Manaʻo kūpono ʻia ka redstart i hoʻokahi o nā manu liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi ma ka ʻāpana ʻEulopa o Lūkia. Liʻiliʻi, ka nui o kahi manu liʻiliʻi, pena ʻia i ka waihoʻoluʻu hina a me nā ʻulaʻula ahi, kēia nani hulu kahi hoʻonani ola maoli o nā pāka, nā māla a me nā ululāʻau o Eurasia. A ʻo ka inoa ʻo "redstart" mai ka ʻano maʻamau o nā ʻelele o kēia laha e wili i kona huelo, a i kēia manawa ua like me ke ahi e ʻā ana i ka makani.
Hōʻike o ka redstart
ʻO Redstarts kahi ʻohana o nā flycatchers o ke kauoha Passerine... Ua pālahalaha nui kēia mau manu ma Eurasia, a ma ka ʻākau hoʻi o ʻApelika, kahi e ʻoluʻolu ai lākou e noho i nā ululāʻau, nā pāka a me nā ululāʻau.
Helehelena
ʻO ka redstart kahi manu i ʻoi aku i ka nui o kahi manu liʻiliʻi. ʻAʻole i ʻoi aku ka lōʻihi o kona kino ma mua o 10-15 cm, a ʻo kona kaumaha he 20 gram. ʻO ka ʻēheu o kēia manu ma kahi o 25 knm. Ma o ke kumukānāwai, like ka redstart me ka manu liʻiliʻi, akā ʻoi aku ka nani a me ka ʻōlinolino. He kino nui ʻole kona ma ke ʻano o ka oval elongated liʻiliʻi me ka welelau o ka wēlau, kahi poʻo liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi me ka nuku e like me ka passerine, akā ʻoi aku ka lōʻihi a me ka lahilahi.
ʻEleʻele a hinuhinu nā maka, e like me nā lei. Pōkole nā ʻeheu, akā lawa ka ikaika. ʻO ka huelo i ka lele e like me ka pā hāmama hāmama, a i ka manawa e noho ai kahi manu ma luna o ka lālā a i ʻole ma ka honua, ua like ka huelo me ka peahi, akā ua pelu ʻia.
Hoihoi ia! I kekahi mau ʻano ʻulaʻula, ka mea nui e noho ana ma ʻAsia, ʻaʻohe hina o ka plumage mai luna mai, akā he aniani uliuli a polū paha, e hana ana i kahi ʻokoʻa ma waena o ke kani anuanu o ke kala hope a me ka ʻalani ʻalani mehana o ka ʻōpū o ka manu a me kāna huelo ʻulaʻula ʻulaʻula.
Lahilahi nā wāwae o ka ʻulaʻula, ʻeleʻele hina hina a ʻeleʻele malumalu, liʻiliʻi nā māiʻuʻu akā ulana: mahalo iā lākou, mālama maʻalahi ka manu i ka lālā.
Hana, nohona nohona
ʻO ka redstart maʻamau kahi ʻano manu neʻe: hoʻohana ia i ke kauwela ma Eurasia, a lele i ʻApelika a i ʻole ka Peniane ʻAlapia i ka hoʻoilo. ʻO ka maʻamau, ka neʻe ʻana o ka lau o kēia ʻano, kaukaʻi ʻia i ka ʻāpana o ka laulā kahi e noho ai kēia mau manu, hoʻomaka i ka hopena o ke kauwela a i ka hapa mua o ke kau a hāʻule ma waena o ʻAukake - hoʻomaka ʻOkakopa. Hoʻi ʻo Redstarts i ko lākou ʻāina hānau i ʻApelila, a hōʻea nā kāne i kekahi mau lā ma mua o ka wahine.
Hoʻokomo nui kēia mau manu ʻōlinolino i nā lua o nā kumulāʻau, akā inā ʻaʻole hiki kēia, kūkulu lākou i nā pūnana i nā hale kūlohelohe ʻē aʻe: i nā lua a me nā ʻū o nā kumu a i ʻole nā ʻōpala, a me kahi ʻōpala i nā lālā lāʻau.
