ʻIole ʻohe Hoʻohui ʻia kahi rodent e noho i lalo o ka honua. He hui kaulana loa kēia na ka ʻohana a he ʻekolu ona lālā. Hiki ke loli iki ka waihoʻoluʻu huluhulu ma waena o kēia ʻano. Pili kēia mauʻiole i nā voles type-zokor underground a ʻano like me ka zokor nui. ʻAʻole mālama iki ʻia nā ʻiole ʻohe ʻoiai he mau holoholona, ʻoiai he ʻano maoli a ʻano ʻē kēia mau holoholona.
Ke kumu o ka laha a me ka wehewehe
Kiʻi: ʻiole ʻohe
Ua manaʻo ʻia nā rodents ʻoiaʻiʻo no Asia. Hōʻike mua ʻia lākou i nā mōʻalihaku i ka hopena o ka Paleocene a i ka mua Eocene ma ʻAsia a me ʻAmelika ʻAkau, ma kahi o 54 miliona mau makahiki i hala. Ua iho mai kēia mau holoholona ponoʻī mai nā kūpuna e like me ka rodent i kapa ʻia ʻo Anagalida, kahi i iho mai ai ka pūʻulu Lagomorpha o lagomorphs.
Video: ʻiole ʻohe
Muridae - he ʻohana kahiko i hānau i nā ʻiole o kēia wā, nā iole kūloko, nā hamsters, nā voles a me nā ʻōpala, i hōʻike mua ʻia i ka hopena o ka Eocene (ma kahi o 34 miliona mau makahiki i hala aku nei). Ua ulu aʻe kekahi mau ʻano iole e like me ka iole i ka Miocene (23.8-5 miliona mau makahiki i hala aku nei) a hana ʻia i ka wā o Pliocene (5.3-1.8 miliona mau makahiki i hala aku nei).
ʻOiaʻiʻo hoihoi: I nā kenekulia 18 a me 19 i ʻEulopa, ua hopu ʻia nāʻiole a ʻai ʻia i ka wā wī. Ua hoʻolimalima ʻia nā mea hopu iole e luku i nā ʻiole a hopu i nā kānaka ola e komo i nā kaua iole, nā heihei a me ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana i nā lua iole. Ua hopu a mālama nā ʻīlio iole i nā iole ʻāhiu i nā pā. I loko o kēia manawa, ua koho kūlohelohe ʻia nā ʻiole ʻāhiu hihiu hihi mai nā kulu o nā ʻiole pio no ko lākou ʻano ʻano ʻokoʻa. Ua hoʻopaʻa ʻia nā ʻiole ʻāʻī albino ʻāhiu o ʻEulopa i ka makahiki 1553.
ʻO ka nui o nā ʻiole i hōʻike mua ʻia i ka ʻohana Muridae mai kahi o 3.5 a 5-6 mil. makahiki aku nei. He ʻōiwi ia no ke Kaiwaenahonua, Waena Waena, ʻInia, Kina, Iapana, a me ʻAsia Hikina Hema (me Pilipino, Nūkini, a me ʻAukekulia). Ma hope o kona hoʻokumu ʻia ʻana, ua kau ka ʻiole o ka ʻiole i ʻelua ʻāpana o ka haʻina koʻikoʻi, hoʻokahi ma kahi o 2.7 mil. makahiki aku nei, a ua hoʻomaka kekahi ma kahi o 1.2 miliona mau makahiki aku nei a e hoʻomau paha i kēia lā.
ʻO ka helehelena a me nā hiʻohiʻona
Kiʻi: He aha ke ʻano o ka ʻiole ʻohe
ʻO ka lōʻihi o ke kino o ka ʻiole ʻohe mai 16.25 a 45.72 kenimika, ʻo ka lōʻihi o ka huelo he 6-7 cm, a ʻo ke kaupaona mai 210 a 340 gram. Kāhea ʻia ʻo ia ʻo ka ʻiole ʻohe liʻiliʻi. He pepeiao liʻiliʻi a maka ko nā holoholona, a like like me ka gopher poker ʻAmelika, koe wale nō nā ʻeke papalina i nalowale. He hulu mānoanoa a palupalu hoʻi ka iole ʻohe ma kona poʻo a me kona kino, akā he wahi hulu liʻiliʻi ma kona huelo.
