Moku Pukiki - kahi mea ʻona ʻawahia loa i ke kai ākea, e like me he jellyfish lā, akā ʻo ka ʻoiaʻiʻo he siphonophore. ʻO kēlā me kēia kanaka he kolone ia o kekahi mau meaola liʻiliʻi, kaʻawale, kēlā me kēia me kahi hana kūikawā a pili pono ʻole e hiki ʻole ke ola hoʻokahi. No laila, aia kahi kolone nui o kahi lana e paʻa ana ke kolone ma luna o ke kai, kahi moʻo o nā tentacles lōʻihi i uhi ʻia me nā hunaola, kahi ʻōnaehana digestive elemental, a me kahi ʻōnaehana hānau maʻalahi.
Ke kumu o ka laha a me ka wehewehe
Kiʻi: moku Pukiki
ʻO ka inoa "moku Pukiki" mai ka like o ka holoholona i ka mana Pukiki i ka holo piha. ʻO ka moku Pukiki kahi hidroid kai o ka ʻohana Physaliidae i hiki ke loaʻa ma ka Moana ʻAkelanika, ʻInikia a me nā Moana Pākīpika. Hoʻokumu ʻia kona mau tentacles lōʻihi i ka nahu ʻeha a mehana a hiki i ka make ʻana o ka iʻa a i ʻole (ʻano kakaikahi) ke kanaka.
ʻOiai ʻo kona ʻano, ʻaʻole ka moku Pukiki he jellyfish maoli, akā he siphonophore, ka mea ʻoiaʻiʻo ʻaʻole hoʻokahi meaola multicellular (ʻo nā jellyfish maoli nā meaola kaʻawale), akā ʻo nā meaola kolonahe kēlā me kēia holoholona i kapa ʻia he zooids a polyps i hoʻopili ʻia i kēlā me kēia i kekahi i kekahi a hoʻohui pū ʻia me ka physiologically hiki ʻole ke ola kūʻokoʻa i kekahi i kekahi. Aia lākou i loko o kahi pilina symbiotic e koi ai i kēlā me kēia meaola e hana pū a hana me he holoholona ʻokoʻa.
Video: moku Pukiki
Hoʻomaka ka siphonophore ma ke ʻano he hua manu momona. Akā ke ulu, hoʻomaka ia e "pua" i nā ʻano ʻano like ʻole a me nā meaola. ʻO kēia mau meaola liʻiliʻi, i kapa ʻia nā polyps a i ʻole nā zooids, ʻaʻole hiki ke ola iā lākou iho, no laila hui lākou i kahi nui me nā tentacles. Pono lākou e hana pū ma ke ʻano he anakahi e hana i nā mea e like me ka huakaʻi a me ka meaʻai.
ʻOiaʻiʻo hoihoi: ʻOiai ka transparency o kahi moku Pukiki, ʻo kona lana e like me ke ʻano polū, ʻulaʻula a me / a poni paha. Hāpai nā kahakai ma kahakai o ke kahawai ʻAmelika i nā hae poni e hōʻike i ka poʻe kipa ke kaʻawale nā hui o nā moku Pukiki (a i ʻole nā mea make kai make paha).
ʻO ka moku Pukiki o ka moana ʻInia a me ka Pākīpika e pili ana i nā ʻano, ʻano like a aia a puni ka ʻĀina a me ka Moana Pākīpika.
ʻO ka helehelena a me nā hiʻohiʻona
Kiʻi: He aha ke ʻano o kahi moku Pokiki
Ma ke ʻano he siphonophore koloneial, haku ʻia ka moku Pukiki ʻekolu mau ʻano jellyfish a ʻehā mau ʻano polypoids.
ʻO Medusoids nā:
- gonophores;
- nectophores syphosomal;
- nectophores raphiment hou.
Pākuʻi ʻia nā polyptoids:
- gastrozoids manuahi;
- gastrozooids me nā tentacles;
- gonosopoids;
- gonozoids.
ʻO Cormidia ma lalo o pneumoaphores, kahi ʻano o ka peʻa i hoʻopiha ʻia me ka ʻaila. Hoʻomohala ka pneumatophore mai ka planula, ʻokoʻa i nā polyps ʻē aʻe. He symmetrical bilaterally kēia holoholona, me nā tentacles ma ka hopena. He translucent a me ka waihoʻoluʻu polū, poni, a pink a lilac, hiki mai 9 a 30 cm lōʻihi a hiki i 15 knm ma luna o ka wai.