Hoihoi ia! ʻAʻohe makemake o Redstart no ke kiʻekiʻe o ka pūnana: hiki i kēia mau manu ke kūkulu iā ia ma ka pae honua a kiʻekiʻe ma luna o ka pahu a i nā lālā o kahi kumulāʻau.
ʻO ka hapanui pinepine, hana kekahi wahine i ke kūkulu ʻana i ka pūnana: kūkulu ʻo ia iā ia mai nā ʻano mea like ʻole, e like me ka ʻili lāʻau, nā kumu maloʻo o nā mea kanu lau nahele, nā lau, nā olonā, nā nila a me nā hulu manu.
ʻIke ʻia ʻo Redstarts no kā lākou mele ʻana, i hoʻokumu ʻia i nā ʻano trill, like me nā leo i hana ʻia e nā ʻano manu ʻē aʻe, e like me finch, starling, flycatcher.
Ehia mau ʻula e ola
ʻAʻole i ʻoi aku ka lōʻihi o ke ola o kahi redstart i kona wahi maoli ma mua o 10 mau makahiki. I ke pio ʻana, hiki i kēia mau manu ke noho iki.
Dimorphism moekolohe
Hoʻomaopopo ʻia ka dimorphism moekolohe i kēia ʻano: ʻokoʻa ka nui o nā kāne mai nā wahine i ke kala. ʻOiai he mea ʻoiaʻiʻo, mahalo nui ia i nā kāne me kā lākou pena ʻokoʻa hina-ʻulaʻula a i ʻole ʻalani ʻalani a ka manu i loaʻa ai ka inoa, ʻoiai nā wahine o ka redstart e ʻoluʻolu loa ke kala: i nā aniani ʻeleʻele o ka ʻokoʻa a me ka ikaika. Aia wale nō i kekahi ʻano o kēia genus, ʻaneʻane like ka waihoʻoluʻu ʻōlinolino o nā wahine me nā kāne.
Hoihoi ia! ʻAʻole hiki i nā wahine ke kaena i ka pena ʻōlinolino: mai luna mai he hina hina, a ʻo ko lākou ʻōpū a me ko lākou huelo wale nō ka ʻōlinolino, ʻalani-ʻulaʻula.
No laila, i ke kāne o ka redstart maʻamau, he kua hina ke kua a me ke poʻo, pena ʻia ka ʻōpū i ka malu ʻulaʻula māmā, a he ʻalani, a ʻalani hoʻi ka huelo, no laila mai kahi mamao aku e like me ka lapalapa o ke ahi. Ua hoʻonani ʻia ka lae o ka manu me kahi keʻokeʻo keʻokeʻo, a ʻeleʻele ka ʻāʻī a me ka ʻāʻī ma nā ʻaoʻao... Mahalo i kēia ʻokoʻa kala like ʻole, ʻike ʻia ka redstart kāne mai kahi mamao aku, ʻoiai ʻo ka nui ʻole o kēia mau manu i ka nui.
ʻAno ʻulaʻula
I kēia manawa, aia he 14 mau ʻano o ka redstart:
- Alashan Redstart
- Redstart kākoʻo ʻulaʻula
- Pākuʻi poʻo poʻo hina
- ʻO Redstart ʻEleʻele
- Redstart maʻamau
- Pāhula hoʻomaka hou
- Pāʻā ʻāʻī keʻokeʻo
- Siberian hoʻomaka hou
- Pākuʻi keʻokeʻo
- ʻUlaʻula ʻulaʻula
- ʻO Blue-front redstart
- Pākuʻi ʻulaʻula hina
- Luzon Wai Redstart
- Pākuʻi keʻokeʻo keʻokeʻo
Ma waho aʻe o nā ʻano i helu ʻia ma luna, aia kekahi ʻano luku o redstart i kēia manawa i noho ma ka ʻāina o Hungary o kēia wā i ka wā o ka Pliocene.