ʻO ka waihoʻoluʻu o kēia mammal mai ke kinamona ʻulaʻula a me ka chestnut i ka hina hina a me ka hina hina ma nā ʻāpana o luna a mae a lahilahi hoʻi o nā ʻaoʻao haʻahaʻa. Loaʻa i kekahi poʻe i kahi ʻāpana keʻokeʻo ma ka piko o ke poʻo a ʻo kahi kaha ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi mai ka auwae a i ka ʻāʻī. Hūnā pau nā pepeiao liʻiliʻi o ka holoholona i ka hulu, a ʻaʻole i haʻi ʻia ka ʻāʻī. Pōkole nā wāwae.
ʻO Cannomys badius kahi momona, medium-size mammal me nā wāwae pōkole, ikaika. He loloa a ikaika ko lākou ʻeli ʻana a me nā pads malimali ma nā kapuwaʻi o ko lākou mau wāwae. Nui nā incisors a me nā molara o kēia ʻiole me nā pāpale aliʻi a me nā aʻa pālahalaha. He ākea loa ka pio zygomatic a mānoanoa a kaumaha ke kino. Loaʻa i nā ʻiole ʻohe wahine ʻelua mau umauma a me ʻelua mau ʻōpū o nā ʻōpū o ka makuahine.
ʻOiaʻiʻo hoihoi: ʻO ke ʻano o nā chromosome i ka ʻāpana nui o ka ʻiole ʻohe i 50, i nā ʻano liʻiliʻi o ka ʻiole ʻohe kanaonokūmāono. ʻO kēia ke ʻano nui a koʻikoʻi i nā rodents.
Kūlike ke ʻano o ka iwi poʻo i ke ola o ka mammal o lalo. Hoʻopili ʻia kona ʻano, pālahalaha i ka ʻaoʻao ventral. Hōʻike maopopo ʻia nā aʻa Zygomatic a hoʻohuli ākea i nā ʻaoʻao. Aia kekahi pā lōlō i ka cecum.
Ma hea e noho ai ka ʻiole ʻohe?
Kiʻi: ʻIole ʻohe
ʻO ka nohona o kēia ʻano mai ka hikina o Nepal (2000 m ma luna o ka ʻilikai), ma ka ʻākau hikina o India, Bhutan, hema hikina ʻo Bangladesh, Myanmar, hema Kina, komohana ʻākau. Vietnam, Thailand a me Kambodia. Hoʻopaʻa pinepine ʻia nā ʻiole ʻohe ʻohe a ma kahi o 4000 m ma luna o ka ʻilikai, me kekahi ʻauhau i kaupalena ʻia i kekahi mau kiʻekiʻena, a ʻaʻole paʻa mau ke kiʻekiʻe ma waena o ka pae i ʻike ʻia.
ʻO nā wahi noho nui o nāʻiole ʻohe:
- Nepala;
- Kamabodia;
- Zaire;
- Wiekanama;
- Inia;
- Ukanada;
- Aikiopa;
- Laosa;
- Tailani;
- Somalia;
- Penalei ʻo Mallakku;
- Maianamara;
- Kenia;
- Tanazania.
ʻAʻole maopopo leʻa ke alo:
- Banagaladesa;
- Butana.
Ua hoʻopaʻa ʻia kēia ʻano i nā ʻano wahi like ʻole, mai ka ululāʻau a hiki i ka ʻāina mahiʻai mahiʻai a me nā wahi noho kanaka ʻē aʻe, ʻoiai ʻaʻole ia ma nā pā laiki. Ma ʻAsia Hema, kū ia i nā ululāʻau mauna mauna a i nā ulu lāʻau o nā ulu ʻohe i nā ululāʻau subtropical, a i kekahi manawa kū i nā kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe. He mau lā lōʻihi lākou me hoʻokahi a ʻelua paha mau pēpē i kēlā me kēia ʻōpala. Noho lākou i nā wahi one me nā mea kanu lau nahele. ʻEli nā ʻiole ʻohe i nā lua i lalo i lalo i ke ʻano o nā tunnels a hoʻolōʻihi i ka manawa i nā lua.
I kēia manawa ʻike ʻoe i kahi e noho ai ka ʻiole ʻohe. E ʻike kāua i kāna mea e ʻai ai.
He aha ka ʻiole ʻohe e ʻai ai?