Hoʻopiha ka moku Pukiki i kāna huewai a hiki i 14% kalapona monoxide. ʻO ke koena he nitrogen, oxygen a me argon. ʻIke ʻia ke kalapona kalapona ma nā pae kumumea. Hoʻokomo ʻia ka moku Pukiki me kahi siphon. I ka hanana o kahi hoʻouka honua, hiki ke hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻia, e ʻae ai i ke kolone e lūlū i ka manawa.
ʻO nā ʻano ʻekolu o nā polyp i ʻike ʻia ʻo dactylozoid (pale), gonozooid (reproduction), a me gastrozooid (hānai). Hoʻohui ʻia kēia mau polyps. Hana nā Dactylzooids i nā tentacles he 10 m ka lōʻihi o ka lōʻihi, akā hiki ke piʻi ma luna o 30 m. Ke hoʻomau nei nā lawaiʻa "iʻa" i ka wai, a ke lawe nei kēlā me kēia tentacle i nā nematocist piha i ka ʻona (spiral, filamentous hanganga) e puhi, palalā, a pepehi heʻe makua a i ʻole larval.
ʻOiaʻiʻo hoihoi: ʻO nā hui nui o nā moku Pukiki, i kekahi manawa ma kahi o 1,000, hiki ke hoʻopau i nā waihona iʻa. Hoʻokomo nā cell contractile i loko o nā tentacles i ka mea i hōʻino ʻia i loko o ka wahi o ka polyps digestive - gastrozoids, kahi e hoʻopuni a ʻānai i ka meaʻai, e hūnā ana i nā enzyme e wāwahi i nā proteins, nā waihā a me nā momona, a me nā gonozooids ke kuleana no ka hana hou.
I kēia manawa ʻike ʻoe i ka weliweli o ka moku Pukiki no nā kānaka. E nānā ma hea kahi e noho ai nā jellyfish ʻawahia.
Ma hea e noho ai ka moku Pukiki?
Kiʻi: Poti Pukiki ma kai
Noho ka moku Pukiki ma luna o ka moana. ʻO kāna pūpū, kahi pneumophore i hoʻopiha ʻia me ka ʻaila, e waiho mau ma ka ʻili, ʻoiai ke koena o ka holoholona i loko o ka wai. Neʻe nā moku Pukiki e like me ka makani, ke au a me ke au. ʻOiai ʻike ʻia lākou i ke kai ākea i nā wahi pāhona a me nā ʻāina subtropical, ua loaʻa pū lākou a hiki i ke kūkulu ʻākau o Bay of Fundy, Cape Breton a me Hebides.
Lana lana ka moku Pukiki ma luna o ka wai kai tropical. ʻO ka maʻamau, noho kēia mau kolone i nā wai wela a me nā wai subtropical e like me ka Florida Keys a me ke kai ʻAkelanika, ke kahawai ʻo Gulf, ke kahawai ʻo Mexico, ke Kai ʻInikia, ke Kai Caribbean, a me nā wahi mehana ʻē aʻe o ka Moana ʻAkelanika a me ka Moana Pākīpika. Kūleʻa nui lākou i nā wai mehana o ke kai Sargasso.
ʻOiaʻiʻo hoihoi: Hiki i ka makani ikaika ke hoʻokau i nā moku Pukiki i loko o nā kai kūʻono a kahakai paha. ʻO ka manawa pinepine nā mea ʻē aʻe e kokoke ana e ukali i ka huli no hoʻokahi moku Pukiki. Hiki iā lākou ke nahu ma ke kahakai, a ke ʻike nei i kahi moku Pukiki ma kahakai hiki ke hoʻopau iā ia.
ʻAʻole ʻike mau ʻia ka moku Pukiki i kahi kaʻawale. Nānā ʻia nā leona o nā kolone he 1000. Iā lākou e heʻe ana ma ka makani wānana a me nā au o ka moana, hiki i kekahi ke ʻike i kahi a kahi e ʻike ʻia ai nā mea ola he nui. ʻO kahi laʻana, hoʻomaka ka wā hoʻokele Pukiki ma ke kahakai ʻo Gulf i nā mahina hoʻoilo.
He aha ka mea a kahi moku Pukiki e ʻai ai?
Kiʻi: moku Medusa Pukiki
ʻO ka moku Pukiki he predator. Ke hoʻohana nei i nā tentacles me ka lāʻau make, hopu a paʻa ia i nā mea pio, e "reeling" ia ia i nā polyp digestive. ʻAi ka hapanui i nā meaola kai liʻiliʻi e like me ka plankton a me ka iʻa. ʻAi nui ka moku Pukiki i ka iʻa iʻa (iʻa ʻōpio) a me nā iʻa makua liʻiliʻi, a hoʻopau pū i ka ʻōpae, nā crustacea ʻē aʻe a me nā holoholona liʻiliʻi ma plankton. ʻAneʻane he 70-90% o kāna iʻa iʻa.
