapine o nā nalu (ultrasonic) ma loko o kekahi mau ʻano.
I mea e loaʻa ai kahi manaʻo o nā mea e pili ana i ka wā e lele ana i ka pouli, nā elele o kekahi ʻano laha e hoʻopuka i nā hōʻailona leo i hiki ke kapa ʻia ma mua o ke kumu. ʻO kahi laʻana, hoʻopuka hou ka Rousetus i nā leo i ʻano like me ke kīkē ʻana o ka uaki. Hōʻike ʻia nā nalu kani mai nā mea a animate mea i ka lewa a ʻike ʻia e nā mea a lākou i hoʻouna ʻia ai. A ʻo kahi hopena, hōʻike ʻia kahi kiʻi o nā mea e pili ana i ko lākou lolo.
Akā nā leo i hoʻopuka ʻia e nā ʻīlio lele, ma ke ʻano he rula, ʻaʻole pili i nā mea kani ultrasonic. Ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, ʻo ka ʻano o nā opeapea hua, ʻaʻohe o lākou i hiki ke lili ʻia no ka echolocation, ua hoʻomohala pono i ke ʻano o ka pilau, ka ʻike a me nā mea ʻē aʻe ʻelima i loko o nā mea terrestrial. ʻO lākou ka mea e kōkua i ko lākou ʻike a me ko lākou ola.
ʻĪlio lele ʻAigupita
ʻO ka ʻohana holoʻokoʻa hua ʻōmaʻomaʻo he 170 mau ʻano. A laila hoʻohui lākou i loko o ka genera, a ma kahi o ʻehā mau kakini. Ma waena o lākou, ʻo nā ʻano o nā ʻīlio lele (rosetus) kahi i hōʻike ʻia i ke ala nui loa. E noʻonoʻo i nā mea hoihoi loa o nā ʻano o kēia mau mea ola.
1. ʻĪlio lele ʻAigupita... ʻO nā Lunamakaʻāinana o kēia laha he lōʻihi o ke kino ma kahi o 15 knm. He huelo pokole ko lākou, ʻaʻole i ʻoi aku ma mua o kahi kenimika. ʻO ko lākou kino kaupaona ma kahi o 130 g. I waenakonu o kā lākou muzzles nui nā maka maka pōʻai e hiki ke ʻike pono. He palupalu loa ka palule a manaʻo silky i ka paʻi. Loaʻa kēlā mau mea i Turkey, ka Middle East a, ʻoiaʻiʻo, ma ʻAigupita a me nā wahi e pili ana ʻo ʻApelika ʻĀkau.
Kaumaha ka moʻolelo o ka lāhui Cypriot. I kekahi manawa i hala aku nei, aneane pau loa i ka hoʻopau ʻia e nā mahiʻai kūloko. I kēia manawa ma Kupero, aia ʻoe e ʻike, he kolone liʻiliʻi wale nō ia o kēia mau mea, ʻo ka nui o ia mau mea he ʻumikūmālua mau kānaka wale nō. ʻAʻole hiki i kēia ʻano mea lele ke kope i nā hōʻailona ultrasonic, akā no ka orientation ka mea e hoʻopuka i nā kani, ʻoi aku ka pololei - kaomi wale ia i kāna alelo.
2. Ka manu ana. Hoʻopiʻi hou i nā hōʻailona ultrasonic i ko lākou ʻano maʻalahi e kōkua iā ia e hoʻokele. ʻO ka nui o nā mea ola ma mua o 100 g. Loaʻa kēia ʻano ma Kina, Pakistan, India, Nepal a me kekahi mau ʻāina ʻē aʻe me kahi ʻano like.
ʻOiai noho kēia mau mea i nā anaʻeleʻele pulu, aia kekahi mau hiʻohiʻona e kōkua iā lākou e hoʻopili i kēlā ola. ʻĀlohilohi maikaʻi ko lākou mau maka i ka wā o ke ahiahi a hoʻopuka i ke kukui phosphoric. Hoʻomaha lākou, e like me nā ʻōpeʻapeʻa, i kahi kūlana i luna, e hoʻopili ana i nā māiʻu ʻoi loa i ka waihona o ke ana. Inā loaʻa kahi kanaka iā ia iho i kahi i hāʻawi ʻia, hiki iā ia ke ʻoluʻolu e ʻohi i kēlā holoholona. ʻAʻohe o lākou makaʻu i ka poʻe.
