Liona kai ʻO ia ka lālā nui loa o ka ʻohana Otariidae, nā "wepa pepeiao", ʻo ia hoʻi nā liona kai a me nā sila hulu. ʻO ia wale nō ka lālā o ka genus Eumetopias. ʻOkoʻa nā sila pepeiao i nā molluscs, "nā sila maoli," i ke alo o nā kiwi pepeiao o waho, nā pūlima like, flipper-like i hoʻohana ʻia no ke kalai ʻana, a me nā wili hope e hiki ai i nā quadrupeds ke neʻe i ka ʻāina.
Ke kumu o ka laha a me ka wehewehe
Kiʻi: Sivuch
ʻO nā liona kai, a i ʻole nā sila pepeiao, kekahi o nā hui nui ʻekolu o nā māmela i ka hui ʻauhau o nā pinnipeds. ʻO nā pinnipeds he meaola wai (ʻo ka hapa nui o ke kai) nā mamamala i hōʻike ʻia e ke alo o nā ʻaoʻao ʻelua a me nā lālā hope i ke ʻano o nā lau. Ma waho aʻe o nā liona kai, nā pinnipeds ʻē aʻe me nā walrus a me nā sila.
ʻO nā liona kai kekahi o nā hui o nā sila ʻelua (kekahi pinnipeds, koe wale nā walrus): nā sila pepeiao ʻole, e hoʻopili ana i ka ʻauhau ʻauhau o nā sila maoli (Phocidae), a me nā sila pepeiao, e hoʻopili pū ana me ka ʻohana o nā sila pepeiao (Otariidae). Manaʻo ʻia ʻo Walrus he ʻohana ʻokoʻa o nā pinnipeds, ʻo Obobenidae, ʻoiai ua hoʻohui ʻia lākou i kekahi manawa i nā molluscs.
Video: Sivuch
ʻO kahi ala e hoʻokaʻawale ai i waena o nā hui nui o nā sila ma o ka loaʻa ʻana o kahi pinna, kahi pepeiao liʻiliʻi, a pepeiao fluffy (pepeiao waho) i loaʻa i nā liona kai a ʻaʻole i loaʻa i nā sila maoli. Kāhea ʻia nā sila maoli "sila ʻaʻohe pepeiao" no ka mea paʻakikī ka ʻike ʻana o ko lākou pepeiao, a ua kapa ʻia nā liona kai, "wepa pepeiao". ʻO ka inoa otariid mai ka Greek Greek, ʻo ia hoʻi ka pepeiao liʻiliʻi, e pili ana i nā pepeiao waho liʻiliʻi akā ʻike ʻia (auricle).
Ma waho aʻe o ka loaʻa ʻana o ka auricle, aia kekahi mau ʻokoʻa ʻokoʻa ma waena o nā liona kai a me nā sila maoli. He mau lihi hope ko nā liona kai e hiki ai ke hoʻohuli ʻia ma lalo o ke kino, e kōkua ana iā lākou e neʻe ma ka honua, ʻoiai ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻohuli i nā lau o nā sila maoli i lalo o ke kino, kahi e alakaʻi ai i ko lākou neʻe lohi a kūpilikiʻi hoʻi i ka honua.
ʻAʻau pū nā liona kai me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kā lākou mau lau lihi mua e hoʻokele i ka wai, ʻoiai ʻo nā sila maoli e ʻauʻau me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā palaka hope a me ke kino o lalo i ka neʻe ʻana o ka ʻaoʻao a i ka ʻaoʻao. Aia kekahi mau ʻano ʻokoʻa, me ke ʻōnaehana hānau.
ʻO ka helehelena a me nā hiʻohiʻona
Kiʻi: He aha ke ʻano o ka liona kai?
ʻO ka liona kai me ka ʻili hinuhinu i kapa ʻia ʻo "liona kai" ma muli o ka mane māmā o ka lauoho lauoho i loaʻa ma ka ʻāʻī a me ka umauma o ke kāne, e like me ka mane liona. Kuhi hewa ʻia i kekahi sila no ka sila, akā maʻalahi e haʻi i ka ʻokoʻa. ʻAʻole like me nā sila, uhi ka auricle o ka liona kai i ko lākou pepeiao e pale aku iā lākou mai ka wai. Loaʻa i nā liona kai Steller kahi hanana iwi e hiki ai iā lākou ke hele ma nā wīwī āpau ke kākoʻo nei i ko lākou kaumaha.
