ʻĀpuʻu kai Kaulana ʻia kahi jellyfish tropical no kāna mau mea ʻona. He ʻelua pae o ka hoʻomohala - lana manuahi (jellyfish) a hoʻopili ʻia (polyp). He maka paʻakikī kona a me nā hale lole lōʻihi loa, e pāhola ʻia me nā keena pakele e pakele ai. Hāʻule nā kahu ʻai mālama ʻole iā ia i kēlā me kēia makahiki, a ua manaʻo ʻia ʻo ia kekahi o nā holoholona weliweli loa o ka honua.
Ke kumu o ka laha a me ka wehewehe
Kiʻi: Sea Wasp
ʻO ka loko wai, a Chironex fleckeri paha i ka Lākina, no ka papa o ka jellyfish pahu (Cubozoa). ʻO ka mea like ʻole o ka jellyfish pahu kahi kihi huinahā ma ka ʻāpana ʻāpana, kahi a lākou i kapa ʻia ai he "pahu", a me nā mea ʻike i hoʻomohala maikaʻi ʻia. ʻO ka inoa ʻepekema o ka genus "Chironex" ʻo ia ka unuhi loosely ʻia o ka "lima o ka mea pepehi kanaka", a ua hāʻawi ʻia ka epithet "fleckeri" no ka hoʻohanohano ʻana i ka mea ʻona neʻekope ʻAukekulia Hugo Flecker, nāna i ʻike i kēia jellyfish ma ke kahua o ka make o kahi keikikāne 5 makahiki i ka makahiki 1955.
Ua alakaʻi ka ʻepekema i nā mea hoʻopakele a kauoha e hoʻopuni i kahi a ke keiki i make ai i ka ʻupena. Ua hopu ʻia nā meaola āpau i loaʻa, me kahi jellyfish ʻike ʻole ʻia. Ua hoʻouna aku ʻo ia iā ia i kahi zoologist kūloko ʻo Ronald Southcott, nāna i wehewehe i kēia ʻano.
Wikiō: Moana Wasp
No ka manawa lōʻihi ua manaʻo ʻia kēia ʻano hoʻokahi wale nō i ka genus, akā i ka makahiki 2009 ua hōʻike ʻia ka ʻiʻo Yamagushi (Chironex yamaguchii), nāna i luku i kekahi mau kānaka ma kahakai o Iapana, a ma 2017 i ke Kai Kūʻono ʻo Thailand ma kahakai o Thailand - ka ʻāpā kai o Queen Indrasaksaji (Chironex indrasaksajiae).
I nā ʻōlelo evolutionary, he hui ʻōpio a loea hoʻi ka jellyfish pahu, nona ka poʻe kūpuna i lunamaka o ka jellyfish scyphoid. ʻOiai nā paʻi o ka scyphoids kahiko i loaʻa i loko o nā kai kai o ka wā kahiko kupaianaha (ʻoi aku ma mua o 500 miliona mau makahiki i hala aku nei), kahi kiʻi pono o kahi ʻelele o nā boll no ka wā Carboniferous (ma kahi o 300 miliona mau makahiki i hala aku nei).
ʻOiaʻiʻo leʻaleʻa: ʻo ka hapa nui o ka 4,000 mau ʻano o nā jellyfish i loaʻa i nā hunaola a hiki ke hoʻopili i nā kānaka, e hōʻeha ana i ka ʻeha a i ʻole ka pilikia. ʻO nā jellyfish pahu wale nō, a ma kahi o 50 mau ʻano, hiki ke pepehi a make.
ʻO ka helehelena a me nā hiʻohiʻona
Kiʻi: He aha ke ʻano o ka nalo kai
Hoʻokomo pinepine ʻia ka nānā i ke kanaka makua, pae medusoid o kēia holoholona, kahi weliweli. ʻO ka nalo kai ka mea nui o ka ʻohana. ʻO ke kinikini bele aniani o ke kala o ke aniani bluish i ka hapanui o nā kānaka i ke kiʻekiʻe o 16 - 24 cm, akā hiki ke kiʻi i 35 cm. Hiki ke kaumaha i 2 kg. I loko o ka wai, aneane ʻike ʻole ʻia ka dome, kahi e hāʻawi ai i ka holomua a me ka pale ʻana i ka ʻenemi i ka manawa like E like me nā jellyfish āpau, neʻe hou ka ʻāpā, aelike i nā ʻaoʻao muscular o ka dome a kipaku i ka wai mai ona aku. Inā pono e kaʻapuni, hoʻopōkole ia i ka pale ma kekahi ʻaoʻao wale nō.