Manu ana
3. Kalong - ʻīlio lele nui... ʻO ke kino o nā ʻelele o kēia ʻano i 40 cm a ʻoi aku ka nui. ʻIke ʻia kēlā ʻano mea i Iāpana, ʻIrana, Suria a me ʻAigupita. Hāʻawi ko lākou kaiāulu i ka pilikia i ka poʻe, ʻoiai hiki iā lākou ke hōʻino nui i nā māla hua. Akā ua ʻeha ka Kalong mai nā kānaka no ka ʻono o kā lākou ʻiʻo, i manaʻo ʻia he kūpono loa no ka meaʻai.
ʻĪlio lele Kalong
4. ʻO ka peʻa hua Dwarf. ʻAʻole kuhi hewa ka inoa o kēia mea. He liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi kēia o kona ʻano. Eia kekahi, ʻo ia ka mea liʻiliʻi loa i waena o kona mau hoa. A ua hoʻohālikelike ʻia kona nui me ka insect nui. Noho nā mea ola ma ʻAsia Hema.
Pepeiao hua Pygmy
Ka nohona a me ka nohona
Hoʻomaʻamaʻa maʻalahi ʻia nā ʻano ʻōpeʻapeʻa hua nui i ka pō e nā kānaka. Hoʻopili kēia, ʻo ka mea mua, nā lunamaka ʻAigupita o kēia genus o ka holoholona (ʻokoʻa ka mea i ʻōlelo ʻia ma mua, hoʻohana pinepine ʻia kahi inoa ʻē aʻe no ia mau mea - nā ʻōpeʻa hua Nile). Hoʻohanohano ʻia kēia mau mea ola e kahi ʻano hoʻomalule a me ke akamai maoli, a eia hoʻi, hiki iā lākou ke hoʻopili ikaika loa i ko lākou haku.
Nā ʻīlio lele kūloko maʻamau e nā mea aloha i nā mea exotic mālama ʻia i loko o kahi hale manu ākea. Hoʻohui ʻia, hiki ke hoʻokipa ʻia iā lākou i kahi lumi noho i kahi ʻāpana paʻa o ia. Hāʻawi ʻia i ke ʻano nohona o kēia mau holoholona hānai, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka loaʻa ʻole o hoʻokahi, akā he mau ʻīlio lele i ka manawa hoʻokahi.
Inā ʻole, hiki i ka manawa kiʻekiʻe ke hoʻomaka e komo i loko o ke kaumaha i kahi mea mehameha. Kūpono ka mauʻu mau ma ke ʻano he moena ma ka papahele i kahi e noho ai, hiki iā ʻoe ke hoʻohana i nā ʻūlū wahie liʻiliʻi. Aia ka papaʻai i ka laha.
ʻAi ʻia nā ʻōpeʻape hua Nile me ka compote, nā mea kanu maloʻo, a me nā hua porridge. ʻO ka minamina wale nō ka maikaʻi ʻole o ia mau holoholona. Hoʻolahalaha pinepine kēia mau mea ʻaihue i nā meaʻai stale a shit ma hea lākou. A loaʻa i kā lākou feces kahi paʻa paʻa a ʻaʻala maikaʻi ʻole.
Ma lalo o nā kūlana kūlohelohe, makemake nā ʻōpeʻa hua i ka pō e noho i loko o nā ululāʻau a me nā ana, a me nā hale kahiko i wāwahi ʻia, i nā kahawai pōhaku, i nā mines, i nā hale kupapaʻu. ʻĪlio lele – holoholona, hiki ke loaʻa ma nā wahi haʻahaʻa a me nā wahi mauna.
ʻO nā mea ola e makemake e noho i nā kolone. Hiki iā lākou ke liʻiliʻi loa, e helu ana ma kahi o kanalima mau kanaka, a me ka nui, helu 'ia a hiki i ka lua tausani mau lālā i kā lākou haku mele. ʻO kēlā mau noho ʻana o ka ʻōpeʻa hua Nile hiki ke loaʻa pinepine i loko o nā pyramid kahiko o ʻAigupita.