ʻOiaʻiʻo hoihoi: ʻOiai he liona kai nui loa o ka honua, hiki i kahi liona kai makua ke hiki i kahi lōʻihi o ʻelua a ʻekolu mau mika paha. Kaupaona nā wahine ma waena o 200 a me 300 kilokilo, ʻoiai ua ʻike ʻia nā kāne a kaupaona ʻia a i 800 kilokilo. ʻO kahi liona kai nui i kaupaona ʻia he hoʻokahi tone.
ʻO ke kaulike o nā ʻīlio liona kai he 20 kilokilo ke kaupaona ma ka hānau ʻana. I ka wā hānau, he mānoanoa, kūpalu, ʻaneʻane hulu ʻeleʻele me nā helehelena hau o Steller, nā ʻīlio liona kai, no ka mea ʻaʻohe waihoʻoluʻu nā wēlau o ka lauoho. Mālamalama ke kala ma hope o ka molt mua i ka hopena o ke kauwela. ʻO ka hapanui o nā wahine makua ʻalani. ʻAneʻane noho ʻeleʻele nā kāne āpau ma mua o ka ʻāʻī a me ka umauma, ʻulaʻula kekahi i ke kala. He lae ākea a me nā ʻāʻī muscular nā kāne kāne makua.
ʻOiaʻiʻo hoihoi: I ka wai, ʻauʻau ka liona kai me ka umauma a hiki ke piʻi i kahi wikiwiki ʻoi loa ma kahi o 27 km / h.
ʻO ke kani o ka liona kai kahi mele o ka haʻahaʻa "haʻahaʻa" o nā ʻelemākule, i kāwili ʻia me ka leo o ka "keiki hipa" o nā ʻīlio ʻōpio. Lohe pinepine ʻia nā liona kai Kaleponi ma waena o nā liona kai ma ka hema hikina o Alaska, a ʻo kā lākou leo hae he hōʻailona hōʻailona no kēia mau liona kai ʻeleʻele a ʻeleʻele hoʻi.
Ma hea e noho ai ka liona kai?
Kiʻi: Liona kai ʻo Kamchatka
ʻOi aku ka makemake o nā liona kai i ke anuanu o ke anuanu, i ke kai subarctic o ka Moana Pākīpika ʻĀkau. Pono lākou i nā noho ʻāina a me nā wai. Pākuʻi lākou a hānau hānau ma ka ʻāina, ma nā wahi kuʻuna i kapa ʻia he rookeries. ʻO Rookery ka mea maʻamau o nā kahakai (ʻiliili, pōhaku a one paha), nā ʻūlili, a me nā pali pōhaku. I ke kai Bering a me Okhotsk, hiki i nā liona kai ke huki i ka hau kai. Ma ka Pākīpika ʻĀkau, hiki ke loaʻa nā hale liona kai ma kahakai ʻo Kaleponi a i ke Kahua ʻo Bering, a ma nā kahakai hoʻi o ʻAsia a me Iapana.
Māhele ʻia ka heluna kanaka o ka honua i ʻelua mau hui:
- hikina;
- komohana.
Hoʻolahalaha nui ʻia nā liona kai ma kahakai o ka Moana Pākīpika ʻĀkau mai ka ʻākau ʻo Hokkaido, Iapana ma o nā mokupuni ʻo Kuril a me ke kai ʻo Okhotsk, nā mokupuni ʻo Aleutian a me ke kai Bering, ke kahakai hema o Alaska a me ka hema a waena o Kaleponi. ʻOiai ʻike pinepine ʻia lākou i loko o nā wai kai mai ka papa kuhikihi, no ka mea, ʻai lākou i kekahi manawa ma nā pali ʻoi aku ka hohonu a me nā wai pelagic, keu hoʻi i ka wā hānau ʻole.
