Nanda ʻO ia nā manu lele nui ʻole ma ʻAmelika Hema, no ka ʻoka o ka Rheiformes. Ma waho, ʻano like lākou me nā aeto o ʻApelika a me ka emus Australia, akā pili loa lākou iā lākou. He ʻōnaehana kaiāulu maoli kā lākou no ka hānai ʻana i nā moa. Omnivorous, maʻalahi maʻalahi a hānai ʻia ma nā mahiʻai.
Ke kumu o ka laha a me ka wehewehe
Kiʻi: Nandu
ʻO ka inoa Lākina o ka genus "rhea" mai ka inoa o ka Titanides - ka makuahine o nā akua Olympian mai nā moʻolelo Helene. ʻO Nanda kahi onomatopoeia o ka leo moena o kēia manu. Aia kekahi mau ʻano mōʻalihaku i ka genus a ʻelua mau mea ola: ʻo ka liʻiliʻi, a ʻo Darwin's rhea (Rhea pennata) a me ka rhea nui, maʻamau a ʻAmelika paha (Rhea americana).
Liʻiliʻi ʻole ka liʻiliʻi o ka rhea a me ka liʻiliʻi o ke aʻo ʻana. He ʻelua mau ʻohana nā rhea nui. ʻO nā ʻokoʻa nui ma waena o lākou ka ulu a me ka waihoʻoluʻu o ke kumu o ka ʻāʻī, akā he fuzzy nā hōʻailona a e hoʻomaopopo i kahi kanaka kikoʻī, pono ʻoe e ʻike i kahi o kona kumu.
Video: Nanda
Inoaia:
- noho nā ʻohana ʻohana i nā savannas a me nā wao akua ma ka ʻākau a me ka hikina o Brazil;
- R. a. intermedia - he subspecies waena i loaʻa ma Uruguay a ma ka hema hikina o Brazil;
- R. a. ʻo nobilis kahi mea kōkua kupaianaha e noho nei ma ka hikina ʻo Paraguay;
- R. araneipe - noho i nā ululāʻau paka o Paraguay, Bolivia a me kekahi hapa o Brazil;
- ʻO R. albescens kahi ʻāpana keʻokeʻo e makemake i nā pampas a i ka panalāʻau o Rio Negro ma Argentina.
Ua loaʻa nā koena mōʻalihaku o nā ʻelele o ka genus i nā waihona o ka Eocene (56.0 - 33.9 miliona mau makahiki i hala aku nei), akā kuhi paha ua noho kēia mau manu ma mua, ma ka Paleocene a ʻike i nā kūpuna o nā mea hānai manu o kēia au. E pili ana i ka pilina me nā ostriches a me nā emus, ua loli nā ala evolutionary o kēia mau hui i kahi manawa lōʻihi loa, ma ka liʻiliʻi ma ka hoʻomaka o ka Paleogene (ma kahi o 65 miliona mau makahiki i hala aku nei). Aia kekahi manaʻo i ka like ʻole o ka rhea me nā manu lele ʻē aʻe ʻaʻole ia no ka pili pili i ka pili, akā i ka nohona like.
ʻOiaʻiʻo hoihoi: Ua kipa aku ʻo Charles Darwin i Patagonia i ka wā o kāna huakaʻi nui a Beagle. Ua hoʻāʻo ʻo ia e loaʻa i kahi rhea liʻiliʻi, āna i lohe ai mai nā kamaʻāina kūloko. ʻO ka hopena, ua loaʻa iā ia ma ka ʻoluʻolu i ka wā o ka ʻāina awakea. Ua ʻike ʻo Darwin he ʻokoʻa nā iwi o ka rhea i waiho ʻia mai nā iwi o ka rhea nui āna i kamaʻāina ai, a ua hoʻopili ʻo ia iā lākou i ke koena o ka iwi iwi a ua manaʻo ʻo ia ua loaʻa he ʻano hou.
ʻO ka helehelena a me nā hiʻohiʻona
Kiʻi: He aha ke ʻano o ka rhea
ʻO Nandu kahi manu lele ʻole i hoʻopili ʻia no ka holo lōʻihi a me ka wikiwiki. ʻO ke kiʻi e like me ka astrich kaulana, akā ʻelua mau manawa liʻiliʻi. ʻOiai i nā ʻano nui loa, ʻo ka rhea ʻAmelika, ʻo ka lōʻihi o ke kino mai ka nuku a i ka huelo he 130 cm (wahine) - 150 cm (kāne), kiʻekiʻe a 1.5 m, paona a 30 kg (wahine) a i ʻole 40 kg (kāne). Uhi ʻia ka ʻāʻī lōʻihi me ka hulu hinuhinu lahilahi a me nā hulu liʻiliʻi (i kahi ostrich ʻaʻohe ʻōlohelohe), nā wāwae ikaika me ka welelau o ka huehue me nā manamana ʻekolu (a ʻaʻole ʻelua, e like me ka aeto).