ʻO nā ʻōkuhi nunui o ka ʻōpū i ke ʻano o ka pua me 4 petals a me 8 ligament o nā ʻōiwi genital e kau ana ma lalo o ka dome e like me nā ʻākeʻakeʻa o nā hua waina e ʻālohilohi iki ma waena o ke kope. Aia ma waena o lākou kahi ulu lōʻihi, e like me ka kumu o ka ʻelepani. Aia he waha ma kona hope. Ma nā kihi o ka dome he mau tentacles, i hōʻiliʻili ʻia i nā hui he 15 mau ʻāpana.
I ka neʻe ʻana o ka neʻe, ʻaelike ka jellyfish i nā tentacles i mea ʻole e keʻakeʻa, ʻaʻole lākou i ʻoi aku ma 15 cm me ka mānoanoa o 5 mm. Hunahuna no ka ʻimi holoholona, hoʻoheheʻe ia iā lākou e like me kahi pūnaewele lahilahi o 3-mika aniani moʻo i uhi ʻia me nā miliona o nā ʻili stinging. Ma ke kumu o nā tentacles, aia he 4 mau pūʻulu o nā hui sensory, me nā maka: 4 mau maka maʻalahi a me 2 mau maka hui, like i ke ʻano me nā maka o nā māmela.
ʻO ke kahua neʻe ʻole o ka capsule, a i ʻole polyp, ke nānā aku e like me kahi hua liʻiliʻi i kahi mau millimeter i ka nui. Inā hoʻomau mākou i ka hoʻohālikelike, a laila ʻo ka ʻāʻī o ka huʻa ka waha o ka polyp, a ʻo ka lua o loko kona ʻōpū. ʻO kahi corolla o ʻumi mau halelewa e hoʻopuni ana i ka waha e hoʻokele i nā holoholona liʻiliʻi ma laila.
ʻOiaʻiʻo leʻaleʻa: ʻike ʻole ʻia i ka ʻike ʻana o ka ʻōpelu i ka honua i waho, akā hiki ke ʻike maopopo i nā kala. E like me ka mea i hoʻohuli ʻia i loko o ka hoʻokolohua, ʻike ka nalo i ke kala keʻokeʻo a me ka ʻulaʻula, a hoʻoweliweli ka ʻula iā ia. ʻO ke kau ʻana i nā ʻupena ʻulaʻula ma kahakai e hōʻoia paha i kahi ana palekana. I kēia manawa, ua hoʻohana ʻia ka hiki a ka ʻūlū e hoʻokaʻawale i ka noho ʻana mai ka noho ʻole ʻana no ka pale ʻana: ua mālama nā kiaʻi ola ma nā kahakai i nā kapa paʻa paʻa i hana ʻia e ka nylon a me ka lycra.
Ma hea e noho ai ka nalo kai?
Kiʻi: ʻĀpuʻu kai Australia
Noho ka predator mālamalama i nā wai kahakai ma kahakai o ka ʻĀkau o Australia (mai Gladstone ma ka hikina a Ex Exan i ke komohana), New Guinea a me nā mokupuni ʻo Indonesia, e hoʻolaha ana i ka ʻākau a hiki i ke kahakai o Vietnam a me Pilipine.
ʻO ka maʻamau ʻaʻoleʻauʻau kēia mau jellyfish i loko o ka wai kai a makemake i ke ākea o ke kai, ʻoiai lākou e papau - i kahi papa o ka wai a 5 m ka hohonu a ʻaʻole mamao aku mai kahakai. Koho lākou i nā wahi me ka maemae, ma lalo o ke one a hōʻole i ka limu kahi e paʻa ai kā lākou lawaiʻa lawaiʻa.
ʻOluʻolu like ia mau wahi i ka poʻe ʻauʻau, nā heʻe nalu a me nā poʻe scuba, e hopena ana i nā hoʻokuʻi a me nā poʻe make ma nā ʻaoʻao ʻelua. I ka wā ʻino wale nō e neʻe aku ai nā jellyfish mai ke kapakai a i nā wahi hohonu a mālie hoʻi o paʻa i ka heʻe nalu.
No ka hoʻoulu hou ʻana, komo nā ʻāpana kai i nā kahawai o ka muliwai hou a me nā awāwa me nā ulu lāʻau mangrove. Maanei lākou e hoʻolilo ai i ko lākou ola i ka pae polyp, e hoʻopili iā lākou iho i nā pōhaku o ka wai. Akā i ka hōʻea ʻana i ke kahua jellyfish, lele hou nā peʻa ʻōpio i ke kai ākea.