ʻO nā poʻe noho Kanada kahi ʻāpana o ka heluna hikina. Ma Kanada, ʻekolu mau mokupuni nui o nā liona kai, nā mokupuni kahakai o British Columbia, aia ma nā mokupuni ʻo Scott, Cape St. James a me nā kahiki ʻo Banks. I ka makahiki 2002, ma kahi o 3,400 mau ʻīlio pēpē i hānau ʻia ma British Columbia. I ka wā hānau, ʻo ka heluna nui o nā holoholona i loaʻa i loko o kēia wai kai kahakai he 19,000, me kahi o 7,600 o lākou i ka wā hānau. ʻO ia ka lāhui kāne mana nui loa me nā wahine he nui.
Lāhui nā liona kai ʻo Steller ma ka Moana Pākīpika ʻAkau mai ka ʻAño Nuevo Island ma waenakonu o Kaleponi a hiki i nā mokupuni ʻo Kuril ma ka ʻākau o Iapana, me ka nui o nā rookeries ma ke kahawai ʻo Alaska a me nā mokupuni ʻo Aleutian.
I kēia manawa ʻike ʻoe i kahi i loaʻa ai ka liona kai. E ʻike kāua i ka mea eʻai ai kēia sila.
He aha ka liona kai e ʻai ai?
Kiʻi: Liona kai
ʻO nā liona kai he holoholona laka me nā niho ʻoi a me nā auwaha ikaika e ʻai i kā lākou mea pio. Hopu lākou i kā lākou iʻa ponoʻī a ʻai i nā mea i maʻalahi e loaʻa i ko lākou wahi. Ma British Columbia, ʻai ka liona kai i nā iʻa kula e like me ka herring, hake, salmon a me sardine. I kekahi manawa e luʻu hohonu lākou e hopu i nā ʻeke kai, lana, heʻe a me ka heʻe.
Mea hoihoi: He ʻauʻauʻau maikaʻi nā liona kai i kekahi manawa e luʻu hohonu ma mua o 350 mau mika i ka ʻimi ʻana i ka meaʻai a maʻa mau i ka wai ma lalo o ʻelima mau minuke i ka manawa.
ʻAi nā liona kai makua i nā ʻano iʻa like ʻole, e like me ka herring Pacific, gerbil, Atka mackerel, pollock, salmon, cod a me nā iʻa pōhaku. ʻAi lākou i ka heʻe a me kahi heʻe. Ma ka awelika, pono i kahi liona kai makua ma kahi o 6% o kona kino kaumaha i kēlā me kēia lā. Pono nā liona kai ʻōpio i ʻelua mau manawa i ka nui o ka meaʻai.
Pepehi pū nā liona kai i nā sila a me nā holoholona ʻē aʻe. Ma nā mokupuni ʻo Pribilof, ua ʻike ʻia nā liona kāne kāne ʻōpio e luku ana a e ʻai ana i nā ʻīlio hulu manu ʻākau, ʻoiai lākou e ʻai ai i nā sila i nā manawa āpau. Ma muli o kā lākou papaʻai, hiki i nā liona kai ke hoʻopili i ka lehulehu o nā iʻa, mivalus bivalve, gastropods a me cephalopods.
Nā hiʻohiʻona o ke ʻano a me ka nohona
Kiʻi: Steller kai liona i ke kūlohelohe
He mea hānai nā liona kai, no laila pono lākou e hele i luna e hanu i ka ea. Noho lākou i kekahi o ko lākou manawa ma ka ʻāina a hele i ka wai e ʻimi ai i ka meaʻai. Makemake nā liona kai i kahi papa kahakai ma loko o 45 km o ke kahakai, ʻoiai hiki ke ʻike ʻia ma mua o 100 km ma waho o ka wai ma mua o 2000 m hohonu. ʻAʻole lākou e neʻe e like me kekahi mau sila, akā neʻe i kekahi manawa i nā wahi hānai a me nā wahi hoʻomaha.
He launa pinepine nā liona kai a hui i nā hui nui ma kahakai a i ʻole rookeries. Noho mau lākou i nā hui ʻelua a ʻumikūmālua, akā i kekahi manawa a hiki i hoʻokahi haneli mau kānaka ke ʻike pū ʻia. Ma ke kai, noho kaʻawale lākou a neʻe paha i nā hui liʻiliʻi. Hānai lākou i ka pō ma waho o ke kai a me nā wai pelagic. Hiki i nā liona kai ke hele lōʻihi ma kahi o ke kau a hiki ke luʻu i kahi hohonu o 400 m. Hoʻohana lākou i ka ʻāina ma ke ʻano he wahi hoʻomaha, moult, mate a hānau. Hana nā liona kai i nā leo ikaika, a hele pū me ka luliluli ʻana o ke poʻo i nā kāne.