Ke holo nei, hohola ka rhea i kona mau ʻeheu lush e mālama i ke kaulike. Ma kēlā me kēia peʻa, lawe kekahi o nā manamana lima mua i kahi māiʻuʻu - kahi mea kaua i hoʻoilina ʻia mai nā dinosaurs. ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi o ka wikiwiki o kahi manu makaʻu - a hiki i 60 km / h, a me nā ʻanuʻu ke holo mai 1.5 a 2 m ka lōʻihi. ʻAʻau maikaʻi ʻo Nandu a hiki ke hoʻoikaika i nā kahawai.
Uhi ʻia ke kino a me ka huelo o ka rhea nui me nā hulu liʻiliʻi i hoʻomoe ʻia a aneane uhi paʻa ʻia me nā ʻeheu. ʻO nā hulu ʻēheu a lush e kau ʻia mai ke kino kurguz a loli manuahi i ka neʻe ʻana, ʻokoʻa ko lākou kala mai ka hina a brownish. ʻOi aku ka pouli o nā kāne ma mua o nā wahine. I ka wā hānau, ʻike maikaʻi ʻia lākou e ka pouli, ʻaneʻane ʻeleʻele ke kumu o ka ʻāʻī - "collar and shirt mua". Eia naʻe, ʻaʻole kēia ʻano maʻamau o nā subspecies āpau. ʻO ka manawa pinepine he mau albino a me nā kānaka me ka leucism, i aneane e hulu keʻokeʻo a me nā maka polū.
ʻOi aku ka pōkole a ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o ka rhea a Darwin ma mua o ko ʻAmelika: 15 - 25 kg kona kaumaha. He ʻokoʻa nō hoʻi ia i nā kiko keʻokeʻo ma ke kua, i ʻike nui ʻia i nā kāne. I ka holo, ʻaʻole ia e hohola i kona mau ʻeheu, ʻoiai e noho ʻo ia ma waena o nā nāhelehele.
Ma hea e noho ai ʻo rhea?
Kiʻi: Nandu ma ʻAmelika Hema
Noho ʻo Nandu ma ʻAmelika Hema wale nō. ʻAʻole i ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ka rhea ʻAmelika ma mua o 1500 m ma luna o ka ʻilikai ma nā subtropics a me nā ʻāina me nā anilā wela: Bolivia, Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay, Chile, Argentina a hiki i ka latitu hema 40 °. E like me nā ostriches, makemake ʻo ia i nā wahi a me nā wahi ulu ʻole: mahi ʻia nā mahina ʻai, nā wahi hānai, nā sabana, nā pampas (steppes kūloko), nā wao akua ʻo Patagonia, kahi e ulu ai nā mauʻu kiʻekiʻe. I ke kauwela a me ke kauwela, i ka wā hānau, ʻoi aku ka makemake e noho kokoke i ka wai.
Noho ka Darwin Nandu i nā ululāʻau a me ka mauʻu kiʻekiʻe a ma luna o nā mauna ma kahi kiʻekiʻe o 3500 - 4500 m. Aia ka lehulehu i Patagonia, Tierra del Fuego a me ka hema o Andes. Hiki ke noʻonoʻo ʻia kahi heluna liʻiliʻi ma nā mauna kiʻekiʻe o nā Andes ma ka palena o Bolivia a me Chile ma ke ʻano he subspecies a i ʻole he ʻāpana ʻokoʻa - ka tarapaca rhea (Rhea tarapacensis).
ʻOiaʻiʻo hoihoi: I Kelemania, ua hoʻokumu ʻia kahi heluna lehulehu o ka rhea nui. I ka makahiki 2000, ua pakele nā manu he 6 mai kahi mahi manu nā manu kokoke i Lübeck, ʻau i kēlā kapa o ka muliwai a noho i nā ʻāina mahiʻai o Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania. Ua noho iho nā manu a ua hoʻomaka ke hānau pono ʻana. I ka 2008, aia he 100 o lākou, i ka makahiki 2018 - ua 566 a ʻoi, a ʻoi aku i ka hapalua o nā kope o hoʻokahi makahiki. Ua kauoha ke kuhina o ka mahiʻai i kā lākou mau hua e ʻeli e hoʻoponopono i nā helu, akā ke hoʻomau nei ka lehulehu e ulu a hānai i nā māla huehue a me nā palaoa o nā mahiʻai kūloko. Maliʻa paha pilikia hou ʻo Kelemania i nā malihini.