ʻOiaʻiʻo: Ma waho o ke kahakai o Australia Komohana, ua ʻike ʻia nā nalo kai ma kahi hohonu o 50 m ma nā kahakai kahakai. Ua paʻa lākou i ka lalo i ka wā nāwaliwali loa o ke au.
I kēia manawa ua ʻike ʻoe i kahi e noho ai ka loko o kahi o ke kai. E ʻike kāua e ʻai ai i ka jellyfish ʻino.
He aha ka ʻai a ka nalo kai?
Kiʻi: ʻūhū kai ʻo Jellyfish
ʻAi ka polyp i ka plankton. ʻO kahi predator mākua, ʻoiai hiki iā ia ke pepehi i nā kānaka, ʻaʻole ia e ʻai iā lākou. ʻAi ʻia i nā mea liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi e lana ana i ke kolamu wai.
ʻO:
- shrimp - ke kumu o ka papaʻai;
- nā crustacean ʻē aʻe e like me amphipods;
- polychaetes (annelids);
- iʻa liʻiliʻi.
Piha nā hunaola i ka lāʻau make, lawa i ka make he 60 mau kānaka i loko o kekahi mau minuke. Wahi a nā helu helu, he kuleana no ka ʻūmū ma ka liʻiliʻi he 63 mau kānaka make ma Australia ma waena o 1884 a me 1996. Nui aʻe nā mea i hōʻino ʻia. ʻO kahi laʻana, i kekahi o nā wahi leʻaleʻa no ka manawa 1991 - 2004. o 225 collision, 8% pau i ka haukapila, a ma 5% o nā hihia i koi ʻia antivenom. Hoʻokahi wale nō hihia make - ua make kahi keiki 3 makahiki. Ma ka laulā, ʻeha hou nā keiki i nā jellyfish ma muli o ko lākou kaumaha haʻahaʻa o ke kino.
Akā ma ka laulā, ʻo nā hopena o ka hālāwai e kaupalena ʻia i ka ʻeha wale nō: 26% o nā mea i loaʻa i ʻike ʻia i ka ʻehaʻeha loa, ke koena - kaulike. Hoʻohālikelike ka poʻe i loaʻa iā ia i ka hoʻopili ʻana i ka hao hao wela. Hāpai ka ʻeha, hoʻomaka ka puʻuwai puʻuwai a haunts i ke kanaka no kekahi mau lā, me ka luaʻi. Hiki ke waiho i nā scars ma ka ʻili me he mea lā mai kahi wela.
ʻOiaʻiʻo leʻaleʻa: Ke pale nei i kahi lāʻau pale e pale pono i ka ʻona wasp. I kēia manawa, ua hiki ke synthesize i kahi mea i pale i ka luku ʻia o nā hunaola a me ke ʻano o ke ahi i ka ʻili. Pono e hoʻopili i ka huahana ma hope o 15 mau minuke ma hope o ka pā ʻia e kahi jellyfish. ʻO nā hōʻeha puʻuwai, i hoʻokumu ʻia e ka lāʻau make, noho pilikia. Paipai pū ʻia ka lāʻau lapaʻau me ka vīgaga e like me ke kōkua mua, kahi e hoʻopau ai i nā hunaola a pale aku ai i ka lāʻau make hou. Mai nā lāhui i kapa ʻia ka mimi, boric acid, ka wai lemon, ka waiū steroid, ka waiʻona, ka hau a me ka papaya. Ma hope o ka hana ʻana, pono ia e hoʻomaʻemaʻe i nā koena o nā jellyfish mai ka ʻili.
Nā hiʻohiʻona o ke ʻano a me ka nohona
Kiʻi: Pī ʻino kai
ʻO nā moʻo kai, e like me nā jellyfish pahu, ʻaʻole i makemake e hōʻike i ko lākou nohona i ka poʻe noiʻi. I ka ʻike ʻana o kahi mea luʻu, peʻe koke lākou i ka wikiwiki o 6 m / min paha. Akā ua hiki iā mākou ke ʻike i kekahi mea e pili ana iā lākou. Manaʻo ʻia he ʻeleu lākou i ka lā holoʻokoʻa, ʻoiai ʻaʻole hiki ke maopopo inā e hiamoe ana ka jellyfish ʻaʻole paha. I ka lā e noho lākou i lalo, akā ʻaʻole hohonu, a i ke ahiahi piʻi lākou i luna. ʻAʻau i ka wikiwiki o 0.1 - 0.5 m / min. a i ʻole ke kakali nei no ka mea pio, e hohola ana i nā tentacles me nā miliona o nā keena ʻū. Aia kahi mana e hiki ai i nā nūnū ke ʻimi ʻimi, alualu i ka mea pio.