ʻAʻohe o nā moku Pukiki nā mea o ka wikiwiki a kahaha paha e hoʻouka i kā lākou mea pio, ʻoiai ka palena o kā lākou neʻe ʻana e ka makani a me nā ʻale. Pono lākou e hilinaʻi i nā hāmeʻa ʻē aʻe e ola. ʻO nā tentacles, a i ʻole dactylozooids, nā ʻano hana nui o ka moku Pukiki no ka hopu ʻana i kāna mea pio a hoʻohana pū ʻia no ka pale ʻana. Hopu a ʻai ʻo ia i nā iʻa nui aʻe e like me ka iʻa lele a me ka mackerel, ʻoiai e mālama pinepine ka iʻa o kēia nui i ka pakele mai kā lākou tentacles.
Hoʻopili ʻia ka meaʻai o ka moku Pukiki i loko o kona ʻōpū saccular (gastrozoids), aia ma ka ʻaoʻao lalo o ka lana. Hoʻopili ka Gastrozoids i ka mea pio, e hoʻokuʻu ana i nā enzymes e wāwahi i nā proteins, nā haʻuki a me nā momona. Loaʻa i kēlā me kēia moku Pukiki he mau gastrozoid piha me nā waha kaʻawale. Ma hope o ka ʻai ʻana o ka ʻai, ua kīkē ʻia i ke koena indigestible ma ka waha. Hoʻokomo ʻia ka meaʻai mai ka mea ʻai i hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i loko o ke kino a hele a puni ma waena o nā polyps like ʻole i ke kolone.
Nā hiʻohiʻona o ke ʻano a me ka nohona
Kiʻi: moku Pukiki ʻawahia
ʻO kēia ʻano a me ka moku ʻuʻuku ʻo Indo-Pacific Portuguese (Physalia utriculus) ke kuleana a hiki i ka 10,000 make ma Australia i kēlā me kēia kauwela, a loaʻa kekahi ma kahakai o Hema a me Western Australia. ʻO kekahi o nā pilikia me ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i kēia mau nahu ʻana, hiki i nā ʻāpana haʻihaʻi ke ʻauheʻe i loko o ka wai no nā lā he nui, a ʻaʻohe paha manaʻo ka mea ʻauʻau ua hoʻopū ʻia lākou e kahi moku Pukiki a i ʻole kekahi mea ʻona ʻē aʻe.
Loaʻa i nā Polyps o nā moku Pukiki nā clinocytes, kahi e hāʻawi i kahi neurotoxin protein protein i hiki ke paralyze iʻa liʻiliʻi. I nā kānaka, ʻo ka hapa nui o nā nahu e hōʻiliʻili i nā ʻulaʻula me ka pehu ʻana a me ka ʻeha a ʻeha nui. ʻO kēia mau ʻōuli kūloko i hala ʻelua a ʻekolu paha lā. ʻO nā tentacles a me nā mea make (e like me nā mea i holoi ʻia i ke kahakai) hiki ke ʻāʻeha hoʻi me ka ʻehaʻeha. Inā hoʻomau a hōʻeha paha nā ʻōuli, pono ʻoe e ʻike koke i ke kauka.
ʻAʻole emi pinepine nā ʻōnaehana ʻōnaehana, akā ikaika loa paha. Hiki i kēia ke hoʻopili i ka malaise laulā, ka luaʻi, ke kuni, ka hoʻomaha ʻana o ka naʻau (tachycardia), ka hanu ʻana o ka hanu, a me nā ʻūʻī o ka ʻū i loko o ka ʻōpū a me ke kua. Hiki i nā hopena maʻi ʻino loa i ka lāʻau make o ka moku Pukiki ke hoʻopili i ka naʻau a me ka hanu, no laila e ʻimi mau nā mea ʻimi i ka loiloi loea ʻoihana loea.
ʻO ke kūkulu kaiāulu a me ka hana hou
Kiʻi: moku Pukiki weliweli
ʻO ka moku Pukiki he kolone ia o nā mea like like. Loaʻa i kēlā me kēia kanaka kekahi gonozooids (nā ʻāpana a i ʻole nā ʻāpana hānau o nā holoholona, kāne a wahine paha). Hana ʻia kēlā me kēia gonozoid i nā gonophores, ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi ma mua o nā ʻeke i loaʻa nā ovaries a i ʻole nā testes.