I kēia manawa ʻike ʻoe i kahi e loaʻa ai ka rhea. E ʻike kāua i ka manu e ʻai ai.
He aha ka ʻai a ka rhea?
Kiʻi: ʻOstrich Nandu
ʻAi ka rhea i nā mea a lākou e lālau ai a ale ai. Akā ke kumu o kā lākou papaʻai (ʻoi aku ma mua o 99%) ka mea kanu mea kanu.
Ke ʻai nei lākou:
- nā lau o dicotyledonous (ma ke ʻano he kūlana) nā mea kanu, kūloko a hoʻolauna ʻia mai nā ʻohana amaranth, Compositae, bignoniae, cabbage, legume, labiates, myrtle a me nighthade, hiki ke ʻai i nā kākalaioa i pale ʻia e nā hipa;
- nā hua maloʻo a ʻono hoʻi, nā hua e like me ke kau;
- kōpuʻu;
- ʻAi ʻia nā cereala i nā mahina ʻai a i ʻole nā lau eucalyptus ma nā māla i nā manawa wale nō, kahi e hoʻopakele ai iā lākou mai ka huhū o nā mahiʻai;
- invertebrates, i hana ʻia a 0.1% o ka papaʻai, a ʻo nā holoholona ʻōpio ke aloha i ia ʻano meaʻai ma mua o nā mākua;
- vertebrates, i emi ma mua o 0.1% o ka papaʻai.
No ka wili ʻana a hoʻomaʻemaʻe maikaʻi loa i nā mea kanu mea kanu, pono ka manu i nā ʻiliʻili, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o nā ʻiliʻili, akā i ka manawa like, ʻo ka rhea, e like me ka ʻōpika ʻApelika, ke ale i nā mea aniani i hana ʻia i ka hao a me nā mea ʻē aʻe.
Nā hiʻohiʻona o ke ʻano a me ka nohona
Kiʻi: Manu Nandu
Hana pinepine ka rhea i ka lā a ma nā lā wela wale nō e hoʻohuli ai lākou i kā lākou hana i ka wā ahiahi. ʻO ka maʻa mau o nā kāne a me nā makahiki ʻokoʻa e ʻākoakoa i nā pūʻulu liʻiliʻi o 5 - 30 (50) mau manu, e nānā ana i kahi mamao "pilikino" ma kahi o 1 m. Ke hoʻokokoke aku nei, hōʻike nā manu i ka huhū ma ke kani ʻana a me ka hoʻoluliluli ʻana i ko lākou mau ʻeheu. ʻAneʻane i nā manawa āpau e hele mālie lākou i ka ʻimi ʻana i ka meaʻai, e hoʻohaʻahaʻa ana i ko lākou nuku ma lalo o 50 cm a nānā pono i ka honua.
Hāpai lākou i ko lākou mau poʻo e nānā i nā wahi a puni. ʻO ka nui o ka hui a lākou e hele wāwae ai, ʻo ka liʻiliʻi hoʻi o kēlā me kēia o lākou e nānā a puni, e hoʻolilo i ka manawa i ka hānai ʻana. I ka loaʻa ʻana o ka meaʻai, lālau ka rhea iā ia a kīloi iā ia nei, ale iā ia i ka lele.
Inā pilikia, ʻaʻole hiki i ka nandu ke holo wale, me ka huli ʻana i nā huli ʻokoʻa i nā ʻaoʻao ʻokoʻa, akā hūnā hoʻi, e noho koke ana i ka honua a pālahalaha ma luna ona. Hiki ke komo maikaʻi ʻo Rhea i ka hui o nā lāʻau lapaʻau nui - guanacos a me vicunas. "ʻĀnai" pinepine lākou me nā holoholona, e ʻae ai i ka huli maikaʻi ʻana o ka ʻenemi.
ʻO ka inoa kaulana "nandu" i manaʻo ʻia he onomatopoeia no ka uē kūikawā o kahi manu, kahi ʻano o nā kāne i ke kau moʻo. Hoʻomanaʻo like ia me ke kani haʻahaʻa o kahi predator, kahi bipi a me ka makani i kahi paipu. Mai nā manu kūloko, hiki ke hana i nā leo like e kahi ʻawa nui. I ka hihia o ka makaʻu, hoʻopuka ka rhea i nā kani kani kani, a i ʻole nā mea ʻū e hoʻoweliweli ai i ko lākou mau hoahānau. Kamaʻilio ka makuakāne me nā moa ma ke ʻio ʻana.
