Khokhlach (Cystophora cristata) - loaʻa kona inoa mai ka ulu o ka ʻili momona i loaʻa ma ka waha o nā kāne. Kapa ʻia kēia ʻano i kekahi manawa he bang (crest), kahi pāpale a ʻeke paha. ʻO ia ka ʻili ulu nui o nā pihi ihu a aia ma ka pae o ka maka. I ka hoʻomaha, kau nā pale o ka ʻeke mai ka waha. I kahi kāne huhū, ua pani ʻia nā puka ihu, a loaʻa ka lewa i ka ea mai nā ake māmā. ʻIke ʻia kahi hua ʻulaʻula mai hoʻokahi puka ihu. Hoʻopiʻi ke kāne i kekahi manawa i kahi hoʻololi kūikawā no ka leʻaleʻa - "hoʻoikaika kino".
Ke kumu o ka laha a me ka wehewehe
Kiʻi: Khokhlach
ʻO ka naturalist Kelemania ʻo Johann Illiger ka mea mua i hoʻokumu i nā pinnipeds ma ke ʻano he ʻauhau ʻokoʻa. I ka makahiki 1811 ua hāʻawi ʻo ia i ka inoa i ko lākou ʻohana. Ua nānā ʻo Zoologist ʻAmelika ʻo Joel Allen i nā pinnipeds i kāna mōʻaukala 1880 mōʻaukala o nā Pinnipeds o ʻAmelika Hema. Hōʻike ʻia i nā walrus, nā liona kai, nā bea kai a me nā sila. I loko o kēia paʻi ʻana, ua ʻimi ʻo ia i ka mōʻaukala o nā inoa, hāʻawi i nā hōʻailona i nā ʻohana a me nā moʻokūʻauhau, a wehewehe i nā ʻano ʻAmelika o ʻAkau ʻĀkau a hāʻawi i nā wehewehe pōkole o nā laha i nā wahi ʻē aʻe o ka honua.
Video: Khokhlach
Ma kēia manawa, ʻaʻole i loaʻa kahi fossil piha loa. ʻO kekahi o nā mōʻalihaku i loaʻa mua i loaʻa ma Antwerp, Pelekiuma i 1876, a ua ola mai ka wā Pliocene. I ka makahiki 1983, ua paʻi ʻia kahi ʻatikala e ʻōlelo ana ua loaʻa kekahi mau mōʻalihaku i ʻAkau ʻAkau, maliʻi ʻia i uhi ʻia. I loko o nā wehewehe ʻekolu, ʻo ka ʻike i ʻike ʻia ka pae pūnaewele ʻo Maine. ʻO nā iwi ʻē aʻe e pili ana i ka scapula a me ka humerus, i manaʻo ʻia aia mai ka post-Pleistocene. ʻO nā ʻāpana mōʻalihaku ʻelua i loaʻa, ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia kekahi ma ke ʻano he ʻano ʻē aʻe, a ʻaʻole i hōʻike pololei ʻia kekahi.
Hoʻokaʻawale nā kūpuna o nā sila a me nā walrus ma kahi o 28 miliona mau makahiki i hala. Ua hoʻomaka ʻo Otariidae ma ka Moana Pākīpika ʻĀkau. ʻO ka fossil Pithanotaria mua loa i loaʻa ma Kaleponi mai ka 11 miliona mau makahiki i hala. Ua wāwahi ka genus Callorhinus ma mua ma 16 miliona. Ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā liona kai, nā ʻīlio pepeiao a me nā liona kai hema, a ua kolone nā hope i ke kapakai o ʻAmelika Hema. Ua pālahalaha ka hapanui o nā Otariidae ʻē aʻe i ka Hemisphere Hema. ʻO nā fossil mua loa o Odobenidae - Prototaria i loaʻa i Iapana, a ua loaʻa ka ʻōpala Proneotherium ma Oregon - mai 18-16 miliona mau makahiki.