ʻO ka liona kai hānau ʻana kekahi o nā mea hiʻona kaulana loa i ke ʻano. Ke hāʻule kēia mau pilikua ma kahakai, ʻo kā lākou kahakai punahele, i kapa ʻia he rookeries, e nalo ma lalo o ko lākou mau kino. Hoʻonui ʻia nā ʻīlio ʻōpio i kekahi manawa e ka lehulehu, a ʻaʻole hoʻolohe ʻia e nā kāne kāne mana no kahi kumu hoʻokahi. Pono nā kāne e hoʻokumu a mālama i nā rookeries i mea e hānau ai. ʻAʻole hana ka hapa nui o lākou i kēia a ʻeiwa a ʻumi paha makahiki o lākou.
ʻO ke kūkulu kaiāulu a me ka hana hou
Kiʻi: Steller kai liona i ka wai
ʻO nā liona kai he poʻe hoʻoulu kolone. Loaʻa iā lākou kahi ʻōnaehana hānau polygynous kahi kahi hapa liʻiliʻi o nā kāne kāne makua keu i ka hapanui o nā pēpē i kekahi mau manawa o ka makahiki.
ʻO ke kau moʻo no ka liona kai mai ka hopena o Mei a i ka mua o Iulai. I kēia manawa, hoʻi ka wahine i kona rookery home - kahi pōhaku kaʻawale, kahi e ʻākoakoa ai nā mākua no ka male ʻana a me ka hānau hānau ʻana - e hānau i hoʻokahi keiki ʻīlio. I ka wā o ka moʻo ʻana, ʻākoakoa nā liona kai i nā kolone kūpilikiʻi no ka palekana, ma kahi o nā mea ʻaihue lepo. ʻO nā leo o nā mākua a me ke kani ʻana o nā ʻīlio pēpē e hana i kahi leo pale pale nui. Hoʻoweliweli kēia walaʻau hui a hoʻomau i nā predators hiki ke hiki.
Mālama kahi liona kai wahine i kāna keiki ʻīlio no hoʻokahi a ʻekolu mau makahiki paha. Noho ka makuahine i ka ʻāina me kāna mau ʻīlio pēpē i hoʻokahi lā a laila hele i ke kai e ʻohiʻohi i ka meaʻai i ka lā aʻe. Hāpai ʻo ia i kēia ʻano hana e hānai i kāna mau ʻīlio pēpē i ka hoʻomau ʻana e mālama i kāna papaʻai ponoʻī.
He liona kai hānau hou kahi mea liʻiliʻi dexterous. Hiki iā ia ke kolo mai ka hānau ʻana a aʻo e ʻauʻau ma kahi o ʻehā mau pule o ko lākou mau makahiki. ʻOiai paʻakikī e nānā, me he mea lā he kiʻekiʻe ka helu make no nā ʻīlio a ʻo ia paha ka hopena o ka nui ʻana o nā holoholona kahiko a i ʻole ke koi ʻia lākou e haʻalele i ka rookery ʻaʻole hiki iā lākou ke ʻau a make.
Hoʻomohala nā pēpē i ka pale ʻana i ka nui o nā maʻi ʻoiai hānai ʻia lākou. I ka ulu ʻana o nā pēpē a me ka ukuhi ʻia, hiki iā lākou ke maʻi mai nā parasite kūloko (e like me nā roundworms a me nā tapeworms) e hoʻopili i ka ulu a me ka lōʻihi. ʻIke nui ka liona wahine wahine i nā pono o kāna keiki ʻīlio, ʻaʻole e waiho iā ia ma mua o hoʻokahi lā i ka manawa i ka manawa mua o ka pilikia o kona ola.