Ke hoʻopā kekahi i ke ola o ka flagellum sensitive o ka cell stinging, ua hoʻomaka ʻia kahi hopena kemika, piʻi ke kaomi i loko o ka cell a i loko o nā microseconds e wehe ʻia ana ke kuʻina o ka filament kuhi a serrated, i paʻa i ka mea i loaʻa. Holo ka lāʻau make mai ka lua o ka pūnaewele ma ka pae. Kū ka make ma 1 - 5 mau minuke, kaukaʻi ʻia i ka nui a me ka ʻāpana o ka lāʻau make. Ma hope o ka luku ʻana i ka mea i hoʻomāinoino ʻia, huli ke alo i lalo a pahu i kāna mea pio i loko o ka puʻupuʻu me kāna mau tentacles.
ʻAʻole i aʻo ʻia nā neʻe ʻana o ka moʻo o ke kai. ʻIke wale ʻia ma Darwin (komohana o ke kapakai ʻākau) ke kau mau loa o ka jellyfish ma kahi o hoʻokahi makahiki: mai ka mua o ʻAukake a i ka hopena o Iune i ka makahiki e hiki mai ana, a ma ka moku ʻo Cairns - Townsville (kapakai hikina) - mai Nowemapa a Iune. Ma hea lākou e noho ai ke koena o ka manawa ʻaʻole i ʻike ʻia. A ʻo ko lākou hoa hele mau - ʻo Irukandji jellyfish (Carukia barnesi), kahi mea ʻona nui a ʻike ʻole ʻia hoʻi, akā ma muli o ka liʻiliʻi.
ʻOiaʻiʻo hoihoi: hoʻoponopono ʻia ka neʻe ʻana o ka jellyfish e ka hihi. Loaʻa kahi ʻāpana o kona mau maka i kahi ʻano i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ka hanana o nā maka mammalian: he maka aniani ko lākou, kornea, retina, diaphragm. ʻIke maikaʻi kēlā ʻano maka i nā mea nunui, akā ma hea kahi e hana ʻia ai kēia ʻike inā ʻaʻohe lolo o ka jellyfish? Ua hoʻololi ʻia ka lawe ʻia ʻana o ka ʻike ma o nā hunaola nerve o ke kopa a hoʻomaka pono i ka hopena kaʻa. Noho wale ia e ʻike pehea e hoʻoholo ai ka jellyfish: e hoʻouka a holo paha?
ʻO ke kūkulu kaiāulu a me ka hana hou
Kiʻi: Sea Wasp ma Thailand
ʻOiai ke kuleana nui o ka jellyfish pahu i ke ola o ke kanaka, ua wehewehe wale ʻia ko lākou ola ma 1971 e ka ʻepekema Kelemania ʻo B. Werner. Ua like ia e like me ka nui o nā hui ʻē aʻe o nā jellyfish.
Hoʻohuli kūlike ia i nā ʻanuʻu:
- hua moa;
- larva - planula;
- polyp - pae kau;
- ʻO ka jellyfish kahi pae lawe lima makua.
Noho ka poʻe mākua i ka wai pāpaʻu ma kahakai a ʻau aku i ko lākou wahi hānau - nā kahawai o ka muliwai saline a me nā kai kūʻono i ulu me nā bakau. Maʻaneʻi, hoʻokuʻu nā kāne a me nā wahine i ka sperm a me nā hua i loko o ka wai, me ka waiho ʻana i ke kaʻina momona i kahi manawa. Eia naʻe, ʻaʻohe a lākou koho, ʻoiai make koke lākou.
A laila hiki nā mea āpau e like me ka mea i manaʻo ʻia, puka mai kahi larva mālamalama (planula) mai nā hua manu momona, a me ka manamana lima me ka cilia, ʻau aku i kahi paakiki kokoke loa a pili me ka waha e hāmama ana. ʻO kahi o ka noho ʻana hiki ke lilo i mau pōhaku, nā pūpū, nā pūpū crustacea. Hoʻolālā ka planula i polyp - kahi ʻano cone-like me 1 - 2 mm ka lōʻihi me 2 mau tentacles. Hānai ka polyp i ka plankton, nāna e lawe mai i kēia au.
Ma hope ua ulu, loaʻa e pili ana i 10 mau tentacles a reproduces pū, akā ma ka mahele - budding. Hoʻokumu nā polyps hou ma kona kumu e like me nā lālā lāʻau, hoʻokaʻawale a kolo no kekahi manawa i ka ʻimi ʻana i kahi no ka hoʻopili. Ma ke kaʻana like ʻana, hoʻololi ʻia ka polyp i loko o kahi jellyfish, haki ka wāwae a lana i ke kai, hoʻopau i ka pōʻaiapuni piha o ka ʻōpuʻu kai.