ʻEleu kēia mau holoholona lele i ka pouli. A i ka mālamalama o ka lā makemake lākou e hiamoe me ko lākou mau wāwae i lalo i lalo. I nā manawa hoʻomaha, ua ʻaneʻane hapalua ʻia ka nui o kā lākou heluʻai. I ke ao, hiki iā lākou ke ala aʻe inā ʻike lākou i ke alo o nā mea komohewa i kā lākou waiwai.
Eia hou, aia i kēia manawa o ka lā e hoʻomaʻemaʻe ai lākou iā lākou iho, e hoʻonohonoho pono ana i ko lākou mau kino. Ma waena o nā ʻenemi o kēia mau holoholona he mau manu lele: falcons, aeto pueo a me nā mea ʻē aʻe. Hoʻonāukiuki ʻia hoʻi lākou e nā mea ʻānai hānai koko a me kekahi ʻano o nā tick.
Meaʻai kūpono
No ka loaʻa ʻana o ka meaʻai na lākou, lele koke kēia mau mea ola ma hope o ke ahiahi. Loaʻa iā lākou kahi mea e waiwai ai ma o ka naʻau o ka pilau a me ka ʻike. ʻO ka papaʻai o nā ʻōpeʻapeʻa hua pō ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi ʻole. Hana ʻia kāna ʻāpana nui o nā hua i loaʻa mai nā lāʻau exotic hema.
Aia i waena o lākou ka maiʻa, nā lā, nā ʻalani, nā fiku, nā mangga. He aha ka ʻai a ka ʻīlio lele? i kēia manawa? Hiki iā ia ke ʻai i nā huaalalā, nā ʻanoʻano, nā lau ʻōpio, a ʻai i nā ʻelima i meaʻai. I kekahi manawa ʻahaʻaina kēlā ʻano mea i nā pua a me ka nectar, hānai i ka pollen, ʻoiai ʻaʻole lākou i pili i nā ʻano meaʻai nui.
Makemake nā ʻīlio lele e ʻai i ka hua
ʻO nā ʻōpeʻapeʻa hua pō e hoʻomaʻamaʻa pinepine i kā lākou pōloli ma ke kau ʻana i luna i luna o kahi lāʻau. I ka manawa like, pili lākou i ka lālā o kekahi o nā llamas i kī ʻia, a lawe lākou i kekahi, ʻohi i nā hua. Akā i kekahi manawa hopu lākou iā lākou i ka hala ʻana, lele wale nō. Hoʻomaʻamaʻa nui lākou i ka pono o ke kino no ka momona ma ka ʻai ʻana i ka wai momona. Akā inu pū lākou i ka wai. Eia kekahi, i kekahi manawa hoʻohana ʻia ka paʻakai. Koi ʻia kēia e kā lākou physiology kūikawā.
ʻO ka hana hou a me ke ola o ke ola
ʻO ka maʻamau maʻamau nā ʻōpeʻapeʻa hua hoʻokahi wale nō i ka makahiki. Hoʻomaka ka wā moʻo no kēia mau holoholona i kekahi wahi i Iulai, e pau ana i ka waena o ke kau. He paʻakikī ke kāhea ʻana i nā ʻīlio lele wahine momona. Hānau maʻamau lākou i ka mea ʻoi aku ma mua o hoʻokahi, i nā hihia koʻikoʻi - ʻelua pēpē. ʻO ka lōʻihi o ka hāpai ʻana e pili i ka nui a me ke ʻano. Hiki i nā ʻelele nui o kēia ʻohana ke hānau keiki a ʻeono mau mahina.
He pīhoihoi ka hānau ʻana o kēia mau mea i ko lākou kūlana kaulana a ʻoluʻolu hoʻi no ia peʻapeʻa - i lalo i lalo. No laila, ʻaʻole e hāʻule ka cub, haʻalele i ka ʻōpū, hoʻomākaukau mua ka makuahine nona kahi moena ʻoluʻolu o kāna mau ʻeheu paʻa ponoʻī, kahi e loaʻa maluhia ai ka hānau hou.
ʻO nā ʻīlio ʻīlio lele
E like me nā mea pono i nā māmela, ʻo ka meaʻai mua o ka ʻōpeʻapeʻa hua liʻiliʻi ka waiū o ka makuahine. Pono e hoʻomaopopo ʻia he dexterous a pēpē hoʻi nā pēpē o kēia mau mea i ke ola. ʻAʻole lākou ma hope koke o ka hānau kū kaʻawale piʻi ʻana i ka umauma o ka makuahine, e hopu ʻiʻini nei i ka piko, hiki koke ke ʻike i nā keiki A mai nā lā mua i uhi mua ʻia ko lākou kino i ka hulu hipa.