Kiʻi: ʻiole ʻohe
Hana nui nāʻiole ʻohe i ke kakahiaka nui a i ʻole ke ahiahi, ke ʻike ʻia nā holoholona ma ka honua e ʻimi nei i ka meaʻai. ʻAi lākou i nā ʻāpana lalo o nā mea kanu, i ka ʻohe kikoʻī, a me nā hua a me nā hua. ʻO ka huahana nui i pau i ka ʻohe, ʻo ia ka mea i lawelawe i ka inoa no kēia holoholona hūnā. ʻEli ʻeli lākou. ʻAʻole pili wale kā lākou papaʻai i nā ʻāpana o ka ʻohe, hoʻopau lākou i nā kumulāʻau, nā ʻōpiopio o nā mea kanu a me nā aʻa ʻē aʻe, a ʻai i nā hua a me nā hua.
I ke ao, hoʻomaha mālie nā holoholona i loko o ko lākou puʻuhonua, a i ka pō e piʻi lākou i luna e ʻai i nā ʻea lewa o nā mea kanu.
E like me:
- ʻōpuʻu nā mea kanu;
- nā ʻano lau āpau;
- nā hua i hāʻule;
- nā ʻanoano like ʻole.
ʻAʻole like me nā ʻiole mole ʻē aʻe, hūnā wale i nā tunnels, loaʻa koke nā ʻiole ʻohe i ka meaʻai, e hoʻonui mau nei i ka lōʻihi o kā lākou lua ma nā wahi e kū ai ka mauʻu mānoanoa. Pau ka nibbling ʻana i ka mea kanu, e ālai ana ka holoholona i ke ana ma loko me kahi plug mai ka honua. Hāʻawi kēia loea i ka ʻaoʻao nutritional i ka manawa kūpono no kahi kumu meaʻai kūpono a kūpaʻa hoʻi, e hōʻalo nei i ka hoʻokūkū.
Hoʻohui, hiki i nā ʻiole ke hūnā koke i loko o nā tunnel hohonu. Noho mau nā ʻiole ʻohe i nā māla tī a kūkulu i nā lua a me nā ʻōnaehana i kēia mau wahi, e hōʻino ana i kēia mau mea kanu a hōʻeha ʻole hoʻi iā lākou. ʻIke ʻia kēia mau koʻokoʻo he poʻe ʻai maikaʻi loa, hiki ke hoʻopau i nā ʻano meaʻai like ʻole. I ka pō, hiki iā ʻoe ke lohe i ka namunamu ʻokoʻa o nā ʻiole ʻohe e hoʻāʻo nei e hoʻopiha i ko lākou ʻōpū me nā lālā momona.
Nā hiʻohiʻona o ke ʻano a me ka nohona
Kiʻi: ʻiole ʻohe i ka lua
E ʻeli pono ka ʻiole ʻohe i ka lepo me kāna paws a me nā incisors, hoʻonohonoho i kahi ʻōnaehana paʻakikī o nā neʻe, kahi e hoʻomaikaʻi mau ai i ka hoʻopiʻi ʻana a hoʻolōʻihi hoʻi iā lākou. ʻAʻole like me ka ʻiole ʻohe Kina, ʻo ke koena o ka genus gravitate ʻaʻole i nā wahi mauʻu, akā i nā mānoanoa ʻohe e hana i ka hapa nui o kā lākou papaʻai. I ke ahiahi, haʻalele ka ʻiole ʻohe i ko lākou hale e hānai ai i nā mea kanu. ʻOiai i loko o ka pio, piʻi ka hana i ke kakahiaka a i ke ahiahi paha, a hiamoe lākou i ka hapa nui o ka lā.
Hoʻopu kēia mau māmala ma nā wahi mauʻu, nā ululāʻau a me nā māla. Hana ʻia ka ʻeli ʻana ʻaʻole wale me ko lākou mau wāwae ikaika, akā me ke kōkua pū nō hoʻi o ko lākou incisors nui. Hiki i hoʻokahi kanaka ke kūkulu i mau lua, akā e noho wale i loko o hoʻokahi wale nō. He maʻalahi nā tunnels i kūkulu ʻia a hoʻokomo i kahi keʻena hoʻokūkū multi-purpose. ʻO kēia mau tunnel malalo loa hohonu loa. Ma mua o kanalima mika o nā neʻe i hāʻule i lalo o ka honua i hoʻokahi kanaka.
ʻOiaʻiʻo hoihoi: Lohi ʻoi aku ka ʻiole ʻohe liʻiliʻi i ka wā ma luna o ka honua a ʻōlelo ʻia me ka wiwo ʻole ke hoʻokokoke ʻia e kahi ʻenemi.