ʻO ke kūkulu kaiāulu a me ka hana hou
Kiʻi: Rhea moa
Hoʻomaka ka wā male i ʻAukake - Ianuali. Neʻe aku nā kāne mai ka ʻohana e ʻimi i kahi no ka pūnana. Ua koho ʻo ia i kahi kihi hūnā, moe ka kāne a huki i nā lālā a pau, ka mauʻu a me nā lau e hiki ai iā ia ke hoʻopuni. Ke kū mai kahi hoa paio, hana kolohe ʻo ia, me ka lawe ʻana i nā mea hoʻoweliweli a hiki i kona haʻalele ʻana. A laila hula ʻo ia i kahi hulina moena me ka walaʻau ʻana a me ka wehe ʻana o nā ʻeheu no ka nele o nā mea ʻē aʻe e ʻumeʻume ai i nā hoa.
Hiki ke kapa ʻia ka ʻōnaehana o ka hoʻoulu ʻana a me ka hoʻoulu ʻana i nā pūnana o ka rhea i hui pū ʻia: nā hua manu o nā makuahine ʻokoʻa a ʻaʻole mau o ka makuakāne nāna i hoʻouluulu iā lākou i hoʻokahi pūnana. Huli e like me kēia. Akoakoa nā wahine i nā hui - harems a neʻe i kēlā me kēia panalāʻau, e kipa ana i nā pūnana i ke kaʻina, e pili ana i ka hana a kā lākou kāne kāne. I kēlā me kēia pūnana, haʻalele lākou i nā hua, hāpai pinepine ʻia mai kahi ʻē aʻe.
Hoʻokahi wahine i 3 a 12 mau hua. ʻO ka nui o ka nui o ka paʻa ʻana i ka pūnana he 26 mau hua mai 7 mau wahine like ʻole. Ua ʻike ʻia kahi hihia i ka wā i kipa aku ai he mau kakini wahine i ka pūnana a waiho i 80 mau hua i loko. Mālama ke kāne i ka hoʻopihapiha ʻana i ka pūnana, ma hope o kekahi mau lā ua kū ka ʻae ʻana i nā wahine e hoʻokokoke iā ia a hoʻomaka i ka incubating.
ʻO nā hua o ka rhea nui he kala-kala, kau i ka awelika o 600 g me ka nui o 130 x 90 mm. ʻO ka hoʻouluulu ʻana 29 - 43 mau lā. ʻO nā keiki hānau hou, ʻaʻahu ʻia i ka lole downy onionio, hānai a holo iā lākou iho, no ka mea pono no nā manu puaʻa, akā ma kahi o ʻeono mau mahina e noho nei lākou ma lalo o ka nānā a ko lākou makuakāne. Ua oʻo lākou i ka moekolohe ma o 14 mau mahina, e like me nā kumuwaiwai ʻē aʻe - i ka hopena o ka makahiki ʻelua.
ʻOiaʻiʻo hoihoi: ʻAʻole pono e noʻonoʻo ʻia ka rhea kāne i mea hōʻeha maikaʻi ʻole o nā femista: he manawa manawaleʻa ʻōpio kāna i pani iā ia ma ka pūnana. A hoʻonohonoho ka makuakāne manuahi i hale hou a ʻohiʻohi hou i nā hua i loko. I kekahi manawa hana nā kāne i nā pūnana i loko o ke kaiāulu - ma lalo o ka mika mai kēlā me kēia - ʻaihue me ka maluhia nā hua manuʻāina kokoke, a laila mālama like i nā moa. Hiki i kahi kāne hānai keiki ke ʻae i nā keiki keiki makua ʻole i hele hewa aʻe mai ka makua ʻē aʻe.
ʻEnemi kūlohelohe o ka rhea
Kiʻi: He aha ke ʻano o ka rhea
He mau ʻenemi ko kēia mau manu wikiwiki a ikaika hoʻi:
- makaʻu wale nā manu makua i nā felines nui: puma (cougar) a me jaguar;
- hopu ʻia nā pīpī a me nā manu ʻōpio e nā ʻīlio hele hewa a me kahi mea ʻaihue hulu - caracar;
- ʻAi ʻia nā hua manu e nā armadillos o nā ʻano like ʻole.