ʻEnemi kūlohelohe o nā liona kai
Kiʻi: Sea Lion Steller
No nā makahiki he nui, nā hana a ke kanaka e like me ka hopu holoholona a me ka luku ʻana i ka hoʻoweliweli nui loa i nā liona kai. ʻO ka mea pōmaikaʻi, ʻo kēia nō hoʻi nā mea hiki ke pale ʻia. Hiki i kēia mea nunui ke hoʻopili i ka hihia i loko o nā pono lawaiʻa a paʻa ʻia e nā ʻōpala a puni ko lākou ʻāʻī. Hiki i kahi liona kai paʻa ke poholo ma mua o ka pakele a pakele paha iā ia iho.
ʻO ka haumia, ka ninini o ka aila, a me ka haumia o ke kaiapuni e like me nā metala kaumaha e hoʻoweliweli i nā wahi noho o ka liona kai. Hiki i kēia ʻino hiki ke pale ʻia ke alakaʻi i ka neʻe ʻana o nā kamaʻāina mai ko lākou wahi noho nui a, ʻo ka hopena, i ka hōʻemi ʻana o kā lākou helu.
Ke kū nei hoʻi ka liona kai i nā hoʻoweliweli kūlohelohe, e like me ka hoʻemi ʻana i ka nui o nā meaʻai i loaʻa. Eia hou, alualu nā kohola kohola iā lākou. E like me nā holoholona āpau, hiki i ka maʻi ke hoʻoweliweli i ka liona kai.
Ke ʻimi nei nā kānaka ʻepekema i ke kumu o ka emi ʻana o nā liona kai. ʻO nā kumu kūpono no kēia me ka hoʻonui ʻana i nā helu parasite, nā maʻi, ka nui o ka kohola kohola, ka maikaʻi o ka meaʻai a me ka hāʻawi ʻana, nā mea pili i ke kaiapuni a me nā hemahema o nā meaola i hoʻokumu ʻia e nā loli kūlohelohe i ka nui o nā laha nui a i ʻole ka hoʻokūkū me nā laha a i ʻole nā kānaka no ka meaʻai.
Heluna a me ke kūlana o kēia ʻano
Kiʻi: He aha ke ʻano o ka liona kai?
ʻO nā lāhui ʻelua liona kai e hōʻike i nā ʻano moʻomeheu, morphological, ecological a me nā heluna lehulehu. ʻOkoʻa nā ʻano heluna kanaka ma ka hikina a me ke komohana i nā kumu paʻakikī. I nā huaʻōlelo maʻalahi, he hopena paha ka ʻokoʻa ma nā ʻano like ʻole a me nā nui o nā hoʻoweliweli e kū nei i kahi ʻano i kona pae holoʻokoʻa.
Loaʻa i ka heluna komohana nā liona kai āpau e hoʻomaka ana mai nā rookeries komohana o Sakling Point. Ua hōʻole ka heluna liona kai mai kahi o 220,000 a 265,000 i ka hopena o 1970s a emi ma lalo o 50,000 i 2000. ʻOiai ka ulu ʻana o ka heluna o ke komohana ma kahi o 2003, ke emi mau nei ia ma nā wahi nui o kāna pae.
Aia i ka heluna hikina nā liona kai e hoʻomaka ana mai nā rookeries ma ka hikina o Sakling Point. Ma waena o 1989 a me 2015, ua hoʻonui ka nui o kā lākou helu ma ka hikina i ka helu o 4.76% i kēlā me kēia makahiki, ma muli o ke kālailai ʻana i ka nui o nā ʻīlio pēpē ma Kaleponi, Oregon, British Columbia a me ka hema hikina o Alaska. Ma mua o 80% o ka liona kai i nalowale mai Lūkia a me ka hapa nui o nā wai ʻo ʻAsuria (ke kahawai ʻo Alaska a me ke kai ʻo Bering) ma waena o 1980 a me 2000, e waiho ana ma lalo o 55,000 mau kānaka. Aia nā liona kai i loko o ka Buke ʻulaʻula e like me nā mea e make ana i ka wā e hiki mai ana.
Pākuʻi ʻia nā mea hoʻoweliweli i nā liona kai:
- pā mai kahi moku a moku paha;
- haumia;
- hoʻohaʻahaʻa o ka nohona;
- ʻaihue ʻaihue ʻole i ke kānāwai;
- ʻimi aila a me nā kinoea i waho;
- pilina (pololei a kuhikuhi ʻole) me nā lawaiʻa.