Kahi noho, nā wahi noho
Hoʻonui ʻia ka laulā o nā ʻulaʻula ma luna o ka ʻāina o ʻEulopa, a ʻo Rusia hoʻi... Hoʻomaka ia mai Great Britain a piʻi i Transbaikalia a me Yakutia. Noho nō kēia mau manu ma ʻAsia - ma Kina ka hapa nui a ma nā kapuwai o ka Himalayas. Noho kekahi mau ʻano redstart i ka hema - a hiki i India a me Filipaina, a loaʻa kekahi mau ʻano a ʻoi hoʻi i ʻApelika.
ʻOi aku ka makemake o ka hapa nui o nā ʻulaʻula i kahi e noho ai i ka ululāʻau, inā he ākea a ākea paha o ka ulu lāʻau subtropical. Akā ʻaʻole makemake kēia mau manu i nā mānoanoa coniferous a pale aku iā lākou. ʻO ka hapanui pinepine, hiki ke loaʻa ka redstart ma nā lihi o ka ululāʻau, i nā māla i haʻalele ʻia a me nā pāka, a i nā wahi nahele ʻole hoʻi, kahi e nui ai nā ʻōpala. Ma laila e makemake ai kēia mau manu waena e noho: ma hope o nā mea āpau, maʻalahi ka loaʻa ʻana o ka hale kūlohelohe inā kokoke i ka weliweli, a me nā mea no ke kūkulu ʻana i ka pūnana.
ʻAiʻai Redstart
ʻO ka redstart ka mea nui he manu lōkahi. Akā i ka hāʻule, hānai pinepine ʻo ia i nā mea kanu mea kanu: ʻano like ʻole o nā ululāʻau a me nā hua māla, e like me ka maʻamau a chokeberry paha, currant, elderberry.
Hoihoi ia! ʻAʻole hoʻowahāwahā ka ʻulaʻula i kekahi mau mea kolo a i ke kauwela e luku i kahi nui o nā mea make, e like me nā nalo kaomi, nā ʻiʻo lau, nā bedbugs, nā ʻenuhe like ʻole, nā makika a me nā lele. ʻOiaʻiʻo, hiki i nā pepelika keu ke kōkua aku i kēia manu.
Eia nō naʻe, maikaʻi loa nā ʻulaʻula i ka luku ʻana i nā māla a me nā wahi ulu lāʻau. I ka hoʻopaʻa pio ʻana, hānai pinepine ʻia kēia mau manu ʻelua me nā pepeke ola a me nā meaʻai pani kūikawā.
Hoʻohua a me nā keiki
Ma ke ʻano he nui, hoʻi mai nā kāne mai ka hoʻoilo i kekahi mau lā ma mua o ka wahine a hoʻomaka koke e ʻimi i kahi e kūkulu ai i kahi pūnana. No ka hana ʻana i kēia, loaʻa iā lākou kahi hollow kūpono, kahi pothole i loko o kahi kumu lāʻau, a i ʻole he mau puʻu lāʻau make wale nō e waiho ana i ka honua. ʻAʻole haʻalele ka manu i kahi i wae ʻia a ʻaʻole ia e hoʻokuʻu i nā mea hoʻokūkū kokoke iā ia, ʻo wai ka mea hiki ke lawe aku iā ia.
Ma hope o ka hōʻea ʻana o nā wahine, hoʻomaka ka loina o ka noho aloha... A laila, inā māʻona ka mea i koho ʻia me ke kāne a me kahi āna i koho ai, kūkulu ʻo ia i kahi pūnana a moe i loko o ʻelima a ʻeiwa mau hua o ka hue ʻōmaʻomaʻo ʻōmaʻomaʻo. Ma ka awelika, hoʻolimalima ka redstart ma kahi o 7-8 mau lā e kūkulu i kahi pūnana, ʻoiai e hoʻokokoke loa i kēia ʻoihana.
Hoʻokomo ka wahine i nā hua i kau ʻia no 14 mau lā. Eia kekahi, i nā lā mua, haʻalele iki ʻo ia i ka pūnana e ʻimi i ka meaʻai, a i kona hoʻi ʻana mai, hoʻohuli ʻo ia i nā hua i moe ʻole lākou ma kekahi ʻaoʻao, no ka mea, keʻakeʻa kēia i ka ulu maʻamau o nā moa. Inā ʻaʻole ka wahine ma mua o ka hapahā o ka hola, a laila noho ke kāne ponoʻī i kona wahi a hoʻi ʻo ia.