ʻO ka helehelena a me nā hiʻohiʻona
Kiʻi: He aha ke ʻano o ka hooded
Loaʻa i nā kāne Crested nā huluhulu polū hina me nā ʻeleʻele, nā wahi non-symmetrical a puni ke kino. ʻEleʻele ka mua o ka waha a hoʻonui ʻia kēia kala i nā maka. Liʻiliʻi loa nā lālā e pili ana i ke kino, akā mana lākou, nā mea e holo pono ai kēia mau sila i nāʻauʻau a me nā mea ʻē aʻe. Hōʻike nā pōpoki Hooded i ka dimorphism moekolohe. ʻOi aku ka lōʻihi o nā kāne ma mua o nā wahine a piʻi i 2.5 m ka lōʻihi. Wahine awelika 2.2 m. ʻO ka mea nui ʻokoʻa ma waena o nā kāne kaupaona. Kaupaona nā kāne a 300 kg, a me nā wahine i kaupaona ʻia a 160 kg. Unique i nā kāne ka inflatable nasal ʻeke aia ma ke alo o ke poʻo.
Mea hoihoi: Aia i ʻehā mau makahiki o ka makahiki, ʻaʻohe ʻeke a nā kāne. Ke hoʻonui ʻole ʻia, kau ʻia ia mai ka lehelehe luna. Hoʻonui nā kāne i kēia septum ihu ʻulaʻula, a like me ka balloon a puka i ka puka ihu. Hoʻohana lākou i kēia ʻeke ihal e hōʻike i ka huhū a me ka mea e ʻumeʻume i ka maka o nā wahine.
ʻO nā peʻa Hooded he nui nā hiʻohiʻona e hoʻokaʻawale iā lākou mai nā sila ʻē aʻe. Loaʻa iā lākou nā ihu nui loa i loko o ka ʻohana. Pōkole ka iwi poʻo me ka waha ākea. He lani kā lākou e ʻoi aku ana mai ka hope ma mua o nā ʻāpana ʻē aʻe. ʻO ka hapakolu o ka iwi ihu keu ma ʻō aku o ka lihi o ka iwi ā luna. He mea kū hoʻokahi ka haʻilula, me ʻelua mau incisors o lalo a me lalo. Liʻiliʻi nā niho a haiki ka niho.
I ka wā hānau, ke kala o nā wepa ʻōpio ke kālā ma ka ʻaoʻao dorsal, me ka ʻole o nā kiko, a me ka polū-hina i ka ʻaoʻao ventral, e wehewehe nei i ko lākou inoa kapakapa "polū". Loaʻa ka lōʻihi o nā Cub i 90 a 105 cm i ka hānau ʻana a me ka awelika o 20 kg. Aia paha he mau ʻokoʻa ma waena o nā kāne a puni ka makahiki o 1 makahiki.
Ma hea e noho ai ka hooch hooded
Kiʻi: Hooded seal
ʻIke ʻia nā sila i uhi ʻia mai 47 ° a 80 ° latitu ʻākau. Noho lākou ma ke kapakai hikina o ʻAkau ʻAmelika. ʻO kā lākou pae i hōʻea i ka palena komohana o ʻEulopa, ma ke kahakai o Nolewai. Hoʻonohonoho nui ʻia lākou a puni ka mokupuni ʻo Bear i Lūkia, Nolewai, ʻIlia a me ka hikina ʻākau Greenland. I nā manawa maʻamau, ʻike ʻia lākou ma kahakai o Siberia.
ʻIke ʻia ka cred hooded ma ka ʻAkelanika ʻAkau ʻAkau, a hoʻonui lākou i ko lākou pae i ka ʻĀkau Akau. Hāpai lākou i ka hau hau a pili pū me ia no ka hapa nui o ka makahiki. ʻEhā mau wahi hānau nui: kokoke i nā moku ʻo Magdalena ma St. Lawrence Bay, ma ka ʻākau o Newfoundland, ma kahi i ʻike ʻia ʻo Front, ma ke kikowaena ʻo Strait Davis, a ma ka hau ma ke Kai Greenland kokoke i ka mokupuni ʻo Jan Mayen.
ʻO nā ʻāina kahi i loaʻa ai ka sila sila:
- Kanaka;
- Āina' Ōmaʻomaʻo;
- Āina Hau;
- Nolewai;
- Pahama;
- Beramuda;
- Kenemaka;
- Palani;
- Kelemānia;
- Ilelani;
- Pokukala;
- Lukia;
- ʻEnelani;
- ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa.