Pono ka ʻeli ʻana i nā labyrinths i mea mea kanu e loaʻa ai ka meaʻai a hana i kahi puʻuhonua kūpono. Neʻe lākou i ka lepo i ʻeli ʻia me ko lākou mau lālā mua ma lalo o ka ʻōpū, ʻoiai me ko lākou mau lālā hope e kīloi ai lākou iā ia i hope. Uwi nā aʻa me ko lākou mau niho. Ke ʻeli ʻana, hana ʻia kahi puʻu lepo, kahi a ka ʻiole ʻohe e neʻe ai me ka waha a me nā ʻaʻa ma ka lua. Hūnā kēia mau ʻiole i ko lākou noho ʻana i nā mānoanoa loloa a me nā manoanoa o nā mea kanu.
ʻO ke kūkulu kaiāulu a me ka hana hou
Kiʻi: ʻiole ʻohe pēpē
Hiki i ka iole ʻohe ke hoʻouluulu i ka makahiki holoʻokoʻa, akā hoʻokahi manawa i ka makahiki, ʻoi aku ʻelua inā ʻae ʻia nā kūlana. Piʻi pulu i ka wā kau. Lawe mai ka wahine mai 1 a 5 mau pēpē makapō a me nā ʻōlohelohe. Ulu lākou a loaʻa ke kaupaona me ka wikiwiki. Noho ka hapai ma kahi o ʻeono a ʻehiku pule paha. Hiki i nā ʻiole ʻohe ʻōpio ke hānau hou he 5-8 mau mahina ma hope o ka hānau ʻana. ʻO nā keiki hānau hou, e like me nā rodent ʻē aʻe, mai wehe i ko lākou mau maka a 15 mau makahiki o ko lākou mau makahiki.
ʻOiaʻiʻo hoihoi: Noho lauoho ʻole nā ʻōpio no ka hapa nui o ka wā hānai. Weaning a me ke kūʻokoʻa mai nā makuwahine hanana ma 3-4 mau makahiki o ka makahiki.
ʻOiai copulate nā kāne me hoʻokahi wahine a laila neʻe i kahi aʻe, ʻaʻole lākou i hāʻawi nui i ka mālama ʻana i nāʻiole liʻiliʻi. Noho kōlea nā ʻōpala ʻōpio ma kahi o 2 mau pule, a hiki i ka ulu ʻana o ko lākou huluhulu, hāmama nā maka, a hoʻoikaika a neʻe hou aku. Hele pū ka weaning me nā hana ma ka ʻaoʻao o ka makuahine. A hiki i ko lākou nui makua, noho nā ʻiole ʻohe i ka pūnana a ko lākou makuahine.
ʻO ke oʻo makua i nā kāne ma mua o ka hāʻawi ʻia ʻana i ka manawa kūpono e komo i ka moekolohe. Ke kumu kēia mai ka nui o ka hoʻokūkū no ke kiʻi ʻana i ka wahine i ka estrus a ʻo nā poʻe liʻiliʻi me ke kūlana koʻikoʻi ʻaʻole paʻakikī e hopu i ka maka o ka wahine ʻē aʻe. Hana nā wahine i ka pūnana mai kahi ʻinoʻino i kahi ʻaoʻao mamao o ka ʻōnaehana, kahi e hānau ʻia ai nā pēpī ʻiole liʻiliʻi a kōkua ʻole hoʻi.
ʻEnemi kūlohelohe o ka iole ʻohe
Kiʻi: He aha ke ʻano o ka ʻiole ʻohe
Hoʻololi nā mea ʻaihue ʻike ʻia o nā ʻiole ʻohe ma muli o ko lākou kaiapuni. ʻO kekahi o nā hiki ke hoʻololi ʻia e kūʻē i nā predators ka hoʻololi o ke kala i kēia ʻano a me kona nohona nocturnal. Hōʻike kekahi mau hōʻike e pili ana ke kala me ka wahi hulihonua a no laila ka hiki ke noho ʻoi aku ka koʻikoʻi i ke kaiapuni kūloko.
Eia kekahi, ʻo ka ʻiole ʻohe ʻoi pinepine ia i ko lākou poʻe kamaʻāina a pale ikaika ʻia e nā ʻano āpau i kā lākou hana. Hōʻike ka noiʻi i hopu pio ʻia nā poʻe C. badius i kahi kūlana hoʻoweliweli maʻamau e hōʻike i ko lākou makemake e pale iā lākou iho. Kū nā ʻiole ʻohe ma ko lākou mau wāwae hope a hoʻopaʻa i ko lākou mau kui ikaika.