Inā make nā hua i hoʻomoe ʻia e nā manu a i ʻole nā mea holo i kekahi kumu, hana kahi ʻulaʻula i ka paʻa hou. Hānau hānau ʻole ʻia ʻo Redstarts: ʻōlohelohe, makapō a kuli. No ʻelua pule, hānai nā mākua i kā lāua pua. Lawe lākou i nā mea kolo liʻiliʻi i nā moa, e like me nā nalo, nā nananana, nā makika, nā ʻenuhe a me nā nalo liʻiliʻi me kahi uhi chitinous paʻakikī ʻole.
Hoihoi ia! I ka wā mua, a hiki i ka lele ʻana o nā moa, ʻaʻole haʻalele ka wahine i ka pūnana, no ka mea ʻaʻole hau. I kēia manawa, lawe mai ke kāne i ka meaʻai ʻaʻole wale no nā keiki, akā nona pū kekahi.
I ka hanana o kahi makaʻu, hoʻomaka nā manu makua e lele mai kekahi lālā a i kekahi lālā, me ka leo nui, ka uē ʻana a me ka, no laila, ke hoʻāʻo nei e kipaku aku i ka mea ʻino a hoʻohuli i kāna nānā iā lākou iho. ʻElua mau pule ma hope o ko lākou hānau ʻana, hoʻomaka nā keiki moa hiki ʻole ke lele e haʻalele i ka pūnana, akā ʻaʻole lākou e mamao loa mai ia wahi. Hānai ʻia nā mākua no hoʻokahi pule a hiki i ka lele mua ʻana. A ma hope o ke aʻo ʻana o nā ʻulaʻula liʻiliʻi e lele, ua kūʻokoʻa lākou. ʻIke ʻia ʻo Redstarts a hiki i ka moekolohe ma ka hopena o ko lākou makahiki mua o ke ola.
ʻO nā manu makua, ma hope o ka haʻalele ʻana o nā moa i kā lākou pūnana kūloko, hana i ka lua o nā hua manu, no laila, i ka wā mehana e hoʻomalu nā redstart i hoʻokahi, akā ʻelua mau hua. I ka manawa like, hana lākou i ka lā hope loa no kēlā kauwela ma mua o Iulai, i loaʻa i kā lākou mau moa āpau ka manawa e heʻe ai a aʻo e lele maikaʻi i ka manawa a lākou e haʻalele ai no ka hoʻoilo. ʻOi aku ka hoihoi, ʻaʻole pili kēia mau manu i nā ʻano monogamous a, ʻoi aku, hiki i ke kāne ke "mālama i nā pilina" me nā wahine ʻelua a ʻoi paha. I ka manawa like, mālama ʻo ia i kāna mau broods āpau, akā ma nā ʻano like ʻole: kipa pinepine aku ʻo ia i kahi pūnana ma mua o nā poʻe ʻē aʻe a hoʻonui i ka manawa ma laila ma mua o nā poʻe ʻē aʻe.
ʻEnemi kūlohelohe
Ma waena o nā ʻenemi kūlohelohe o ka redstart, nā manu lele, i ke ao a me ka pō, e noho i kahi wahi kūikawā.... ʻO nā Crows, muries a me nā manu omnivorous ʻē aʻe e noho i nā māla a me nā pāka kahi mea weliweli i kēia ʻano.
Hiki i nā māmela ke piʻi i nā kumulāʻau, i ka ʻohana weasel, hiki ke ʻimi ʻula a ʻai i nā mākua a me nā ʻōpio a me nā hua. ʻO kahi pilikia nui no kēia ʻano, a me nā manu āpau e kau ana ma luna o nā kumulāʻau, hōʻike ʻia e nā moʻo, i loaʻa pinepine i nā pūnana ʻulaʻula a ʻai i nā hua manu, nā moa, a me kekahi manu manu makua inā loaʻa lākou i ke pūʻiwa.