I kekahi manawa ʻike ʻia nā holoholona ʻōpio i ka hema a hiki i Pokukala a me nā Mokupuni Canary ma ʻEulopa a ma ka hema i ke Kai Caribbean ma ke Komohana ʻAkelanika. Ua ʻike ʻia lākou ma waho o ka moku ʻAkelanika, ma ka Pākīpika Akau a hiki i ka hema a hiki i Kaleponi. He poʻe kūleʻa kūleʻa lākou i lilo i ka hapa nui o ko lākou manawa i ka wai. E luʻu pinepine nā peʻa Hooded i kahi hohonu o 600 m, akā hiki ke piʻi i 1000 m. Ke kau ka sila ma ka ʻāina, ʻike pinepine ʻia lākou ma nā wahi me ka uhi hau nui.
I kēia manawa ʻike ʻoe i kahi i loaʻa ai ka iʻa i uhi ʻia. E ʻike kāua i ka mea eʻai ai kēia sila.
He aha ka mea e ʻai ai ke kāne hooded?
Kiʻi: Khokhlach ma Lūkia
ʻAi ʻia nā sila ʻo Hohlayai i nā ʻano kai like ʻole o ke kai, ʻo ia hoʻi nā iʻa e like me ke kai, herring, polar cod a flounder. ʻAi lākou i ka heʻe a me ka ʻōpae. Hōʻike kekahi mau ʻike i ka hoʻoilo a me ka hāʻule ʻana o kēia mau sila i ka heʻe hou aku, a i ke kauwela e hoʻololi lākou i ka meaʻai iʻa, ʻo ia hoʻi ka polar cod. ʻO ka mea mua, hoʻomaka ka ulu ʻōpio e hānai kokoke i kahakai. ʻAi lākou i ka heʻe a me nā crustacean. ʻAʻole paʻakikī ka ʻimi ʻana i ka ʻāpā kuʻi, no ka mea hiki iā lākou ke luʻu hohonu i ke kai no kahi manawa lōʻihi.
Ke hoʻomaka ka pua o ka limu arctic a me nā phytoplankton, hoʻohuli ʻia ko lākou ikehu i nā waikawa. ʻAi ʻia kēia mau kumuwaiwai e nā mea ulu lāʻau a piʻi aʻe i ka kaulahao meaʻai i luna o nā predators e like me ka sila hili. ʻO nā waikawa momona, e hoʻomaka ma ka lalo o ke kaulahao meaʻai, a laila mālama ʻia i loko o nā kiko o nā sila o nā sila a pili pono i ka metabolism o ka holoholona.
ʻO nā kumu waiwai meaʻai nui no ka poʻe hooded:
- ʻo ka papaʻai mua: nā arthropod moana a me nā molluscs;
- nā meaʻai no nā holoholona makua: iʻa, cephalopods, crustacea wai.
Hiki i nā poʻe Hooded ke hoʻopuka i nā kani e like me ka halulu, kahi e lohe maʻalahi ai ma ka honua. Eia naʻe, ʻo ke ʻano nui o ke kamaʻilio ʻana mai ka ʻeke nasal a me ka septum. Hiki iā lākou ke hana i nā pulse ma ke kaha o 500 a 6 Hz, hiki ke lohe ʻia kēia mau leo ma ka ʻāina a me ka wai. ʻIke pinepine ʻia lākou i ka neʻe ʻana i nā ʻeke i hoʻāhu ʻia a me ka ihu septa i luna a i lalo e hana i nā leo o nā alapine like ʻole. ʻO kēia ʻano hana he hōʻike i ka manaʻo i ka wahine, akā he mea hoʻoweliweli hoʻi i ka ʻenemi.
Nā hiʻohiʻona o ke ʻano a me ka nohona
Kiʻi: Khokhlach
ʻO nā pōpoki uhi ʻia ka hapanui o nā holoholona mehameha, koe wale nō ke hānau a molt paha lākou. I loko o kēia mau manawa ʻelua, hui pū lākou i kēlā me kēia makahiki. No ka moult ma kahi o Iulai. Hoʻokomo ʻia lākou i nā wahi hānau. ʻO ka hapa nui o nā mea e pili ana iā lākou i aʻo ʻia i kēia mau wā o kā lākou hana. Hoʻoulu pinepine kahi ʻeke ihu inflatable ke manaʻo hoʻoweliweli nā kāne a makemake paha e ʻumeʻume i ka manaʻo o ka wahine. ʻO ka luʻu kai Crest ma hope o 30 mau minuke, akā ua hōʻike ʻia nā luʻu ʻoi aku ka lōʻihi.