He dioecious nā moku Pukiki. Hoʻomohala koke paha kā lākou larvae i mau lana lana liʻiliʻi. Manaʻo ʻia ʻo ka momona o ka moku Pukiki i kū i ka wai ākea, no ka mea komo nā gametes mai nā gonozooids i ka wai. Hiki ke hana i kēia ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā gonozoids a haʻalele i ke kolone.
Hiki i ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana o gonozooids ke lilo i kahi pane kemika e kū i ka wā e noho ana nā hui o kēlā me kēia kanaka ma kahi like. Koi ʻia paha kahi kiʻiona koʻikoʻi no ka momona o ka momona. Hiki i ka hoʻouluulu ke hana kokoke i ka ʻili. ʻO ka hapa nui o ka hānau ʻana i ka hāʻule, e hana ana i kahi nui o nā ʻōpio i ʻike ʻia i ka hoʻoilo a me ka puna. ʻAʻole ʻike ʻia ka mea e hōʻeuʻeu ai kēia pōʻai manu ʻana, akā hoʻomaka paha ia ma ka Moana ʻAkelanika.
He pepeiao waena ko kēlā me kēia gonophore o nā hunaola endodermal multinucleated e hoʻokaʻawale i nā coelenterates mai ka papa germ germ. ʻO ka uhi o kēlā me kēia cell germ he papa o kaʻiʻo ectodermal. Ke puka mua nā gonophores, ʻo ka papa germ ka pāpale o nā hunaola ma luna o ka pepeiao endodermal. Ke oʻo nei nā gonophores, ulu nā hunaola germ i kahi papa e uhi ana i ka puʻupaʻa.
Hoʻokumu ʻo Spermatogonia i kahi papa mānoanoa, ʻoiai ʻo ka oogonia e hana i kahi pānaʻi sinuous i mau keena ākea ākea, akā hoʻokahi wale nō mānoanoa. Aia nā mea cytoplasmic liʻiliʻi loa i loko o kēia mau hunaola, koe wale nō i nā hanana kakaʻī ke loaʻa ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana o nā pūnaewele. Hoʻomaka ʻo Oogonia e hoʻomohala ma kahi o ka nui e like me ka spermatogonia, akā lilo i nui loa. ʻO nā oogonia āpau, ʻike ʻia, i hoʻokumu ʻia i kahi wā mua o ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā gonophores ma mua o ke ʻano o ka hoʻonui ʻana.
ʻEnemi kūlohelohe o nā moku Pukiki
Kiʻi: He aha ke ʻano o kahi moku Pokiki
He kakaʻikahi nā mea kolohe a ka moku Pukiki. ʻO kahi laʻana, ʻo ia ka honu loggerhead, e hānai nei i ka moku Pukiki ma ke ʻano he maʻa mau o kāna papaʻai. ʻO ka ʻili o ka honu, me ke alelo a me ka ʻāʻī, mānoanoa no ka pā o nā nahu.
ʻO ka slug kai polū, ʻo Glaucus atlanticus, loea i ka hānai ʻana i ka moku Pukiki, e like me ka nīʻoni poni Jantina Jantina. ʻO ka ʻai mua a ka moonfish he jellyfish, akā hoʻopau pū ia i nā moku Pukiki. ʻAʻohe pale ka pale peʻe i ka lāʻau make o ka moku Pukiki; Hāpai nā ʻōpio i nā hale haʻihaʻi o nā waʻa Pukiki, malia paha no ka hōʻeha a me / a i ʻole nā pale pale.
ʻO ka pāpaʻi one Pākīpika, ʻo Emerita pacifica, i ʻike ʻia e kāʻili i nā moku Pukiki e ʻauheʻe ana i ka wai pāpaʻu. ʻOiai hoʻāʻo kēia mea ʻino e huki iā ia i loko o ke one, pinepine hiki i ka lana ke kū me nā nalu a pae i ke kahakai. Ma hope o kēlā, ʻākoakoa hou nā pāpaʻi a puni ka moku Pukiki. ʻO nā hōʻike ʻike nānā e ʻai ana nā pāpaʻi i nā moku Pukiki i hōʻoia ʻia e ke kālailai ʻana i nā ʻike o kēia mau pāpaʻi i loko o nā ʻōpū. Hōʻike nā hōʻike Macroscopic o nā kiko polū a me nā hōʻike microscopic o nā nematocologists waapa Pukiki he kumuʻai lākou no nā pāpaʻi one. ʻAʻole ʻike ʻia kēia mau maʻi maʻi e nā hunaola ʻeha.