ʻEnemi kūlohelohe o nā nalo kai
Kiʻi: He aha ke ʻano o ka nalo kai
He mea ʻole ʻoe ke nānā aku, he ʻenemi paha kēia jellyfish - he honu kai. ʻAʻole maʻalahi ka honu i kāna lāʻau make.
ʻO ka mea kupanaha e pili ana i ka biology o kahi ʻōpala ka mana o kāna toxin. No ke aha, haʻohaʻo kekahi, hiki i kēia mea ola ke hiki ke pepehi i nā meaola i hiki ʻole ke ʻai? Manaʻo ʻia he lāʻau make ikaika a wikiwiki hoʻi e uku i ka nāwaliwali o ke kino e like me ka jellyfish o ka jellyfish.
Hiki i kahi ʻōpala ke hoʻopōʻino i kāna dome inā hoʻomaka ia e paʻi i loko. No laila, pono ka lāʻau make e hōʻoia i ka wikiwiki o ka immobilization o ka mea i hōʻeha ʻia. Maliʻa paha ka maʻalahi ka poʻe i ka toxin wasp ma mua o ka ʻōpae a me ka iʻa, ʻo ia ke kumu e loli ai iā lākou.
ʻAʻole i hoʻopau piha ʻia ke ʻano o ka wai ʻāpā wai ʻāpā. Ua loaʻa i loko o kahi helu o nā protein i hoʻohui ʻia i kumu e luku i nā kino o ke kino, kahe nui o ke kahe a me ka ʻeha. Aia ma waena o lākou nā neuro- a me nā cardiotoxins e kumu ai ka maʻi palahē a me ka hopu ʻia o ka naʻau. Loaʻa ka make ma muli o ka hopena o ka puʻuwai a i ʻole ka make ʻana o kahi mea ʻeha nāna i lilo ka hiki ke neʻe. ʻO ka hapa hapa make he 0,04 mg / kg, ka lāʻau make ikaika loa i ʻike ʻia i nā jellyfish.
Heluna a me ke kūlana o kēia ʻano
Kiʻi: Pīpī kai weliweli
ʻAʻohe mea i helu i ka nui o nā nīnī moana ma ka honua. He pōkole ko lākou mau makahiki, paʻakikī ka pōʻaiapili o ka hoʻomohala, kahi a lākou e hoʻohua ai i nā ala āpau. ʻAʻole hiki ke kaha iā lākou, paʻakikī ke ʻike iā lākou i loko o ka wai. ʻO nā piʻi i helu, hele pū ʻia me nā pāpā ma ka ʻauʻau ʻana a me nā poʻomanaʻo hopu e pili ana i ka hoʻouka kaua ʻana i ka jellyfish, i kumu ʻia e ka ʻoiaʻiʻo o ka hanauna hou a ua weluwelu ʻia i nā waha o ka muliwai e hoʻokō i kā lākou kuleana olaola.
Loaʻa ka emi o nā helu ma hope o ka make ʻana o ka jellyfish i kahili ʻia. Hoʻokahi mea i hiki ke ʻōlelo ʻia: ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻokele i ka helu o nā pahu weliweli, a luku pū hoʻi iā lākou.
ʻIke hoihoi: lilo ka wī i mea weliweli loa no nā vertebrates me ka makahiki, ke hiki i kahi lōʻihi o 8-10 cm. Hoʻopili nā ʻepekema i kēia me ka loli o ka meaʻai. Hopu nā ʻōpio i nā ʻōpuʻu, ʻoiai ʻo nā mea nui e hoʻololi i ka papa iʻa. Koi ʻia nā lāʻau make hou e hopu i nā vertebrates paʻakikī.
Hana ʻia ua lilo ka poʻe i poʻe kūlohelohe i ke kūlohelohe. He mea weliweli ia ke aʻo ʻoe e pili ana i nā holoholona make make o nā ʻāina exotic. ʻAʻole wale kēia i nā jellyfish pahu, akā he heʻe poni uliuli hoʻi, he iʻa pōhaku, kahi mollusc cone, nā popo ahi a ʻoiaʻiʻo nō ʻūhā kai... ʻokoʻa kā mākou makika. ʻOiai nā mea āpau, miliona o nā mākaʻikaʻi e huakaʻi i nā kahakai kahakai, e makaʻu nei i ko lākou hopena ma aneʻi. He aha kāu e hana ai e pili ana i ia? E nānā wale i nā lāʻau ʻino.
Ka lā paʻi: 08.10.2019
Lā hou: 08/29/2019 ma 20:02