Ma ka umauma o ka makuahine, noho mau nā pēpē i ko lākou mau lā a hiki i ka wā e ikaika ai lākou a loaʻa i nā mākau kūpono āpau no kahi ola kūʻokoʻa. ʻO ka manawa kikoʻī ma aneʻi e pili i ka laha. ʻO kahi laʻana, mai kahi ʻōpeʻa hua o ke ana, aʻo nā cubs e lele a ʻai i nā hua ma kahi o ʻekolu mau makahiki o ko lākou mau makahiki.
ʻO ke ola o nā ʻōpeʻapeʻa hua i ka pō i ke kūlohelohe i manaʻo pinepine ʻia ma lalo o 8 mau makahiki. ʻOiai ʻaʻole i loaʻa i ka ʻepekema nā ʻike kikoʻī e pili ana i kēia mea. ʻO nā ʻīlio lele lele, ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, ʻoi aku ka lōʻihi o ke ola - ma kahi o 20 mau makahiki, kūpono a hiki i 25.
He aha ka ʻokoʻa ma waena o ka ʻīlio lele a me ka ʻalopeke lele?
Maʻalahi loa e huikau i ka terminology ke hiki mai i nā opeapea hua. ʻO ka ʻoiaʻiʻo pinepine ʻia ka inoa like i hoʻohana ʻia i nā lunamakaʻā o ka genera Rousetus a me Pteropus: nā ʻīlio lele. A ʻaʻole kēia he kuhi hewa nui. Pinepine i kēia ala e kāhea ʻia ai nā ʻikepili, nā ʻelele like loa o ka ʻohana ʻōpeʻapeʻa, ma nā kumu palapala. Akā inā ʻoe e hoʻoikaika no ka terminology pololei, pono ʻoe e hoʻomaopopo ʻaʻole kēia ka mea like.
ʻĪlio lele
He aha ka ʻokoʻa ma waena o kahi ʻīlio lele a me kahi ʻalopeke lele? ʻO ka mea mua, he lālā lākou no ka moʻokūʻauhau like ʻole. Eia nō naʻe, he nui nā ʻano like o lākou i ka hanana a me ka lawena. ʻAi ka ʻalopeke a me nā ʻīlio i ka ʻai like, ʻai lākou i ko lākou mau lā ma kahi o ke kaiapuni like.
ʻAʻole hiki i nā lālā o nā ʻohana ʻelua ke ʻike i ka makaukau eolocation, akā ʻoi aku ka ʻike i ko lākou ola i ka ʻike a me ka ʻala maikaʻi loa. Ma nā ʻeheu, loaʻa i kēlā me kēia lunamakaʻā kekahi manamana lima kuhikuhi i lako me ka māiʻuʻu. Loaʻa iā lākou kahi ʻano archaic o ka vertebrae cervical a me nā iwi ʻaoʻao hoʻoneʻe. Hōʻike kēia i ke ʻano kānalua a me ka pili pili o nā ʻīlio lele a me nā ʻalopeke.
ʻO ka genus o pteropus ka mea ākea a hōʻike ʻia e 60 mau ʻano, kēlā me kēia me kēlā me kēia ʻano ponoʻī. Manaʻo kekahi he ʻohana maoli kona mau lunamakaʻāinana e like me nā ʻalopeke, a ʻo ka rosetus e like me nā ʻīlio. Eia nō naʻe, he hōʻailona pohihihi kēia a me ke koʻikoʻi loa.
ʻAlopeke lele
ʻO ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, ʻano like nā genera ʻelua a ua wehewehe pinepine ʻia lākou ma ke ʻano he hoʻokahi mea. A ʻo ka hoʻokalakupua genetika wale nō ka mea hiki ke hana i kahi gradation pololei. ʻO ka pinepine, ʻoiai i loko o nā puke ʻepekema, ua kapa ʻia nā ʻōpeʻa hua āpau he ʻīlio lele. I kekahi manawa hoʻohui ʻia nā ʻīlio lele a me nā ʻalopeke e like me ke ʻano o kā lākou ʻai ʻana a kāhea wale ʻia lākou: nā opeapea hua.