Nā mea hoihoi: hōʻike ʻole ka sila i ka hōʻailona o ka hypothermia ke luʻu. ʻO kēia no ka mea ʻo ka haʻalulu hiki ke alakaʻi i ka hoʻonui ʻana o ka koi oxygen a no laila e hoʻoliʻiliʻi i ka manawa o kahi kanaka crested hiki ke hoʻolilo i lalo o ka wai. Ma ka ʻāina, haʻalulu nā sila mai ke anuanu, akā lohi a kū paʻa hoʻi lākou ma hope o ke komo ʻana i ka wai.
Noho wale ka poʻe Hooded a ʻaʻole hoʻokūkū no ka teritori a i ʻole hierarchy kaiāulu. E neʻe kēia mau sila a hāhai i kahi ʻano neʻe kikoʻī i kēlā me kēia makahiki e pili kokoke ana i ka hau e ʻauheʻe ana. I ka puna, ua paʻa ka poʻe hooded i nā wahi ʻekolu: St. Lawrence, Strait ʻo Davis a me ke kai komohana o ʻAmelika, uhi ʻia me ka hau.
I ke kauwela, neʻe lākou i ʻelua mau wahi, ka hema a me ka ʻākau hikina o Greenland. Ma hope o ka moulting, hoʻopuehu nā sila a hele i nā huakaʻi lōʻihi i ka ʻākau a me ka hema o ka ʻAkelanika ʻAkau i ka wā o ka hāʻule a me ka hoʻoilo ma mua o ka hōʻiliʻili hou ʻana i ka puna.
ʻO ke kūkulu kaiāulu a me ka hana hou
Kiʻi: hooded pēpē
No kekahi manawa pōkole, i ka wā e hānau ana ka makuahine a mālama i kāna keiki, aia kekahi mau kāne ma kahi kokoke iā ia e loaʻa nā pono male. I kēia manawa, hoʻoweliweli ʻino nā kāne he nui i kēlā me kēia me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kā lākou ʻeke ihu pehu, a hoʻokuʻi hoʻi kekahi i kekahi mai kahi e hoʻoulu ai. ʻAʻole pale mau nā kāne i nā panalāʻau pilikino, pale wale lākou i kahi kahi kahi wahine maʻalahi. ʻO nā kāne kāne kūleʻa me ka wahine i ka wai. Hana pinepine ka male ʻana ma loko o ʻApelila a me Iune.
Hiki i nā wahine ke ʻōpio i nā makahiki 2 a 9 mau makahiki, a ua manaʻo ʻia ka hānau ʻana o ka hapa nui o nā wahine i kā lākou keiki mua ma kahi o 5 mau makahiki. Hiki i nā kāne ke oʻo i ka moekolohe ma hope iki, ma kahi o 4-6 mau makahiki, akā komo pinepine i nā pilina ma hope. Hānau nā wahine wahine i hoʻokahi keiki bipi i kēlā me kēia mai Malaki a ʻApelila. ʻO ka manawa hānau he 240 a 250 mau lā. I ka hānau ʻana, hiki i nā keiki hānau ke neʻe a ʻauʻau wale. Kūʻokoʻa lākou a hoʻolei iā lākou iho i kā lākou aloha ma hope koke o ka ukuhi ʻana.
ʻIke hoihoi: I ka wā o ka hoʻomohala ʻana, ʻo ka pēpē - ʻaʻole like me nā sila ʻē aʻe - ninini i kona uhi o ka lauoho lahilahi a palupalu, i hoʻololi ʻia e ka hulu mānoanoa kikoʻī i loko o ka kōpū o ka wahine.
Loaʻa i ka Ducked hooded ka wā hānai pōkole loa o kēlā me kēia mammal, mai 5 a 12 mau lā. Waiwai ka waiū wahine i ka momona, kahi helu no 60 a 70% o kāna ʻike a ʻae ʻia ka pēpē e pāpālua i kona nui i kēia wā hānai pōkole. A lilo ka makuahine i kēia wā mai 7 a 10 kg i kēlā me kēia lā. Hoʻomau ka wahine i kā lākou ʻōpio i ka wā pōkole o ka ukuhi weaning. Kaua lākou i nā mea hiki wawe, me nā sila ʻē aʻe a me nā kānaka. ʻAʻole pili nā kāne i ka hānai ʻana i nā keiki.