Heluna a me ke kūlana o kēia ʻano
ʻO ka redstart maʻamau kahi ʻano laha, ʻaʻole e hoʻoweliweli ʻia ka pōmaikaʻi e kekahi mea, a ua hāʻawi ʻia i ke kūlana o Least Concern. Me kekahi ʻano o kēia genus, ʻaʻole maikaʻi nā mea āpau, no ka mea, ʻo kahi laʻana, he hopena ka wai o ka wai Luzon a kaupalena ʻia kona palena i kahi ʻāina liʻiliʻi, i mea e make ai kēlā me kēia aniau a i ʻole nā hana hoʻokele waiwai kanaka.
Ke kūlana o nā ʻano ʻē aʻe
- Alashan Redstart: "Kokoke i kahi kūlana nāwaliwali."
- Redback Redstart: ʻO ka hopohopo liʻiliʻi loa.
- ʻO Redstart poʻo poʻo hina: Least Concern.
- ʻO Redstart ʻEleʻele: "ʻO ka hopohopo liʻiliʻi loa."
- Pākuʻi Redstart: Ka liʻiliʻi loa.
- ʻO Redstart keʻokeʻo keʻokeʻo: liʻiliʻi loa.
- ʻO Siberian Redstart: Ka liʻiliʻi loa.
- ʻO Redstart keʻokeʻo keʻokeʻo: Ka liʻiliʻi loa.
- Redstart Red-bellied: ʻO ka hopohopo liʻiliʻi loa.
- ʻO Redstart mua ʻalani: Least Concern.
- ʻO Redstart poʻo poʻo hina: Least Concern.
- ʻO Luzon Wai Redstart: "Ma kahi kūlana maʻalahi."
- ʻO Redstart keʻokeʻo keʻokeʻo: ka liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi.
E like me kāu e ʻike ai, ka hapanui o nā ʻāpana redstart he nui a kūleʻa, ʻoiai ka ʻoiaʻiʻo aia he fluctuation kūlohelohe i ka nui o ka heluna kanaka. Eia nō naʻe, ʻoiai, i kekahi mau wahi o kā lākou pae, he liʻiliʻi paha kēia mau manu, no ka mea, laʻana, i ʻIlani, kahi i loaʻa ʻole ka hana ʻana o nā ʻulaʻula a ʻaʻole pūnana i kēlā me kēia makahiki.
Hoihoi ia!I nā ʻāina he nui, ke hana ʻia nei nā mea e mālama ai i ka helu o kēia mau manu, no ka laʻana, ma Palani, aia ka pāpā o ka hoʻomake hewa ʻana o kēia mau manu, ka luku ʻia ʻana o kā lākou lālau a me ka luku ʻia ʻana o nā pūnana. Eia kekahi ma kēia ʻāina pāpā ʻia ke kūʻai aku ʻana i nā redstart a i ʻole nā ʻāpana o ko lākou kino, a me nā manu ola.
ʻO ka redstart kahi manu manu liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi me ka plumage ʻālohilohi, hoʻohālikelike, i hui pū ʻia nā anuanu anuanu o ka bluish a bluish paha, a me nā leo hina kūlike ʻole me ka ʻulaʻula a me ka ʻulaʻula. Ua pālahalaha ia ma ka Hemoleka ʻAkau, kahi e noho ai ia i nā ululāʻau, nā māla, a me nā pāka. ʻO kēia manu, ka mea e hānai nui i nā mea kolo, he waiwai nui ia, e luku ana i nā mea ulu lāʻau a me nā māla.
Mālama mau ʻia ʻo Redstart i ka noho pio ʻana, no ka mea hoʻomaʻa maikaʻi lākou i ke ola i loko o kahi pā a hiki ke noho ma laila no kekahi mau makahiki. ʻOiaʻiʻo, ʻaʻole hīmeni iki nā ʻulaʻula i ka pio. Akā i ke ʻano kūlohelohe, hiki ke lohe ʻia kā lākou mau mele mele a hiki i ka pōʻeleʻele, no ka laʻana, ma mua o ka wanaʻao a ma hope o ka napoʻo ʻana o ka lā.