ʻO ka poʻe ʻaihue ʻoi loa a kaulana paha i kēia manawa:
- ʻīlio (Canidae);
- pueo nui (Strigiformes);
- feline (Felidae);
- nā moʻo (Lacertilia);
- nahesa (Nahesa);
- ʻīlio hihiu (Canis);
- ʻalopeke (Vulpes);
- kanaka (Homo Sapiens).
Ma ka hema o Kina, Laos a me Myanmar, ʻai ka poʻe i nā ʻiole ʻohe. Hoʻohui pū kekahi, luku pū kekahi i kahi nui loa o nā ʻiole ʻohe Norewai e like me nā mea ʻino. Hiki iā lākou ke alualu ʻia e kekahi mau mammalia karnivora, nā manu a me nā mea kolo e noho ana i kahi ʻāina maʻamau me lākou.
Manaʻo ʻia kekahi ʻano lihi i nā mea nui nui o nā mammalian o nā manawa āpau. Ua hoʻonui lākou i nā make ma mua o nā kaua i ka mōʻaukala. Manaʻo ʻia ʻo nā maʻi i hoʻokumu ʻia e nā ʻiole i make i ka poʻe he nui i nā makahiki he 1000 i hala ma mua o nā kaua a me nā kipi i kaua ʻia ai. Hānai lākou i nā kika a me nā ʻutu e lawe i ka maʻi bubonic, typhus, trichinosis, tularemia, jaundice infectious, a me nā maʻi koʻikoʻi ʻē aʻe.
Hoʻokumu pū kaʻiole i ka waiwai nui, e like me nā mea kanu, ka luku a me ka hoʻohaumia ʻana o ka mālama ʻana i ka meaʻai kanaka, a me ka hōʻino ʻana o loko a me waho o nā hale. Ua manaʻo ʻia ʻo nāʻiole ka mea e hōʻino ai i nā kaiāulu o ka honua i kēlā me kēia makahiki. Eia nō naʻe, heʻuʻuku ka hana ʻino mai nā ʻiole ʻohe.
Heluna a me ke kūlana o kēia ʻano
Kiʻi: ʻiole ʻohe
ʻO ka mānoanoa o nā ʻōpala i ʻoi aku ma mua o ʻelua a me ka hapalua kaukani mau kānaka ma ka 1 kilomika kūlike Ua helu ʻia kēia ʻano ma ke ʻano hoʻoweliweli liʻiliʻi loa o ka luku ma muli o ka hoʻolaha ākea a me ka nui o nā heluna kanaka i manaʻo ʻia.
Kū ʻia ia i loko o nā wahi pale aku, ahonui i ka hoʻololi ʻana o ka nohona a ʻaʻole paha e emi wikiwiki e hiki ai ke komo i loko o nā papa hoʻoweliweli ʻē aʻe. Manaʻo ʻia nā holoholona i nā wahi pale i India a me Nepal.
Ma India ʻo ia:
- ʻO Dumpa Wildlife Sanctuary;
- mālama kūlohelohe ʻo Mizoram.
I Nepal ʻo ia:
- Royal Chitwan National Park, (Central Nepal);
- Makalu Barun National Park, (Nepal Hikina).
Ua helu ʻia kēia laha ma ka papa inoa V (i manaʻo ʻia he pest) o ke Kanawai ʻInikua Manu ʻĀina ʻInikia mai ka makahiki 1972. Pono e noiʻi hou e pili ana i ka puʻunaue ʻana, ka nui, ke kaiaola a me nā hoʻoweliweli o kēia ʻauhau ʻike liʻiliʻi. Hōʻike nā haʻawina ʻauhau ʻē aʻe hiki ke hoʻokumu ʻia kēia ʻauhau i kekahi mau ʻano, kahi e pono ai ka loiloi o ka loiloi Red List.
Maʻamau, ʻiole ʻohe hoʻohana nui ʻia i kekahi mau wahi no ka hana ʻana i ka meaʻai, a, ʻo ia hoʻi, e hoʻoliʻiliʻi paha kekahi mau heluna no ka hōʻiliʻili nui ʻana. Hoʻopau pū ʻia ia me he pest ma nā māla kāpili i nā ʻāpana o kona laulā (e like me Myanmar), kahi e hiki ai ke ʻike ʻia ma nā kiʻina a hiki i 600 mau holoholona i ka hectare. Ma Asia Hema, hoʻoweliweli wale ʻia ia e ka nalowale ʻana o ka nohona, nā ululāʻau a me ka ʻimi holoholona ʻiole ʻohe no ka hoʻohana kūlohelohe.
Lā paʻi: 08/14/2019
Lā hou: 14.08.2019 ma 21:22