ʻO nā ʻenemi kūlohelohe o ka poʻe kānaka pale
Kiʻi: Khokhlach i ke kūlohelohe
I kēia mau lā, ʻo nā kānaka ke kūpale nui o ka sila pale. Ua ʻimi ʻia kēia mau māmela i nā makahiki 150 me ka ʻole o nā kānāwai koʻikoʻi. Ma waena o 1820 a me 1860, ʻoi aku ma mua o 500,000 mau hōʻailona hooded a me nā sila lira i hopu ʻia i kēlā me kēia makahiki. I ka wā mua, ʻimi ʻia lākou no kā lākou aila a me nā ʻili. Ma hope o nā 1940s, ua ʻimi ʻia nā sila no ko lākou huluhulu, a ʻo kekahi o nā lāona waiwai nui loa ʻo ka sila i uhi ʻia, i manaʻo ʻia he ʻehā mau manawa i ʻoi aku ka waiwai ma mua o nā sila ʻē aʻe. Ua hoʻolauna ʻia ka ʻāpana kapu hihi i ka 1971 a ua hoʻonohonoho ʻia ma 30,000.
ʻO nā mea ʻaihue kūlohelohe i nā bea hooded i ka honua holoholona e komo pū me nā manō, nā bea polar, a me nā kohola koholā. ʻAi nui nā bea Polar i nā lira a me nā sila ʻumiʻumi, akā hoʻomaka lākou e alualu i nā sila i uhi ʻia i ka wā e hānau ai lākou i ka hau a lilo i mau mea ʻike ʻia a palupalu hoʻi.
ʻO nā holoholona e ʻimi nei i ke kāne hood e komo pū me:
- bear polar (Ursus maritimus);
- ʻO nā manō polar Greenland (S. microcephalus);
- kohola kohola (Orcinus orca).
Hāpai pinepine ka louse crest i nā worm parasite e like me Heartworms, Dipetalonema spirocauda. Hoʻoemi kēia mau parasite i ke ola o ka holoholona. ʻO nā pōpoki uhi ʻia he predator o nā iʻa he nui e like me ka polar cod, squid a me nā ʻano crustacean like ʻole. He mea nui lākou i ke ola o nā ʻōiwi o Greenland a me Kanada, e ʻimi nei i kēia mau sila no ka meaʻai. Hāʻawi pū lākou i nā waiwai waiwai e like me ka ʻili, ka aila a me ka hulu. Eia naʻe, ʻo ka noi nui loa no kēia mau waiwai ua hoʻopili maikaʻi ʻole i ka heluna lehulehu.
Heluna a me ke kūlana o kēia ʻano
Kiʻi: He aha ke ʻano o ka hooded
Ua ʻimi ʻia ka poʻe hooded hooded i nā helu he nui mai ka 18 kenekulia. ʻO ke kaulana o ko lākou ʻili, ʻo ka ʻili hoʻi o nā ʻili polū, nā ʻili o nā sila ʻōpio, i alakaʻi i ka emi wikiwiki ʻana o ka lehulehu. Ma hope o ke Kaua Honua II, aia kekahi mau makaʻu no ka hopena o ka make i ka poʻe hooded.
Ua hoʻoholo ʻia nā kānāwai i ka 1958, a ua ukali ʻia e nā quota i ka makahiki 1971. ʻO nā hana hou e pili ana i nā kuʻikahi a me nā ʻaelike, nā pāpā ma ka ʻimi holoholona ʻana i nā wahi e like me ke kahawai ʻo St. Lawrence, a me ka pāpā ʻana i ka lawe ʻia mai o nā huahana sila. Me kēia mau ana, hoʻomau ka emi ʻana o ka lehulehu o nā sila no nā kumu ʻike ʻole ʻia, ʻoiai ua ʻemi iki ka emi ʻana.
ʻOiaʻiʻo leʻaleʻa: manaʻo ʻia e hoʻēmi nā lehulehu āpau e 3.7% i kēlā me kēia makahiki, ʻo ka hōʻemi o nā hanauna ʻekolu he 75%. ʻOiai ʻo ka helu nui o ka emi ʻana he 1% wale nō ia i kēlā me kēia makahiki, ʻo ka emi ʻana o nā hanauna ʻekolu he 32%, ka mea e hōʻoia ai i ka uhi ʻia i uhi ʻia ma ke ʻano he ʻano nāwaliwali.