I ka wā ma mua, ua ʻimi pinepine ʻia ka rhea. ʻAi ʻia kā lākou ʻiʻo a me nā hua a ʻoi aku ka ʻono, hoʻohana nui ʻia nā hulu no ka hoʻonaninani, momona - i nā mea hoʻonani. No nā ʻano hana like ʻole, hiki i nā ʻili a me nā ʻili manu ke lawelawe. ʻAʻole pili ka ʻimi holoholona i kēia manawa, akā hiki i nā mahiʻai ke kī i nā manu e like me nā mea ʻino o nā kula a me nā mea hoʻokūkū o kā lākou holoholona. I kekahi manawa hopu pio ʻia lākou e wehe i nā hulu. Hiki ke hoʻopili ʻia nā manu e nā pā uea paʻa e holo a kokoke i nā ʻāpana ʻāina āpau, ʻoiai lākou e heʻe dexterous ma waena o nā kaula.
ʻOiaʻiʻo hoihoi: Hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā manu hānai ʻia i ka pio ʻana e ka gullibility nui a makaʻu ʻole i kekahi. Ma mua o ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana iā lākou i ke kūlohelohe, pono e alakaʻi i nā papa kūikawā i ka ʻike ʻana i nā mea ʻino nui i ʻole e lilo ka ʻōpio i kā lākou mea pio maʻalahi. Eia kekahi, ke ʻimi ʻana no nā papa, pono e noʻonoʻo i nā ʻano pilikino o nā manu: koa a akahele paha lākou. Lilo ka hope i lilo i poʻe aʻo kūleʻa a kū i ke ola ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi ke hoʻokomo hou ʻia.
Heluna a me ke kūlana o kēia ʻano
Kiʻi: ʻOstrich Nandu
Wahi a ka IUCN Red Lists, ʻo ke Great Rhea i kona homeland ke kūlana o kahi ʻano "kokoke i nāwaliwali", ʻo ia hoʻi, ʻoiai ʻaʻohe mea e hoʻoweliweli iā ia, akā i Argentina ma 1981 ua hoʻoholo ʻia e pale iā ia. I ka noʻonoʻo ʻana i nā ʻāpana āpau, noho ia i kahi ākea o 6,540,000 km2. Ke emi mālie nei kēia wahi ma muli o ka hoʻomohala ʻia e nā mahiʻai, ʻo ia hoʻi ma Argentina a me Uruguay, akā ʻaʻole e hoʻoweliweli ka hana.
Luku ʻia nā manu ponoʻī i kekahi manawa no ka mea ʻai lākou i nā mea kanu (cabbage, chard Switzerland, soybeans a me bok-choy). ʻAʻole kēia kā lākou meaʻai nui a hoʻohana wale ʻia no ka nele o ka mea ʻoi loa, akā ʻaʻole maʻalahi ka poʻe mahiʻai i hoʻopili ʻia mai kēia a kī lākou i nā manu "weliweli". Hoʻoemi ʻia ka hōʻiliʻili hua manu, puhi ʻōpala ʻana a me ka pīpī pesticide. Akā ʻo ka heluna kanaka Kelemania ulu ulu ʻole ʻia he mea weliweli paha ia i nā holoholona kūloko a hoʻonāukiuki i waena o nā kālaihonua.
ʻO ka rhea liʻiliʻi, e like me ka IUCN, ma ka ʻaoʻao hema o ka ʻāina ʻaʻole pono ka nānā ʻana o nā conservationist. ʻO kona heluna wale nō (ka "Tarapak rhea") i loaʻa ke kūlana "kokoke i ka palupalu", kahi mea nui ʻole a me nā helu 1000 - 2500 mākua. Aia ka heluna kanaka i nā panalāʻau o ʻekolu mau pāka aupuni, kahi ana kūpono o ka pale ʻana mai ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana o nā hua manu a me ka hopu holoholona. Eia nō naʻe, ma Chile, ua hoʻokaʻawale piha ʻia ka Lesser Rhea ma ke ʻano he "ʻano palupalu" a pale ʻia ma nā wahi āpau.
Loaʻa rhea prospect maikaʻi. ʻAʻole wale no ka mālama ʻana, akā no ka pōmaikaʻi hoʻi. Mālama maʻalahi ʻia kēia mau manu, a nui nā māla rhea i ka honua. Maliʻa paha e kū mai paha lākou a i ʻole ia e noho ana i ko mākou ʻāina me nā ʻōpelu. Ma hope o nā mea āpau, ʻaʻole ʻoi aku ka paʻakikī o ka mālama ʻana i ka rhea ma mua o ka mālama ʻana i nā aeto ʻAmelika a i ʻole emus. Mālama ka hānau holoholona i ka moʻomeheu ʻaʻole mālama wale i nā heluna hihiu, akā hoʻohana pinepine ʻia e hoʻopiha a hoʻihoʻi hou iā lākou.
Lā paʻi: 27.08.2019
Lā hou: 11.11.2019 ma 12:10