ʻO nā mea ʻaihue ʻē aʻe o nā moku Pukiki nā nudibranchs o ka ʻohana plankton Glaucidae. Ma hope o ka ale ʻana i nā moku Pokukala, lawe nā nudibranchs i nā nematocist a hoʻohana iā lākou i loko o ko lākou kino ponoʻī no ka pale. Makemake lākou i nā nematocysts o nā moku Pukiki ma mua o kā lākou mau mea i hōʻino ʻia. Ua hōʻike ʻia kēia hanana ma Australia a me Iapana. No laila, he mea nui ka moku Pukiki no nā nudibranchs ʻaʻole wale ma ke ʻano he kumu meaʻai, akā no nā mea pale.
ʻO kahi iʻa liʻiliʻi, ʻo Nomeus gronovii (iʻa kaua a iʻa hānai hānai paha), pale ʻē ʻia i ka ʻawahia mai nā pūnaʻi e hiki mai ana a hiki ke noho i waena o nā pahu o ka moku Pukiki. ʻIke ʻia e pale i nā tentacles stinging nui, akā hānai i nā tentacles liʻiliʻi ma lalo o ka huʻa kinoea. ʻIke pinepine ʻia nā moku Pukiki me nā iʻa kai ʻē aʻe. Loaʻa kēia mau iʻa āpau i ka puʻuhonua predator i hāʻawi ʻia e nā ʻūlū stinging, a no ka moku Pukiki, hiki i ka noho ʻana o kēia mau ʻano ke ʻumeʻume i nā iʻa ʻē aʻe e ʻai.
Heluna a me ke kūlana o kēia ʻano
Kiʻi: moku Pukiki
Aia ma kahi o 2,000,000 mau moku Pukiki i ka moana. Ma muli o ka lawaiʻa kanaka a me ka hemo ʻana o nā predators he nui, ua ʻae ʻia ka lehulehu e ulu. E lana ana kahi moku Pukiki a noho ma ka ʻili o ke kai no kahi ʻeke i piha i ka ʻaila. ʻAʻohe ona kumu hoʻoikaika pilikino, no laila hoʻohana ʻo ia i nā kai maoli e neʻe.
I ka makahiki 2010, ua pahū ʻia kahi lehulehu o nā waʻa Pukiki i ka Basin Mediterranean, me nā hopena koʻikoʻi, e like me ka make ʻana o nā nahu holoholona i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i ka ʻāina. ʻOiai ka mana o nā moku Pukiki ma ka hana hoʻokele waiwai ma kahakai a me ke koʻikoʻi o ka ʻoihana hoʻokipa i ka ʻāina Mediterranean (ʻo ia ka helu no 15% o ka mākaʻikaʻi honua), ʻaʻohe ʻae ʻae ʻepekema no nā kumu o kēia hanana.
Hiki i nā waʻa Pukiki ke hoʻohuli i ka lawaiʻa lawaiʻa. Hiki ke hoʻopili ʻia ka ʻohi iʻa e ka hānai ʻana i nā lehulehu larval, keu hoʻi i nā wahi me nā lawaiʻa nui e like me ke kahawai ʻo Mexico. Inā loaʻa kahi boom i nā helu o ka moku Pukiki, hiki ke hōʻemi nui ʻia ka iʻa larval. Inā pau ka iʻa i ka pae larval, ʻaʻole hiki ke ulu a lilo i kumu meaʻai na nā kānaka.
Pōmaikaʻi nā moku Pukiki i ka hoʻokele waiwai. ʻAi ʻia lākou e kekahi iʻa a me nā crustacean o ka waiwai kalepa.Hoʻohui ʻia, hiki iā lākou ke pāʻani i kahi kuleana kaiāulu koʻikoʻi i ʻike ʻole ʻia a mālama i ke kaolaola i ke kaulike.
Moku Pukiki ʻO ia kekahi iʻa i hōʻino ʻole ʻia ma ka honua. Ma muli o ka ikaika o ke au o ke kauwela a me ka makani mai ka hikina hikina, ua nui nā kahakai o ke kapakai hikina, ʻo ia hoʻi nā ʻaoʻao ʻākau, i hōʻeha ʻia e nā pūʻulu neʻe o kēia mau mea kai. Hana ʻia kēlā me kēia kanaka i nā kolone o nā poʻe liʻiliʻi i kapa ʻia he zooids e hui pū ʻaʻole hiki iā lākou ke ola iā lākou iho.
Ka lā paʻi: 10.10.2019
Lā hou: 11.11.2019 ma 12:11