I loko nō o ka ʻoiaʻiʻo ʻaʻohe kikoʻī kikoʻī o ka helu o nā sila, ua manaʻo ʻia ka heluna nui o ka heluna kanaka, a helu ʻia i hoʻokahi haneli tausani kānaka. Ua ana ʻia nā sila ma ke komohana komohana ʻehā mau manawa i loko o 15 mau makahiki i hala aku nei a ke emi nei ma kahi o 3.7% o ka makahiki.
Ua hoʻonui ka nui o ka poʻe ma nā wai Kanada ma nā makahiki 1980 a me 1990, akā ua emi ka nui o ka hoʻonui i ka hala ʻana o ka manawa, a ʻaʻole hiki ke ʻike i ke ʻano o kēia wā me ka ʻole o nā ana hou. Ke loli nei ke ʻano o ka hau o ka moana, e hoʻoliʻiliʻi ana i ka nohona hau i makemake ʻia no nā kānaka holoholo āpau e ʻohiʻohi a ʻūlū, aia kekahi kumu āpau e manaʻoʻiʻo ai hiki i nā helu i nā wahi āpau ke hōʻole nui.
Ka pale ʻana i nā kānaka kaupale
Kiʻi: Khokhlach mai ka Red Book
ʻO nā hana mālama he nui, nā hoʻolālā hoʻokele honua, nā quota hopu, nā ʻaelike a me nā kuʻikahi i hoʻomohala ʻia no ka mālama ʻia ʻana me nā hooded mai ka makahiki 1870. Palekana ʻia nā wahi hoʻoulu a hoʻoulu o nā sila mai 1961. Hoʻokomo ʻia ʻo Khokhlach i loko o ka Red Book ma ke ʻano he ʻano palupalu. ʻO Quotas no ka hopu pio ʻana i nā holoholona ma Jan Mayen mai ka makahiki 1971. Ua pāpā ʻia ka ʻimi holoholona ʻana i ke kai kūʻono o St. Lawrence i ka makahiki 1972, a ua hoʻokumu ʻia nā quota no ke koena o ka lehulehu ma Kanada, e hoʻomaka ana ma 1974.
ʻO ka pāpā ʻana i ka lawe ʻia mai o nā huahana sila i ka makahiki 1985, ua hōʻemi ʻia ka hopu ʻana o nā ʻīniha i uhi ʻia no ka nalowale ʻana o ka mākeke huluhulu mua. ʻAʻole kaupalena ʻia ka huli holoholona Greenland a aia paha ma nā pae i kūpaʻa ʻole ʻia i hāʻawi ʻia i nā kūlana ulu ʻoi loa. Ua hōʻole nā ʻĀkau ʻAkelanika ʻĀkau e aneane 90% a hoʻomau ka hāʻule. Ua hala ka lā ka ʻike heluna kanaka no ka ʻAkau ʻAkelanika Akau, no laila ʻaʻole ʻike ʻia nā ʻano no kēia ʻāpana.
ʻO nā kumu e hoʻopili ana i ka helu o nā pōpoki uhi ʻia:
- ʻeli no ka ʻaila a me ka ʻaila.
- nā ala hiki ke hoʻokele (nā halihali a me nā alaloa lawelawe).
- ka hopu ʻana i nā holoholona a me ka hoʻemi ʻana i nā kumuwaiwai.
- neʻe a hoʻololi i kahi nohona.
- ʻano laha / maʻi.
Khokhlach - hoʻokahi wale nō o ka genus Cystophora. E kuhi hou ʻia kāna nui inā loaʻa nā ʻikepili hou.Ma muli o ka nui o ka heluna kanaka, ka pae ʻāina, ka kikoʻī o ka nohona, kaʻai like ʻole, ka neʻe ʻana, ka pololei o ka nohona, ka ʻike ʻana i nā loli i ka hau o ke kai, ka ʻike i nā loli i ka pūnaewele meaʻai, a me ka hiki ke ulu pono ka heluna kanaka, ua hāʻawi ʻia nā moa moa i ʻekolu mau mammal o ka wai kai Arctic. ka mea maʻalahi i ka loli.
Lā paʻi: 08/24/2019
Lā hou: 21.08.2019 ma 23:44