ʻO ka hopena pololei i ka lawaiʻa ma muli o nā kaila (kahe a me nā gillnets, nā laina lōʻihi, nā ʻupena, a me nā mea like ʻole) i hiki ke hoʻopili, hoʻopio, ʻeha a pepehi paha i nā liona kai. Ua ʻike ʻia lākou i paʻa i loko o nā mea lawaiʻa, i manaʻo ʻia he "ʻeha koʻikoʻi." ʻO nā hopena kūlike ʻole o ka lawaiʻa ʻana ka pono o ka hoʻokūkū no nā kumuwaiwai a me nā hoʻololi kūpono i nā wahi noho pilikia ma muli o nā hana lawaiʻa.
ʻO ka mōʻaukala, ua hoʻopili ʻia nā mea hoʻoweliweli:
- ʻimi no kā lākou ʻiʻo, nā ʻili, aila a me nā huahana like ʻole (i nā makahiki 1800);
- pepehi kanaka no ka uku (i ka makahiki 1900);
- ka luku ʻana i mea e kaohi ai i kā lākou predation ma ka iʻa i loko o nā aquaculture hoʻokumu (mahiʻai iʻa). Akā ʻaʻole i ʻae ʻia ka luku hewa ʻana i nā liona kai no ka mea ua pale ʻia lākou ma lalo o ke kānāwai Mammal Protection Protection.
Ka pale ʻana o ka liona kai Steller
Kiʻi: Sivuch mai ka Red Book
E hoʻomau i ka ulu ʻana o ko lākou lehulehu, pono i nā liona kai ke pale mau i ko lākou wahi noho. ʻOiai ua ʻeha ka liona kai mai nā makahiki he nui o ka ʻimi holoholona ʻana ma Kanada, mai ka 1970 ua pale ʻia ia ma lalo o ke kānāwai lawaiʻa pekelala, ka mea pāpā i ka ʻimi holoholona ʻana i nā liona kai. Aia kekahi mau hihia kahi i hāʻawi ʻia ai nā ʻae e pepehi i nā liona kai i ka hoʻāʻo ʻana e pale aku i nā mahi iʻa i ʻimi ʻia e nā holoholona.
ʻO ke Kānāwai Moana, i hoʻokumu ʻia i ka makahiki 1996, pale aku i ka nohona o nā meaola wai kai. He palekana hou aʻe nā rookeries hoʻohua kūikawā ma lalo o ka National Parks Act o Kanada a ma ke ʻano he ʻāpana o kahi Reserve Ecological Panalāʻau.
Hoʻomoe ʻia nā wahi hoʻomalu, nā palena paʻa, nā kaʻina hana like ʻole a me nā ana ʻē aʻe a puni nā lawaiʻa nui a me nā rookeries liona kai e pale aku i ko lākou wahi noho pilikia.Ua hāʻawi ʻia kahi nohona koʻikoʻi i nā liona o ke kai ma ke ʻano he buffer 32 km a puni nā hopu nui a me nā rookeries, a me ko lākou ʻāina e pili ana, nā ea a me nā wahi wai a ʻekolu mau wahi ʻimi kai nui. Ua hoʻomaopopo pū ka National Marine Fisheries Service i nā wahi i hoʻopuni ʻia e pili ana i nā rookeries a hoʻokō i kahi papa hana lawaiʻa lawaiʻa i hoʻolālā ʻia e hōʻemi i ka hoʻokūkū ma waena o ka lawaiʻa a me ka heluna o ka liona kai e kokoke ana i nā wahi noho pilikia.
Liona kai i manaʻo ʻia ʻo "mōʻī" o nā liona kai. Hele pinepine kēia mammal nui a i ʻole i nā hui liʻiliʻi, akā hoʻohui i nā poʻe ʻē aʻe no ka pale i ka wā o ka hānau ʻana a me ka hānau ʻana. ʻAʻoleʻike iki ʻia e pili ana i kona ʻano kai, akā, ʻo ka mea maikaʻi ʻoiai mai ka pale mua ʻana o ka liona kai i ka makahiki 1970, ua ʻoi aku ka pāpālua o ka poʻe mākua.
Ka lā paʻi: 12.10.2019
Lā hou: 29.08.2019 ma 23:31
